German cruiser Admiral Hipper
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Template:Lang was the lead ship of the Template:Sclass of heavy cruisers which served with Nazi Germany's Template:Lang during World War II. The ship was laid down at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg in July 1935 and launched in February 1937; Template:Lang entered service shortly before the outbreak of war, in April 1939. The ship was named after Admiral Franz von Hipper, commander of the German battlecruiser squadron during the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and later commander-in-chief of the German High Seas Fleet. She was armed with a main battery of eight Template:Cvt guns and, although nominally under the Template:Convert limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, actually displaced over Template:Convert.
Template:Lang saw a significant amount of action during the war, notably in the Battle of the Atlantic. She also led the assault on Trondheim during Operation Weserübung; while en route to her objective, she sank the British destroyer Template:HMS. In December 1940, she broke out into the Atlantic Ocean to operate against Allied merchant shipping. This operation ended without significant success, but in February 1941, Template:Lang sortied again, sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to Germany via the Denmark Strait. The ship was then transferred to northern Norway to participate in operations against convoys to the Soviet Union, culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942, in which she sank the destroyer Template:HMS and the minesweeper Template:HMS, but was in turn damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers Template:HMS and Template:HMS.
Disappointed by the failure to sink merchant ships in that battle, Adolf Hitler ordered the majority of the surface warships scrapped, though Admiral Karl Dönitz was able to persuade Hitler to retain the surface fleet. As a result, Template:Lang was returned to Germany and decommissioned for repairs. The ship was never restored to operational status, however, and on 3 May 1945, Royal Air Force bombers severely damaged her while she was in Kiel, Germany. Her crew scuttled the ship at her moorings, and in July 1945, she was raised and towed to Heikendorfer Bay. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1948–1952; her bell is currently on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel.
Design
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The Template:Sclass of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five Template:Convert "treaty cruisers".Template:Sfn The Template:Langs were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang was Template:Convert long overall and had a beam of Template:Convert and a maximum draft of Template:Convert. After the installation of a clipper bow during fitting out, her overall length increased to Template:Convert. The ship had a design displacement of Template:Convert and a full load displacement of Template:Convert. Template:Lang was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was Template:Convert, at Template:Convert.Template:Sfn Her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.Template:Sfn
Template:LangTemplate:'s primary armament was eight [[20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun|Template:Convert SK L/60]] guns mounted in four twin gun turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft.Template:Efn Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve Template:Convert L/65 guns, twelve Template:Convert guns, and eight Template:Convert guns. She had four triple Template:Convert torpedo launchers, all on the main deck next to the four range finders for the anti-aircraft guns.Template:Sfn
Template:LangTemplate:'s armored belt was Template:Convert thick; her upper deck was Template:Convert thick while the main armored deck was Template:Convert thick. The main battery turrets had Template:Convert thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.Template:Sfn The heaviest armor with Template:Convert thickness was applied to the vertical surfaces of the conning tower, while the horizontal surfaces were limited to Template:Convert.Template:Sfn
The initial design of Template:Lang included an aircraft hangar for one aircraft. During building, the requirements were changed and an aircraft hangar was constructed for two floatplanes that could be stored side by side. The wider aircraft hangar forced the rearrangement of the middle pair of 10.5 cm guns from the superstructure deck to the upper deck, which restricted their arc of fire towards the rear.Template:Sfn The ship was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult.Template:Sfn In 1941 the aircraft hangar was reduced with place for just one Arado and in total only two Arado floatplanes were carried.Template:Sfn
Service history
