George Mundelein

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Christian leader George William Mundelein (July 2, 1872 – October 2, 1939) was an American Catholic who served as Archbishop of Chicago from 1915 until his death in 1939. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1924.

Early life and ministry

George William Mundelein Template:Circa

Mundelein as Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn

George Mundelein was born on Avenue C in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City.<ref name=handbook>Template:Cite book</ref> He was the only son of Francis and Mary (née Goetz) Mundelein, who were of German descent; he had two sisters, Margaret and Catherine.<ref name=two>Template:Cite magazine</ref> George Mundelein's grandfather fought in the American Civil War.<ref>Walsh, James Joseph. Our American Cardinals. 1969, Ayer Publishing.</ref>

Mundelein received his early education at the parochial school of St. Nicholas Kirche in Manhattan. He attended La Salle Academy and Manhattan College, where he befriended Patrick Hayes (a future cardinal and archbishop of New York).<ref name=cleveland>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Mundelein graduated from Manhattan College in 1889 with high honors. He then studied at St. Vincent Seminary in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome.<ref name="Lewis">Lewis, Michael. "George Cardinal Mundelein (1872-1939)", University of Saint Mary of the Lake</ref>

Mundelein was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Brooklyn by Bishop Charles McDonnell on June 8, 1895.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

After Mundelein returned to the United States, the Diocese assigned him to pastoral work in its parishes. He served as secretary to McDonnell until 1897. In 1897, Mundelein was appointed chancellor for the diocese.

Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn

On June 30, 1909, Mundelein was appointed auxiliary bishop of Brooklyn and titular bishop of Loryma by Pope Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on September 21, 1909, from McDonnell, with Bishops Charles H. Colton and John O'Connor serving as co-consecrators, at St. James Cathedral-Basilica.<ref name=":0" /> At age 36, Mundelein was the youngest bishop in the country.<ref name="Lewis" />

Archbishop of Chicago

Mundelein was named the third archbishop of Chicago on December 9, 1915, by Pope Benedict XV.<ref name=":0" /> The pope had originally intended to appoint Mundelein as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo, with the more experienced Bishop Dennis Dougherty becoming archbishop of Chicago. However, the British government reportedly objected to having a bishop of German ancestry in Buffalo, so close to the Canadian border, during World War I.<ref name=fogarty>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=morris>Template:Cite journal</ref> To placate them, Benedict XV named Dougherty to Buffalo and Mundelein to Chicago.

Mundelein was formally installed as archbishop on February 9, 1916, and was appointed an assistant at the pontifical throne on May 8, 1920.<ref name=":0" />

The archdiocese greatly expanded its charity outreach during the Great Depression, rivaling the efforts of Chicago's Associated Jewish Charities. It established a city-wide network of St. Vincent de Paul Societies.

Poison plot 1916

At a large dinner held at the University Club of Chicago on February 12, 1916, chef Jean Crones slipped arsenic into the soup. His intent was to poison Mundelein and over 100 other guests, including Illinois Governor Edward F. Dunne. However, the potency of the arsenic was reduced because the kitchen staff was forced to water down the soup to accommodate 50 extra guests.

As the diners started exhibiting symptoms of arsenic poisoning, a doctor at the event prepared a makeshift emetic that the victims could drink to promote vomiting.<ref>Avrich, Paul, Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background, Princeton University Press (1991), p. 98</ref><ref>Bruns, Roger A., The Damndest Radical: The Life and World of Ben Reitman, University of Illinois Press (1987), Template:ISBN, p. 154</ref> As he was dieting on the evening of the dinner,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mundelein ate only a bite or two of the soup and was unharmed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> There were three fatalities, including Andrew J. Graham (a banker who had been a mayoral candidate in 1911).<ref>Multiple sources:

• Template:Cite web
• Template:Cite web</ref> Newspapers later referred to the incident as the "Mundelein poison soup plot".

