FTSE 100 Index
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Redirect Template:Infobox Index
The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, also called the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 100, FTSE, or, informally, the "Footsie" Template:IPAc-en, is one of the United Kingdom's best-known stock market indices and represents the 100 most highly capitalised blue chips listed on the London Stock Exchange.<ref name=ukindexseries>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
The index started on 3 January 1984,<ref name=factsheet>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=overview>Template:Cite web</ref> having been constructed by the London Stock Exchange to better reflect activity on the market. The index would replace the Financial TimesTemplate:' own FT 30 after its public unveiling on 14 February.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As late as 10 February, the Stock Exchange referred to the index as 'SE 100', cutting out the Financial Times who had not contributed to its construction. Recognition was ultimately given to the fact that having the FT involved in the official launch possessed value.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The new index allowed the Stock Exchange's own London Traded Options Market (LTOM) to launch an options contract derived from the FTSE's real-time data in May 1984, while competitors LIFFE were quick to coincide their launch of the futures contract.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Usage of the index grew, although the tradeable index contracts struggled to gain traction: annual volume on the FTSE futures contract fell short of 89,000 in 1985, pale in comparison to the 15 million lots traded on the S&P 500 index contract.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> By 1986, Margaret Thatcher's sweeping financial deregulation and high profile privatisations of index members British Telecom, British Gas, and British Aerospace had culminated in the Big Bang.<ref name="FTSE 100 index">Template:Cite web</ref> The combination of a new index, major privatisations, LIFFE tradable derivatives, and promotion by the Financial Times led to the FTSE 100 becoming the most widely used indicator of whether the UK stock market was rising or falling.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
In 1987, privatisations continued with British Airways and British Petroleum. The latter concluded on the same day as Black Monday, a crash in which the index fell 21.73% in two days; one of those days is still the index's worst single-day return, –12.22%.<ref name="FTSE 100 index" /> While the index was in freefall trading volume of the futures contract hit a record high of 9,111 contracts in a single day. By comparison the volume in the week preceding the crash averaged 2,400 contracts per day.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
By the spring of 1992 LTOM was sold to LIFFE for a nominal sum, consolidating derivatives of the FTSE 100 index into one exchange.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Trading of these instruments remained solely in the institutional domain since the significant investment required to deliver electronic trading limited retail access at the time.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Nonetheless annual volumes for 1992 in FTSE futures and options contracts hit a new high of 2.6 million and 2.2 million respectively.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In the autumn the Bank of England directed by HM Treasury under John Major's government failed to prop up sterling to maintain the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. A swift devaluation of sterling on Black Wednesday and exit from the ERM benefitted the globally trading FTSE index constituents enormously as exports became cheaper overnight.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Closing on the 15 September 1992 at 2,370.0 the index would almost triple by the end of the decade hitting a high of 6,930.2 on 30 December 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2024, there were the most delistings from the London market since the 2008 financial crisis, with companies citing higher valuations and cheaper costs available by switching to NYSE. Among them Ashtead Group, CRH, and Flutter represented almost £120 billion in FTSE 100 market capitalisation. Takeovers from private equity further reduced the available pool of companies that could be drawn on to populate the index, with Hargreaves Lansdown also set to delist. Across the entire exchange there were five delistings for every new issue, with speculation at the close of the year around the future of index stalwarts British American Tobacco, Rio Tinto, and Shell.<ref name="exodus">Template:Cite web</ref>
Description
The index has trading symbol UKX<ref name=ukindexseries /> and is maintained by FTSE Russell, a wholly owned subsidiary of London Stock Exchange Group, which originated as a joint venture between the Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange. It is calculated in real time and published every second when the market is open.<ref name=factsheet/>
The FTSE 100 broadly consists of the largest 100 qualifying UK companies by full market value.<ref>Ground Rules for the Management of The UK Series of the FTSE Actuaries Share Indices (section 5) Template:Webarchive</ref> The total market value of a company is calculated by multiplying the share price of the company by the total number of shares they have issued.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, many of these are internationally focused companies: therefore the index's movements are a fairly weak indicator of how the UK economy is faring and are significantly affected by the exchange rates of the pound sterling.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A better indication of the UK economy is the FTSE 250 Index, as it contains a smaller proportion of international companies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Even though the FTSE All-Share Index is more comprehensive, the FTSE 100 is by far the most widely used UK stock market indicator. Other related indices are the FTSE 250 Index (which includes the next largest 250 companies after the FTSE 100), the FTSE 350 Index (which is the aggregation of the FTSE 100 and 250), FTSE SmallCap Index and the FTSE Fledgling Index. The FTSE All-Share aggregates the FTSE 100, FTSE 250 and FTSE SmallCap.<ref name=ukindexseries />