Template:Lang was ordered by the Template:Lang from the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg.Template:Sfn Her keel was laid on 6 July 1935,Template:Sfn under construction number 501.Template:Sfn The ship was launched on 6 February 1937, and was completed on 29 April 1939, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.Template:Sfn The Commander-in-Chief of the Template:Lang, Template:Lang (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder, who had been Franz von Hipper's chief of staff during World War I, gave the christening speech and his wife Erika Raeder performed the christening.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn As built, the ship had a straight stem, though after her launch this was replaced with a clipper bow. A raked funnel cap was also installed.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang (Captain at Sea) Hellmuth Heye was given command of the ship at her commissioning.Template:Sfn After her commissioning in April 1939, Template:Lang steamed into the Baltic Sea to conduct training maneuvers. The ship also made port calls to various Baltic ports, including cities in Estonia and Sweden. In August, the ship conducted live fire drills in the Baltic. At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the ship was still conducting gunnery trials. She was briefly used to patrol the Baltic, but she did not see combat, and was quickly returned to training exercises.Template:Sfn In November 1939, the ship returned to the Blohm & Voss dockyard for modifications; these included the replacement of the straight stem with a clipper bow and the installation of the funnel cap.Template:Sfn
Sea trials in the Baltic resumed in January 1940, but severe ice restrained the ship to port. On 17 February, the Kriegsmarine pronounced the ship fully operational, and on the following day, Template:Lang began her first major wartime patrolTemplate:Sfn during Operation Nordmark. She joined the battleships Template:Ship and Template:Ship and the destroyers Template:Ship and Template:Ship in a sortie into the North Sea off Bergen, Norway. A third destroyer, Template:Ship, was forced to turn back after sustaining damage from ice. The ships operated under the command of Admiral Wilhelm Marschall.Template:Sfn The ships attempted to locate British merchant shipping, but failed and returned to port on 20 February.Template:Sfn
Operation Weserübung
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Following her return from the North Sea sortie, Template:Lang was assigned to the forces tasked with the invasion of Norway, codenamed Operation Weserübung.Template:Sfn The ship was assigned as the flagship of Group 2, along with the destroyers Template:Ship, Template:Ship, Template:Ship, and Template:Ship. KzS Heye was given command of Group 2 during the operation.Template:Sfn The five ships carried a total of 1,700 Wehrmacht mountain troops, whose objective was the port of Trondheim; the ships loaded the troops in Cuxhaven.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The ships steamed to the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven, where they joined Group 1, consisting of ten destroyers, and the battleships Template:Lang and Template:Lang under the command of Vice Admiral Günther Lütjens,Template:Sfn which were assigned to cover Groups 1 and 2. The ships steamed out of the roadstead at midnight on the night of 6–7 April 1940.Template:Sfn
Between 14:25 and 14:48 on 7 April, the ships were unsuccessfully attacked West of the Skagerrak by twelve bombers. By evening the weather had deteriorated and several of the destroyers were unable to maintain the high ( 27 knots ) speed and remained behind the main force. On 8 April at 09:15 one of the trailing destroyers, the Template:Ship, signaled that it had engaged a British destroyer, and at 09:22 Lütjens ordered the Template:Lang to investigate.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Upon arriving on the scene, Template:Lang was initially misidentified by the British destroyer Template:HMS as a friendly vessel, which allowed the German ship to close the distance and fire first. Template:Lang rained fire on Glowworm, scoring several hits. Glowworm attempted to flee, but when it became apparent she could not break away from the pursuing cruiser, she turned toward Template:Lang and fired a spread of torpedoes, all of which missed. The British destroyer scored one hit on Template:LangTemplate:'s starboard bow before a rudder malfunction set the ship on a collision course with the German cruiser.Template:Sfn The collision with Glowworm tore off a Template:Convert section of Template:LangTemplate:'s armored belt on the starboard side, as well as the ship's starboard torpedo launcher.Template:Sfn Minor flooding caused a four degree list to starboard, though the ship was able to continue with the mission.Template:Sfn GlowwormTemplate:'s boilers exploded shortly after the collision, causing her to sink quickly. Forty survivors were picked up by the German ship.Template:Sfn At 11:14 Template:Lang broke off the rescue operationTemplate:Sfn and set course toward TrondheimTemplate:Sfn with her four destroyers, whilst Group 1 set course for Narvik. Template:Lang and Template:Lang took a position South of the Lofoten in the Vestfjorden to cover both landings.Template:Sfn The British destroyer had survived long enough to send a wireless message to Royal Navy headquarters, which allowed the battlecruiser Template:HMS time to move into position to engage Template:Lang and Template:Lang, though the German battleships used their superior speed to break off contact.Template:Sfn
