First lady
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First Lady or First Gentleman is a title used in some countries, especially presidential republics, most often for the spouse of the head of state. Occasionally another relative may be designated in the role, especially for unmarried or widowed officeholders. The term may also be used for the spouses of mayors, governors, et cetera.<ref>First Lady, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, retrieved December 30, 2014</ref>
In the English-Speaking world, the term is primarily associated with the United States, however the title has also occasionally been used to refer to the spouse of a head of government in some commonwealth countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="visentin20180826">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="SGFirstLady">Template:Cite news</ref> The traditional duties and social function of the role of First Lady in many ways echo the role of a queen consort in countries with a monarchy.
Outside of the US, the role is most often found in Latin American countries.
The term First Lady has also seen figurative use to describe a person seen to be at the top of her profession or craft,<ref>First Lady, Collins English Dictionary, retrieved December 30, 2014</ref><ref>First Lady, Oxford Dictionaries, retrieved December 30, 2014</ref> and is sometimes used in some Christian churches in the United States for the wives of Christian pastors in denominations.<ref name="Banks2007">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
It has been noted that the earliest use of the term "first lady" is in reference to person of a high ranking or outstanding person in their field,<ref name="MerriamWebsterFirstLady">Template:Cite web</ref> and that the term, as used to describe the spouse of the president of the United States, saw its first documented use in 1838 in reference to Martha Washington, who was never referred to as such during George Washington's time as president.<ref name="MerriamWebsterFirstLady"/>
The first person to have been referred to as "first lady" on a regular basis during their time in the position was Harriet Lane, who was actually James Buchanan's niece, as Buchanan was a lifelong bachelor.<ref name="MerriamWebsterFirstLady"/>
Variations
The male equivalent of the title in countries where the head of state's spouse has been a man, such as the Philippines or Malta, is first gentleman. "First gentleman" is also used in the United States for the male spouse of a mayor or governor.
First spouse and first partner, both rare variations of the title, can be used in either case where the spouse of a political leader is of any gender. This term is used to promote gender equality and gender neutrality.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In the United States, collectively, the president of the United States and his spouse are known as the first couple<ref>Collins English Dictionary definition. Retrieved December 8, 2013</ref> and, if they have children, they are usually referred to as the first family.
Use in non-English speaking countries
French-speaking countries have used the term première dame for first ladies,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> regardless of where the first lady is from.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At least one article, published in 2017, used the term premier monsieur for first gentleman. For that particular article, it was used to discuss the possibility of Louis Aliot becoming first gentleman, should his domestic partner, Marine Le Pen, win that year's presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Emmanuel Macron defeated Le Pen in that year's election.
Portuguese-speaking countries have used the term primeira-dama<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> or "Primeira Dama"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> for first ladies. The term is used regardless of where the person is from.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The term primeiro-cavalheiro is used for first gentlemen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In Spanish-speaking countries, the term primera dama is used for first ladies,<ref name=colombia>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> regardless of the country the person is from.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The term primer caballero has been used for first gentlemen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Sinophone countries have used the term 第一夫人 (dìyī fūrén) as a term for first ladies,<ref name="SGFirstLady"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> also without regards as to where the first lady is from.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>
Europe
Czech Republic
The term první dáma is used for wife of the president of the Czech Republic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Poland
The term pierwsza dama (literal meaning: "first lady") is used by the wife of the current president of Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Russia
Foreign press reports have referred to the wife of the Russian president as first lady.<ref name="SovietFirstLadies">Template:Cite news</ref> Russian first ladies have been less visible than their western counterparts due to historical reasons.<ref name="SovietFirstLadies" />
Soviet Union
It has been noted that Soviet leaders generally preferred to keep their wives and families out of the spotlight, resulting in "invisible first ladies". As a result, low-profile first ladies remain common in post-Soviet countries, due to the leaders of those countries having grown up during the Soviet era.<ref name="SovietFirstLadies"/>
The wife of Mikhail Gorbachev, Raisa Gorbachev, has been referred to as a Soviet first lady.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ukraine
The wife of the country's president has been referred to as перша леді (persha ledi) by the country's government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The term "first lady" has also been used by the government in English language news releases.<ref name="UkraineFirstLady">Template:Cite web</ref>
While some first ladies, like Maryna Poroshenko<ref name="Poroshenko1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Poroshenko2">Template:Cite web</ref> and Olena Zelenska,<ref name="UkraineFirstLady"/> have played a role in social activism, other first ladies, like Lyudmila Yanukovych, have rarely taken part in public roles.<ref name="SovietFirstLadies"/>
Asia
Armenia
The wife of the president of Armenia has been referred to as "Հայաստանի Առաջին տիկին" (Hayastani Arrajin tikin).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The term "first lady" has also been used.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The spouse of the current president, however, is only referred to as "հանրապետության նախագահի տիկին" (hanrapetut'yan nakhagahi tikin),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or "wife of the president of Armenia".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
India
First Lady of India or First Gentleman of India is the title given to the host of the Rashtrapati Bhavan, usually the spouse of the president of India. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse. The Spouse generally attends official ceremonies, functions & accompanies the president on his or her official international tour.