The index consists of 18 ICB Supersectors, four of which had a market capitalisation exceeding £200 billion Template:As of. These are Banks, Health Care, Industrial Goods and Services and Energy, which together account for approximately 50% of the index's capitalisation.<ref name=constituents /> On the same date, there were four companies with a market cap exceeding £100 billion: AstraZeneca, Shell, HSBC and Unilever, which together accounted for approximately 27% of the market cap.<ref name="constituents">Template:Cite web</ref>
Each calendar quarter, the FTSE's constituents are reviewed and some companies exit or enter the index, resulting in irregular trading volume and price changes as market participants rebalance their portfolios.<ref name="overview" />
Weighting
In the FTSE indices, share prices are weighted by free-float capitalisation, so that the larger companies, with more of their stock "floating", make more of a difference to the index than smaller companies. The basic formula for these indices is:<ref name=calc>Template:Cite web</ref>
<math display="basic"> \begin{align} \mathrm{Index~value} &= \frac{\mathrm{Total~market~value}}{\mathrm{Index~divisor}} \end{align} </math>
expanded to,
<math display="basic-expand"> \begin{align} \mathrm{Index~value} &= \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \left ( \mathrm{Price~of~stock}_{i,t}\times\mathrm{Number~of~shares}_{i,t} \times\mathrm{Free~float~factor}_{i,t} \right )}{\mathrm{Index~divisor}} \end{align} </math>
where the sum of the products of the <math>price</math>, <math>shares</math>, and <math>FFF</math> for each component beginning at <math>i=1</math> through to, usually, <math>n=100</math> at time <math>t</math> are divided by the <math>index~divisor</math> to give the <math>index~value</math>.
The free float factor represents the percentage of all issued shares that are readily available for trading, rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%. The free-float capitalisation of a company is its market capitalisation multiplied by its free float adjustment factor. It therefore does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders.<ref name=calc/>
It follows that the <math>index~divisor</math> at any chosen time, when there are no changes, is derived by rearranging the basic formula to give:
<math display="basic"> \begin{align} \mathrm{Index~divisor} &= \frac{\mathrm{Total~market~value}}{\mathrm{Index~value}} \end{align} </math>
However, as with any price index the FTSE 100 Index is always changing, whether by corporate action or constituent change. In order to maintain a true reflection of market price movements the <math>index~divisor</math> is adjusted to mitigate any effect these changes have on the index value.
FTSE Russell employs the index formula developed by Hermann Paasche for adjusting the <math>index~divisor</math> for values preceding a corporate action and uses the change in the <math>index~value</math> arising from the adjusted divisor to calculate the new value on the day of the corporate action.<ref name=calc/>
The Paasche formula is given as:
<math display="paasche"> \begin{align} \mathrm{I}_{t}^{Paas} &= \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathrm{P}_{i,t}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{P}_{i,0}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}} \end{align} </math>
where,
| <math>\mathrm{I}_{t}^{Paas}</math> | = Paasche Index |
| <math>\mathrm{P}_{i,t}</math> | = price at start of day <math>t</math> for constituent <math>i</math> after adjustments for action or event |
| <math>\mathrm{P}_{i,0}</math> | = price of constituent <math>i</math> on the starting day of calculating the index |
| <math>\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}</math> | = number of shares included in the index for constituent <math>i</math> at the start of day <math>t</math> |
Since the index is always based on the prior value and not the fixed base value, a Chained Paasche Index is used to chain each new value with the last continuously. This is given by the formula:
<math display="chained-paasche"> \begin{align} \mathrm{I}_{t}^{Paas} &= \mathrm{I}_{t-1}^{Paas} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathrm{P}_{i,t}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{P}_{i,t-1}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}} \end{align} </math>
In isolation, the Chained Paasche Index will not adjust the prior closing value, resulting in an abnormal price difference. FTSE Russell utilises a <math>price~adjustment~factor</math> to give continuity, given by the formula:
<math display="chained-paasche"> \begin{align} \mathrm{I}_{t}^{Paas} &= \mathrm{I}_{t-1}^{Paas} \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathrm{P}_{i,t}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\mathrm{P}_{i,t-1}\mathrm{Q}_{i,t}\mathrm{PAF}_{i,t}} \end{align} </math>
So the <math>index~value</math> or <math>\mathrm{I}_{t}^{Paas}</math> is equal to the product of the previous <math>index~value</math> or <math>\mathrm{I}_{t-1}^{Paas}</math> at time <math>t-1</math>, one period before, and the sum of the products of constituents <math>i</math> through <math>n</math>'s price <math>P</math> and quantity <math>Q</math> at time <math>t</math> divided by the sum of the products of constituents <math>i</math> through <math>n</math>'s price <math>P</math> at time <math>t-1 </math> and their quantity <math>Q</math> and their <math>price~adjustment~factor</math> at time <math>t</math>.