Group 2 was sighted at 14:50 by a Short Sunderland, and signal intelligence indicated enemy ships were operating nearby. In order to clarify the situation, at 17:50 Template:Lang launched an Arado seaplane in the direction of Trondheim. The Arado reported no activity in the approaches to Trondheim and then made an emergency landing in Eide Municipality, since the weather was too bad to land at Template:Lang in open sea.Template:Sfn After trying to purchase fuel from locals, the aircrew were detained and handed over to the police. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service captured the Arado, which was painted in Norwegian colors and used by the Norwegians until 18 April when it was evacuated to Britain.Template:Sfn
When steaming at maximum speed through the long and narrow Trondheim Fjord towards Trondheim, Template:Lang successfully passed herself off as a British warship long enough to get past the Norwegian coastal artillery batteries. After the ships forced the most narrow part of the fjord between 04:04 and 04:14, one Norwegian battery belatedly opened fire but to no effect. Template:Lang responded with two salvoes from the rear turrets. The two remaining Arado seaplanes were flown off to scout and check for suitable places for airplane and seaplane bases. One of the airplanes also attacked a coastal battery with bombs. The cruiser entered the harbor and anchored at 05:25 to disembark the mountain troops.Template:Sfn A German tanker which was scheduled to refuel Group 2 at Trondheim failed to show up, and the ships had to remain in harbor because of fuel shortage. On 10 April an Arado seaplane from Template:Lang brought orders from Lütjens to attempt a breakout and return to Germany together with the two battleships on the following night. Template:Lang left Trondheim at 21:30, escorted by Template:Lang. The two ships first steamed Northwest to clear the Norwegian coast. On 11 April, at 02:50, Template:Lang returned to Trondheim due to bad weather and lack of fuel. This same bad weather allowed Template:Lang to take a short, direct route to Germany. The ship joined Template:Lang and Template:Lang at 08:00 on 12 April, and they reached Wilhelmshaven at 22:00, Template:Lang with only 125 out of 3005 cubic meters of fuel remaining.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Template:Lang went into drydock where it was discovered the ship had been damaged more severely by the collision with Glowworm than had previously been thought. Nevertheless, repairs were completed in the span of two weeks.Template:Sfn
Operation Juno
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Marschall organized a mission to seize Harstad in Northern Norway in early June 1940; Template:Lang, the battleships Template:Lang and Template:Lang, and the four destroyers Template:Ship, Template:Ship, Template:Ship and Template:Lang were tasked with the operation.Template:Sfn The ships departed from Kiel on 4 June. Three days later, Template:Lang and the four destroyers refueled from the supply ship Template:Lang.Template:Sfn The plan was to attack the British base at Harstadt in the morning of 9 June, but shortly after midnight of 8 June the plan was changed: a reconnaissance plane reported no ships in Harstadt and since the German ships also detected highly increased convoy radio transmissions, Marschall deduced that the British were evacuating Harstadt. Instead of raiding Harstadt, Marschall decided to operate against the evacuation convoy.Template:Sfn While in search of the convoy, the German force first encountered the tanker Oil Pioneer at 06:45 on 8 June, which was escorted by the trawler HMT Juniper. Template:Lang sank Juniper with gunfire and Template:Lang sank Oil Pioneer. At 10:52, Template:Lang encountered and sank the empty troopship Orama.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Despite launching their Ar 196 reconnaissance planes, the German ships failed to find the convoy, and at 13:00, Template:Lang and the four destroyers returned to Trondheim to cover and protect the German forces there, whilst the battleships refueled from Template:Lang and continued the operation.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Towards the evening Template:Lang and Template:Lang found a British force consisting of the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS and two escorting destroyers, Template:HMS and Template:HMS. All three British ships were sunk but Template:Lang was heavily damaged by a torpedo hit and both German battleships returned to Trondheim on 9 June as well.Template:Sfn