Police were unable to apprehend Crones after the supper. Their investigation revealed that his real name was Nestor Dondoglio and that he belonged to the Galleanist circle of anarchists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Catholic schools

Almost half the Chicago population was Catholic by the 1920s. For decades, the parishes had been building and running their own schools, employing religious sisters as inexpensive teachers. The languages of instruction were often German or Polish. On taking office, Mundelein centralized control of the parish schools. The archdiocesan building committee now picked the locations for new schools while its school board standardized the school curricula, textbooks, teacher training, testing, and educational policies.<ref name="James W. Sanders 1977 pp. 126-136">James W. Sanders, The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965 (Oxford UP, 1977) pp. 126-136, 147-160.</ref> Simultaneously he gained a voice in city hall, and Catholic William J. Bogan became superintendent of public schools.<ref name="James W. Sanders 1977 pp. 126-136"/>

Cardinal

Pope Pius XI created Mundelein as cardinal-priest of the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome during the consistory of March 24, 1924. With his elevation, Chicago became the first archdiocese west of the Allegheny Mountains to have a cardinal.<ref name=two/> In 1926, Mundelein presided over the 28th International Eucharistic Congress in Chicago.

In 1933, the Vatican appointed Mundelein as judge for the apostolic process for Mother Frances Cabrini's cause for canonization.<ref name="cabrini">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Mundelein served as papal legate to the eighth National Eucharistic Congress in New Orleans, Louisiana, on September 13, 1938. He also served as a cardinal elector in the 1939 papal conclave that selected Pope Pius XII.<ref name=cardinals>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Death

Mundelein died from heart disease in his sleep on October 2, 1939, in Mundelein, Illinois (a village renamed in his own honor 14 years prior to his death), at age 67. He is buried behind the main altar of the chapel at Mundelein Seminary, which was founded on his initiative.

Views

Church and politics

Considered a liberal,<ref name=death>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Mundelein was a friend of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal initiative.<ref name=time>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=fdr>Template:Cite magazine</ref> A staunch supporter of trade unions, Mundelein once remarked: Template:Blockquote

Film industry

Mundelein commented on the film industry in 1934, saying, "We don't like the Mae West type ... The kind of film in which Will Rogers, Janet Gaynor, and Victor Moore appear is what we have in mind."<ref name=film>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Marriage

In 1935, Mundelein said "that not war, nor famine, nor pestilence have brought so much suffering and pain to the human race, as have hasty, ill-advised marriages, unions entered into without the knowledge, the preparation, the thought even an important commercial contract merits and receives. God made marriage an indissoluble contract, Christ made it a sacrament, the world today has made it a plaything of passion, an accompaniment of sex, a scrap of paper to be torn up at the whim of the participants."<ref name=marriage>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He was an outspoken opponent of artificial contraception.<ref name=contraception>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Ethnic groups

During his tenure in Chicago, Mundelein launched an effort to unify ethnic Catholic groups such as the Poles and Italians into territorial, instead of ethnic, parishes with mixed success. St. Monica's parish, however, was endorsed by Mundelein as the city's sole black parish, leading to distaste for the archbishop in both the early 1900s and today. After constructing the landmark Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, Mundelein built St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, later renamed Mundelein Seminary in his honor, in what is now Mundelein, Illinois.<ref>Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary</ref><ref>University of St. Mary of the Lake/Mundelein Seminary - Contact us Template:Webarchive</ref> Quigley Seminary was the site of Mundelein's 1937 "paper hanger" speech, criticizing German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and other Nazi leaders. He also organized the construction of other churches in the see, such as the Saint Philip Neri church and the Corpus Christi Church, both designed by Chicago architect Joseph W. McCarthy.<ref>Template:Usurped</ref> He publicly sparred with the Father Charles Coughlin,<ref name=coughlin>Template:Cite magazine</ref> the Detroit Catholic priest who broadcast anti-banking and anti-Semitic views to millions of radio listeners until he was forced off the air in 1939.

See also

• Mundelein College
• Mundelein, Illinois
• Paper hanger (Mundelein's speech)
• List of covers of Time magazine (1920s) – May 31, 1926
• History of education in Chicago

Further reading

• Kantowicz, Edward R. "Cardinal Mundelein of Chicago and the Shaping of Twentieth-Century American Catholicism." Journal of American History 68.1 (1981): 52–68. online
• Kantowicz, Edward R. Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism (U of Notre Dame Press, 1983).
• Sanders, James W. The education of an urban minority: Catholics in Chicago, 1833-1965 (Oxford UP, 1977).

Primary sources

• Mundelein, George William. Two Crowded Years: Being Selected Addresses, Pastorals, and Letters Issued During the First Twenty-four Months of the Episcopate of the Most Rev. George William Mundelein, DD, as Archbishop of Chicago (Extension Press, 1918) online.

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