Futures contracts
The benchmark FTSE 100 futures contracts are traded on the ICE Futures Europe (ICEU) exchange, formerly the London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE). The value of each contract is 10 GBP × index points and is specified as:<ref name=liffe>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Contract size | 10 GBP × index points |
|---|---|
| Exchange | ICEU |
| Sector | Index |
| Contract Symbol | Z |
| Tick size | 0.5 |
| Tick value | 5 GBP |
| Basis Point Value | 10 |
| Denomination | GBP |
| Decimal places | 1 |
On the last trading day of each quarterly futures contract, the settlement price is determined using an intraday auction of all FTSE 100 stocks on the London Stock Exchange, starting at 10:15.<ref name=liffe/>
Record values
The index has reached the following record values:
| Category | All-time highs | |
|---|---|---|
| Closing | 9,911.42 | 12 November 2025 |
| Intraday | 9,930.09 | 12 November 2025 |
The index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The highest closing value of 9,911.42 was reached on 12 November 2025 and the highest intraday value of 9,930.09 was reached on the 12 November 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Annual returns
The following table shows the annual development of the calculation of the FT 30 Index from 1969 to 1983, and the FTSE 100 since 1984.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Year | Closing level | Change in index | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (points) | (%) | ||
| 1969 | 313.16 | ||
| 1970 | 289.61 | −23.55 | −7.52 |
| 1971 | 411.03 | 121.42 | 41.93 |
| 1972 | 463.72 | 52.69 | 12.82 |
| 1973 | 318.30 | −145.42 | −31.36 |
| 1974 | 142.17 | −176.13 | −55.33 |
| 1975 | 335.98 | 193.81 | 136.32 |
| 1976 | 322.98 | −13.00 | −3.87 |
| 1977 | 455.96 | 132.98 | 41.17 |
| 1978 | 468.06 | 12.10 | 2.65 |
| 1979 | 488.40 | 20.34 | 4.35 |
| 1980 | 620.60 | 132.20 | 27.07 |
| 1981 | 665.50 | 44.90 | 7.23 |
| 1982 | 812.37 | 146.87 | 22.07 |
| 1983 | 1,000.00 | 187.63 | 23.10 |
| 1984 | 1,232.20 | 232.20 | 23.22 |
| 1985 | 1,412.60 | 180.40 | 14.64 |
| 1986 | 1,679.00 | 266.40 | 18.86 |
| 1987 | 1,712.70 | 33.70 | 2.01 |
| 1988 | 1,793.10 | 80.40 | 4.69 |
| 1989 | 2,422.70 | 629.60 | 35.11 |
| 1990 | 2,143.50 | −279.20 | −11.52 |
| 1991 | 2,493.10 | 349.60 | 16.31 |
| 1992 | 2,846.50 | 353.40 | 14.18 |
| 1993 | 3,418.40 | 571.90 | 20.09 |
| 1994 | 3,065.50 | −352.90 | −10.32 |
| 1995 | 3,689.30 | 623.80 | 20.35 |
| 1996 | 4,118.50 | 429.20 | 11.63 |
| 1997 | 5,135.50 | 1,017.00 | 24.69 |
| 1998 | 5,882.60 | 747.10 | 14.55 |
| 1999 | 6,930.20 | 1,047.60 | 17.81 |
| 2000 | 6,222.46 | −707.74 | −10.21 |
| 2001 | 5,217.35 | −1,005.11 | −16.15 |
| 2002 | 3,940.36 | −1,276.99 | −24.48 |
| 2003 | 4,476.87 | 536.49 | 13.62 |
| 2004 | 4,814.30 | 337.57 | 7.54 |
| 2005 | 5,618.76 | 804.46 | 16.71 |
| 2006 | 6,220.81 | 602.05 | 10.71 |
| 2007 | 6,456.91 | 236.10 | 3.80 |
| 2008 | 4,434.17 | −2,022.74 | −31.33 |
| 2009 | 5,412.88 | 978.71 | 22.07 |
| 2010 | 5,899.94 | 487.06 | 9.00 |
| 2011 | 5,572.28 | −327.66 | −5.55 |
| 2012 | 5,897.81 | 325.53 | 5.84 |
| 2013 | 6,749.09 | 851.29 | 14.43 |
| 2014 | 6,566.09 | −183.00 | −2.71 |
| 2015 | 6,274.05 | −292.04 | −4.45 |
| 2016 | 7,142.83 | 868.78 | 13.85 |
| 2017 | 7,687.77 | 544.94 | 7.63 |
| 2018 | 6,728.13 | −959.64 | −12.48 |
| 2019 | 7,542.44 | 814.31 | 12.10 |
| 2020 | 6,460.52 | −1,081.92 | −14.34 |
| 2021 | 7,384.54 | 924.02 | 14.30 |
| 2022 | 7,451.74 | 67.20 | 0.91 |
| 2023 | 7,733.24 | 281.50 | 3.78 |
| 2024 | 8,173.02 | 439.76 | 5.69 |
ConstituentsTemplate:Anchor