On 10 June, Template:Lang and Template:Lang left Trondheim with the four destroyers in a second attempt to attack evacuating convoys but they returned to Trondheim the next day, having failed to locate any British vessels.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 13 June, fifteen Blackburn Skuas from 800 Naval Air Squadron and 803 Naval Air Squadron took off from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS to attack the German ships at Trondheim. The bombers hit Template:Lang with a dud bomb and lost eight of their number to fighters and anti-aircraft guns.Template:Sfn The anti-aircraft gunners of Template:Lang shot down one of the attacking British bombers.Template:Sfn In order to cover the return of the damaged Template:Lang to Germany, Template:Lang and Template:Lang left Trondheim on 20 June for a raid towards the Iceland-Faeroes passage, but Template:Lang was torpedoed and damaged by the submarine Template:HMS and both ships returned to Trondheim the same dayTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
On 25 July, Template:Lang steamed out on a commerce raiding patrol in the area between Spitzbergen and Tromsø; the cruise lasted until 9 August.Template:Sfn The Arado seaplanes could find a few ships, but these were all neutrals. No British ships were found. On 31 July one of the Arados was lost in an accident. The next day, Template:Lang encountered the Finnish freighter Ester Thorden, which was found to be carrying Template:Convert of gold. The ship was seized and sent to occupied Norway with a prize crew.Template:Sfn On 5 August Template:Lang received orders to return immediately to Germany. The cruiser first replenished from Template:Lang before heading for the Norwegian coast. On 10 August Template:Lang arrived in Wilhelmshaven.Template:Sfn
Operation Nordseetour
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The overhaul in Wilhelmshaven was completed on 9 September and with a new commanding officer, Wilhelm Meisel, the cruiser made ready to participate in Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. Template:LangTemplate:'s role would have been a diversionary foray into the North Sea, Operation Herbstreise or "Autumn Journey", with the aim of luring the British Home Fleet away from the intended invasion routes in the English Channel. Following the postponement of that operation, on 24 September the ship left Wilhelmshaven on a mission to break out into the Atlantic Ocean to raid merchant traffic.Template:Sfn The engine oil feed system caught fire and was severely damaged. The fire forced the crew to shut down the ship's propulsion system until the blaze could be brought under control; this rendered Template:Lang motionless for several hours on the open sea. British reconnaissance failed to locate the ship, and after the fire was extinguished, she returned to Hamburg's Blohm & Voss shipyard, where repairs lasted slightly over a week.Template:Sfn
The ship made a second attempt to break out into the Atlantic, designated Operation Nordseetour. On 30 November Template:Lang, escorted by five torpedo boats, left Germany for Bergen in Norway, where she refueled from the tanker Template:Lang on 1 December. The German cruiser then proceeded towards a position South of Jan Mayen, where she refueled several times from the tanker Template:Lang whilst waiting for convenient bad weather to break through the Denmark Strait into the North Atlantic. During a gale on the night of 6 December, she navigated the Denmark Strait undetected.Template:Sfn After a refueling by the tanker Friedrich Breme on 12 December, Meisel started searching for the convoy HX 94, which according to Template:Lang intelligence was nearby. Template:Lang encountered a few independent sailing vessels but as his orders were to attack only convoys, Meisel did not attack and remained undetected. In deteriorating weather, the convoy was not found. Between refueling twice from the Template:Lang on 16 and 20 December, Template:Lang searched for the convoys SC 15 and HX 95 but again nothing was found because of bad weather. Finally Meisel decided to leave the North Atlantic convoy lanes and operate on the shipping lanes between the United Kingdom and West Africa, where the B-Dienst had reported the convoys SL 58 and SLS 58. An Arado floatplane was launched to search for the convoys, but the plane went missing and nothing was found. On 23 December the Template:Lang operated between the Azores and Spain.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