Indonesia
The term Template:Lang (lady/mother of the state) and Template:Lang (gentleman/father of the state) is used for wife of the president of Indonesia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The term is also used to refer to first ladies of other countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Iran
Template:Main Before the 1979 revolution there was the queen Shahbano. There is no office of first lady or first female (or madam بانوی اول Banuye Aval). In September 2023 the Iranian wife of the president denied news of being the first lady and said that actually the wife of the Supreme leader of the revolution is the first lady. The Minister of Foreign relations also said the same thing. The wife of Supreme leader remains hidden and there exists no image of her.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Japan
In Japan, the term Naikaku Souri Daijin Fujin (内閣総理大臣夫人, literally "the wife of the Minister of the Comprehensive Administration of the Cabinet") is the title used for the wife of the prime minister of Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Vietnam
Currently, the spouse of the President of Vietnam is called Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The term đệ nhất phu nhân (lit: first lady) is also unofficially used by the press and on social media.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Central America
Costa Rica
The wife or husband of the president of Costa Rica is called Primera dama o Primer caballero de Costa Rica ("First Lady or First Gentleman of Costa Rica"). The term was first used under Federico Alberto Tinoco Granados. The office and officeholder rely on private donations, rather than on official funding from the government budget, to cover its expenses.<ref name="costa_rica">Template:Cite news</ref>
Marita Camacho Quirós, First Lady from 1962 to 1966 during the presidency of Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich, was 114 years and 102 days old when she died, making her the oldest First Lady in history.<ref name="WSRL">Template:Cite web</ref>
Non-spousal uses
In some situations, the title is bestowed upon a non-spouse.
Australia
Following the leadership spill which installed Julia Gillard as the first female prime minister of Australia on June 24, 2010, some news media referred to her partner, Tim Mathieson, as the "first bloke".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Australian Government has referred to Mathieson as Gillard's partner, and has also recognized him as a prime ministerial spouse.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bolivia
Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia, is single, so during his presidency his sister, Esther Morales, fulfilled the role of first lady.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Chile
Irina Karamanos, the domestic partner and girlfriend of Gabriel Boric, accepted the title of first lady despite both Karamanos and Boric's initial opposition to the position's existence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Karamanos said that taking on the role would involve "adapting it to the times."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ireland
During the first half of Bertie Ahern's term as Taoiseach, he was separated from his wife Miriam (née Kelly) and the role of first lady was filled by his then domestic partner, Celia Larkin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Republic of Korea (South Korea)
During the last five years of Park Chung Hee's time as president, his daughter, Park Geun-hye, served as first lady following her mother, Yuk Young-soo's death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She has been regarded as a de facto first lady of South Korea by some modern sources.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Peru
Keiko Fujimori took over the duties of first lady at the age of 19, after the divorce of her father Alberto Fujimori and her mother Susana Higuchi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Philippines
Elpidio Quirino was a widower when he assumed the presidency since his wife was killed during World War II,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and as such, he appointed his daughter, Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez to serve as first lady and hostess of Malacañang Palace.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Benigno Aquino III had never married throughout his presidency, so Palace staff take over duties traditionally reserved for the first lady, such as organising state dinners and entertaining guests.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Rodrigo Duterte had been previously married to Elizabeth Zimmerman until filing for an annulment in 2000, he has since been in a relationship with Honeylet Avanceña. When he was elected in 2016, he announced his daughter Sara would become the first lady, she would later decline the offer to focus on her duties as Mayor of Davao City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The position would go on to be vacant throughout his presidency, as Duterte had not designated someone to be the first lady.