The following table lists the FTSE 100 companies after the changes on 19 September 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Company | Ticker | FTSE industry classification benchmark sector<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
|---|---|---|
| 3i | III | Financial services |
| Admiral Group | ADM | Insurance |
| Airtel Africa | AAF | Telecommunications services |
| Alliance Witan | ALW | Investment Trusts |
| Anglo American plc | AAL | Mining |
| Antofagasta plc | ANTO | Mining |
| Ashtead Group | AHT | Support services |
| Associated British Foods | ABF | Food & tobacco |
| AstraZeneca | AZN | Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology |
| Auto Trader Group | AUTO | Media |
| Aviva | AV | Life insurance |
| Babcock International | BAB | Aerospace & defence |
| BAE Systems | BA | Aerospace & defence |
| Barclays | BARC | Banks |
| Barratt Redrow | BTRW | Household goods & home construction |
| Beazley | BEZ | Insurance |
| Berkeley Group Holdings | BKG | Household goods & home construction |
| BP | BP | Oil & gas producers |
| British American Tobacco | BATS | Tobacco |
| BT Group | BT-A | Telecommunications services |
| Bunzl | BNZL | Support services |
| Burberry Group | BRBY | Personal goods |
| Centrica | CNA | Multiline utilities |
| Coca-Cola Europacific Partners | CCEP | Beverages |
| Coca-Cola HBC | CCH | Beverages |
| Compass Group | CPG | Support services |
| Convatec | CTEC | Health care equipment & supplies |
| Croda International | CRDA | Chemicals |
| DCC plc | DCC | Support services |
| Diageo | DGE | Beverages |
| Diploma | DPLM | Industrial Support services |
| Endeavour Mining | EDV | Precious Metals and Mining |
| Entain | ENT | Travel & leisure |
| EasyJet | EZJ | Travel & leisure |
| Experian | EXPN | Support services |
| F & C Investment Trust | FCIT | Collective investments |
| Fresnillo plc | FRES | Mining |
| Games Workshop | GAW | Leisure Goods |
| Glencore | GLEN | Mining |
| GSK plc | GSK | Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology |
| Haleon | HLN | Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology |
| Halma plc | HLMA | Electronic equipment & parts |
| Hikma Pharmaceuticals | HIK | Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology |
| Hiscox | HSX | Non-life Insurance |
| Howdens Joinery | HWDN | Homebuilding & construction supplies |
| HSBC | HSBA | Banks |
| ICG | ICG | Financial services |
| IHG Hotels & Resorts | IHG | Travel & leisure |
| IMI | IMI | Industrial engineering |
| Imperial Brands | IMB | Tobacco |
| Informa | INF | Media |
| International Airlines Group | IAG | Travel & leisure |
| Intertek | ITRK | Support services |
| JD Sports | JD | General retailers |
| Kingfisher plc | KGF | Retailers |
| Land Securities | LAND | Real estate investment trusts |
| Legal & General | LGEN | Life insurance |
| Lloyds Banking Group | LLOY | Banks |
| LondonMetric Property | LMP | Real Estate Investment Trusts |
| London Stock Exchange Group | LSEG | Financial services |
| M&G | MNG | Financial services |
| Marks & Spencer | MKS | Food & drug retailing |
| Melrose Industries | MRO | Aerospace & defence |
| Metlen Energy & Metals | MTLN | Multiline utilities |
| Mondi | MNDI | Containers & packaging |
| National Grid plc | NG | Multiline utilities |
| NatWest Group | NWG | Banks |
| Next plc | NXT | General retailers |
| Pearson plc | PSON | Media |
| Pershing Square Holdings | PSH | Financial services |
| Persimmon | PSN | Household goods & home construction |
| Phoenix Group | PHNX | Life insurance |
| Polar Capital Technology Trust | PCT | Investment trusts |