At dusk on 24 December, Template:Lang, using her DeTe radar, detected Convoy WS 5ATemplate:Sfn some Template:Convert west of Cape Finisterre.Template:Sfn She shadowed the convoy during the night with her radar with the intention of attacking at dawn. During the night a large escort was visually detected and unsuccessfully attacked with three torpedoes.Template:Sfn Convoy WS 5A was not a regular merchant convoy, but rather a heavily guarded troopship convoy consisting of twenty ships. Five of the twenty ships were allocated to Operation Excess. The convoy was protected by a powerful escort composed of the heavy cruiser Template:HMS and the light cruisers Template:HMS and Template:HMS. The aircraft carriers Template:HMS and Template:HMS were part of the convoy, but not operational as they were transferring crated aircraft.Template:Sfn When Template:Lang attacked in the morning,Template:Sfn she was surprised to make contact with Berwick. A torpedo attack on Berwick failed,Template:Sfn but with her main guns she badly damaged the Template:GRT transport Empire Trooper,Template:Sfn and lightly damaged the freighter Arabistan, before spotting other ships steaming toward her. Believing these ships to be destroyers preparing for a torpedo attack, she quickly withdrew, using her main guns to keep the escorts at bay.Template:Sfn Ten minutes later, Berwick reappeared off Template:LangTemplate:'s port bow;Template:Sfn the German cruiser fired several salvos from her rear turretsTemplate:Sfn and scored hits on the British cruiser's rear turrets, waterline, and forward superstructure. Template:Lang then disengaged, to prevent the 'British destroyers' from closing to launch a torpedo attack.Template:Sfn
By this time Admiral Hipper was running low on fuel, and so she put into Brest in occupied France on 27 December,Template:Sfn escorted by the torpedo boat Template:Ship.Template:Sfn While en route, Template:Lang encountered and sank the independent sailing 6,078 GRT passenger ship Template:SS on 25 December.Template:Sfn Another round of routine maintenance work was effected while the ship was in Brest, readying her for another sortie into the Atlantic shipping lanes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On 4 January Template:Lang was detected by British air reconnaissance in Brest. The same night a major air raid was mounted with 53 Vickers Wellington, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Handley Page Hampden bombers, but due to cloud cover and heavy Flak these were unsuccessful.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn On the night of 10 January there was a smaller attack with twelve Whitleys, followed two nights later by an attack with 26 Wellingtons and Hampdens, but none of these caused any serious damage. The British failed to detect the departure of Template:Lang from Brest on 1 February and continued the attacks. On 4 February a Wellington wrongly claimed a hit on a cruiser in Brest.Template:Sfn
Second Atlantic operation
Template:See alsoThe Template:Lang had initially sought to send the battleships Template:Lang and Template:Lang to operate in concert with Template:Lang, but Template:Lang suffered storm damage in December that prevented the participation of the two ships.Template:Sfn Repairs were effected quickly, however, and the two battleships embarked upon a second attempt at the end of January.Template:Sfn On 1 February 1941, Template:Lang embarked on her second Atlantic sortie,Template:Sfn with orders to operate on the convoy lanes between the United Kingdom and West-Africa. The ship was allowed to operate against both lightly escorted convoys and independent sailing vessels, with the hope that her appearance in these waters would draw away British forces guarding the Denmark Strait, thus making it easier for Template:Lang and Template:Lang to break out into the Atlantic.Template:Sfn Between 4 and 10 February Template:Lang patrolled off the Azores but no ships were found. She was refueled several times by the tanker Template:Ship.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Upon learning that the British Force H had sortied from Gibraltar deep into the Mediterranean to bombard La Spezia, Meisel understood that the convoys between the UK, Gibraltar and West Africa were left uncovered with heavy units and he decided to operate closer to Gibraltar,Template:Sfn where U-boat and Luftwaffe units had attacked convoy HG 53.Template:Sfn On 11 February, Template:Lang encountered and sank the straggling 1,236 GRT English ship Iceland.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
That evening around midnight, Admiral Hipper's radar picked up the unescorted convoy SLS 64, which contained nineteen merchant ships. The following morning, posing as a British cruiser, she approached the convoy to close distance before opening fire at 06:19. The surprised ships dispersed at once. At the start of the fight Meisel remained three to five km distant from the ships, but once ammunition began running low he gave the order to close in, in order to fire more accurately. After ships were hit with cannon fire and stopped, they were finished off with torpedoes. Template:Lang fired all of her twelve torpedoes and claimed all torpedoes had hit.Template:Sfn At 07:18 only six ships were still in sight, of which only two were steaming. Meisel decided to break off the fight and depart before British forces closed in.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The British reported only seven ships lost, totaling 32,806 GRT along with damage to two more.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn The Germans claimed Template:Lang had sunk thirteen of the nineteen freighters totalling 79,000 GRT,Template:Sfn while some survivors reported fourteen ships of the convoy had been sunk.Template:Sfn