United States
Thomas Jefferson was a widower by the time he took office as president, and his daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph, who served as the lady of the president's house on occasion,<ref name="MarthaJefferson">Template:Cite web</ref> has been recognized by the First Ladies National Historic Site as being a first lady,<ref name="non spousalusfirstladies">Template:Cite web</ref> even though the White House website recognizes her mother, Martha Jefferson, as first lady.<ref name="MarthaJefferson"/> While Dolley Madison also served as hostess and Jefferson's escort on occasion,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> she is recognized as a spousal first lady by way of her husband's presidency following Jefferson.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel Jackson, died before Jackson's presidency. Jackson's niece, Emily Donelson, carried out the duties of first lady until her death, and Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Jackson, presided over the White House during the final months of Jackson's presidency.<ref name="RachelJackson">Template:Cite web</ref> Both are recognized by the First Ladies National Historic Site as being first ladies,<ref name="non spousalusfirstladies"/> despite the White House website recognizing Jackson's wife as first lady.<ref name="RachelJackson"/>
James Buchanan was a lifelong "bachelor". During his time in office, his niece, Harriet Lane, served as "hostess". She is recognized as having acted in the capacity of a contemporary first lady during her uncle's time in office, and is listed among other spousal first ladies on the White House website.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Colorado
Jared Polis, who was elected as governor in 2018, is openly gay,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was in a long-term relationship with his partner, Marlon Reis, at the time of his election. Reis was referred to as "first man" by Polis during a speech on the night of his election, and members of Polis' campaign said that Reis will take on the title of "first gentleman".<ref name="DenverPostPolisReis">Template:Cite news</ref> The pair subsequently married in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Not all non-married partners of Colorado governors are called first lady or first gentleman, as Robin Pringle was referred to by The Denver Post as John Hickenlooper's girlfriend prior to their marriage.<ref name="DenverPostPolisReis"/>
Puerto Rico
After taking office as Puerto Rico's first female governor, Governor Sila María Calderón appointed her two daughters, Sila María González Calderón and María Elena González Calderón, to serve as first ladies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
South Africa
When Nelson Mandela assumed the presidency in 1994, he was in the process of divorcing his wife Winnie Mandela.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Instead, he appointed his two daughters, Zenani and Zindzi to both become first ladies from 1994 until 1998 when he appointed his second wife, Graça Machel to become first lady.
Non-political uses
It has become commonplace in the United States for the title of "first lady" to be bestowed on women, as a term of endearment, who have proven themselves to be of exceptional talent or unique notoriety in non-political areas. The phrase is often, but not always, used when the person in question is either the wife or "female equivalent" of a well-known man (or men) in a similar field. For example, the term has been applied in the entertainment field to denote the "first lady of television" (Lucille Ball), the "first lady of song" (Ella Fitzgerald), the "first lady of country music" (Tammy Wynette, although Loretta Lynn was also known by the title), the "first lady of Star Trek" (actor/producer Majel Barrett), the "first lady of American soul" (Aretha Franklin),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the "first lady of the Grand Ole Opry" (Loretta Lynn), "the first lady of American cinema" (Lillian Gish), the "first lady of the American stage" (Helen Hayes),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and "the first lady of (American) football" (Norma Hunt).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The term has also been used to refer to wives of college and university presidents in some cases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The term "first lady" is also used to denote a woman who occupies the foremost social position within a particular locality, in this sense being particularly popular in Africa, where the pre-eminent female noble in some chieftaincy hierarchies, such as those of the Yoruba people, is often referred to by the title.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In recent years, the term has also been used to refer to the wife of the pastor of a church, especially in predominantly black churches.<ref>DuBois, Joshua. "First Ladies of the Church". The Daily Beast, March 20, 2013.</ref>
See also
- List of spouses of heads of state
- List of spouses of heads of government
- List of first gentlemen in the United States
- Second lady
- Queen consort
References
Further reading
- Abrams, Jeanne E. First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role (NYU Press. 2018) online review
- Bailey, Tim. "America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online Template:Webarchive, curriculum unit based on primary sources
- Berkin, Berkin, ed., "America's First Ladies", History Now 35 (Spring 2013) online Template:Webarchive; popular essays by scholars
- Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite book
- Horohoe, Jill, "First Ladies as Modern Celebrities: Politics and the Press in Progressive Era" (PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, 2011). DA3452884.
- Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. and Mary K. Bloodsworth-Lugo. "Bare Biceps and American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady", Women's Studies Quarterly (2011) 39#1 pp 200–217, on media images of Michelle Obama
- Watson, Robert P. "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship", Presidential Studies Quarterly (2003) 33#2 pp 423–441.