| Prudential plc | PRU | Life insurance |
| Reckitt | RKT | Household goods & home construction |
| RELX | REL | Media |
| Rentokil Initial | RTO | Support services |
| Rightmove | RMV | Media |
| Rio Tinto | RIO | Mining |
| Rolls-Royce Holdings | RR | Aerospace & defence |
| Sage Group | SGE | Software & computer services |
| Sainsbury's | SBRY | Food & drug retailing |
| Schroders | SDR | Financial services |
| Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust | SMT | Collective investments |
| Segro | SGRO | Real estate investment trusts |
| Severn Trent | SVT | Multiline utilities |
| Shell plc | SHEL | Oil & gas producers |
| Smiths Group | SMIN | General industrials |
| Smith & Nephew | SN | Health care equipment & supplies |
| Spirax Group | SPX | Industrial engineering |
| SSE plc | SSE | Electrical utilities & independent power producers |
| Standard Chartered | STAN | Banks |
| St. James's Place | STJ | Financial services |
| Tesco | TSCO | Food & drug retailing |
| Unilever | ULVR | Personal goods |
| United Utilities | UU | Multiline utilities |
| Vodafone Group | VOD | Mobile telecommunications |
| Weir Group | WEIR | Industrial goods and services |
| Whitbread | WTB | Retail hospitality |
| WPP | WPP | Media |
Past constituents
All changes are due to market capitalisation changes unless noted otherwise. Template:Columns-list
Source: "FTSE: FTSE 100 Constituent Changes" (Template:Small)
FT 30
Template:Main The oldest continuous index in the UK is the FT 30, also known as the Financial Times Index or the FT Ordinary Index (FTOI).<ref>The History Channel - Financial Times Index Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 8 August 2008</ref> It was established in 1935 and nowadays is largely obsolete due to its redundancy. It is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and companies listed are from the industrial and commercial sectors. Financial sector companies and government stocks are excluded.
Of the original constituents,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> three are currently in the FTSE 100: Tate & Lyle, Imperial Tobacco and Rolls-Royce, although Rolls-Royce has not been continuously listed and Imperial Tobacco was a subsidiary of Hanson for a number of years, and is now renamed as Imperial Brands. Only one of the original FT 30 companies is still in that index:<ref>Remaining companies in the FT30</ref> Tate & Lyle (membership is not strictly based on market capitalisation, so this does not mean they are necessarily among the top thirty companies in the FTSE 100). The best performer from the original lineup has been Imperial Tobacco.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
See also
- Other lists
- List of corporate collapses and scandals, on major bankruptcies historically and worldwide
- List of hedge funds
- List of largest companies by revenue, worldwide
- List of largest companies in the United Kingdom
- List of largest United Kingdom employers, including the public sector
- List of private-equity firms
- Stock market lists
- AEX index
- Dow Jones Industrial Average and the DAX 30, equivalent to the FT 30 in the US and Germany
- Financial Times Global 500, the BBC Global 30 and the Fortune Global 500, list the world's largest corporations by market capitalisation
- FTSE 250 and FTSE techMARK 100, a longer FT list, and one for the "new economy"
- List of European stock exchanges
- List of stock exchanges
- List of stock market indices
- S&P 100 and the HDAX, top 100 in the US and top 110 in Germany
References
Template:FTSE 100 Index constituents Template:European Stock market indices Template:Navboxes