Following the attack on convoy SLS 64, Template:LangTemplate:'s fuel stocks were running low. Meisel feared that approaching British forces would cut him off from tankers waiting in the AzoresTemplate:Sfn and therefore returned to Brest on 15 February. Since the bigger dry docks had to be kept free for the eventual return of Template:Lang and Template:Lang, Template:Lang was docked in a smaller one, and while moving into it, damaged her starboard screw on uncharted wreckage. A spare screw had to be transported from Kiel, causing additional delay.Template:Sfn Meanwhile, British bombers were regularly attacking the port, and the Template:Lang therefore decided that Template:Lang should return to Germany, where she could be better protected.Template:Sfn On 15 March, the ship slipped out of Brest, unobserved, and steered to a rendezvous point South of Greenland with the tanker Template:Lang. The refueling was delayed to 21 March because of bad weather. Since the heavy cruiser Template:Ship was also returning from a raid to Germany around the same time, there was concern that the two ships might hinder each other, so Template:Lang was given orders to make the breakthrough via the Denmark Strait before 28 March.Template:Sfn She managed to do so on 24 March.Template:Sfn and two days later stopped to refuel in Bergen.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn By 28 March, the cruiser was docked in Kiel, having made the entire journey without being detected by the British.Template:Sfn
Upon arrival, the ship went into the Template:Lang shipyard for an extensive overhaul, which lasted seven months. Raeder intended to continue to send the Template:Lang on North Atlantic raids, and as her operations so far had been dominated by the constant need to refuel, it was decided to increase her fuel capacity from 3050 to 3700 cubic meters.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The aircraft hangar was also adapted at this time; the large hangar for two floatplanes with folding wings had proven difficult to handle in operations, and was replaced by a smaller hangar for just one floatplane, the spare room being taken up by refueling gear and extra food storage.Template:Sfn After completion of the refit, Template:Lang conducted sea trials in the Baltic before putting into Gotenhafen on 21 December for some minor work. In January 1942, the ship had her steam turbines overhauled at the Blohm & Voss shipyard; a degaussing coil was fitted to the ship's hull during this overhaul. By March, the ship was again fully operational.Template:Sfn By then, however, the strategic situation had altered completely: due to British air reconnaissance and developments in radar it was no longer viable to execute raids in the North Atlantic. Instead the German surface fleet concentrated in Norway as a deterrent against an Allied invasion and to attack Arctic convoys to Russia.Template:Sfn
Deployment to Norway
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On 19 March 1942, Template:Lang steamed to Trondheim, escorted by the destroyers Template:Ship, Template:Ship, and Template:Ship and the torpedo boats Template:Ship, Template:Ship, and Template:Ship. Several British submarines were patrolling the area, but failed to intercept the German flotilla. Template:Lang and her escorts reached their destination on 21 March.Template:Sfn There, they joined the heavy cruisers Template:Lang and Template:Ship, though the latter had been torpedoed by the British submarine Template:HMS on 23 FebruaryTemplate:Sfn and returned to Germany for repairs on 16 May.Template:Sfn At the same time the heavy cruiser Template:Ship (the former Deutschland) transferred from Germany to Norway.Template:Sfn In begin March, the battleship Template:Ship had been operating against the Arctic convoy PQ 12 during Operation Sportpalast and had depleted the already very low German fuel stocks. As a result, operations above destroyer level were impossible and the Template:Lang remained in port for the next months.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
In July fuel stocks were sufficient to allow operations again and the Germans intended to attack the next convoy PQ 17 with the complete surface fleet in Operation Rösselsprung.Template:Sfn On 1 July the convoy was located by the B-Dienst and detected by U-boats. The next day, the first stage of Operation Rösselsprung was set in motion when German forces concentrated in Altafjord from where they could sortie against the convoy.Template:Sfn On 2 July, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, the destroyers Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Ship and Template:Lang, and the torpedo boats Template:Ship and T15 left Trondheim for Altafjord, followed on 3 July by the cruisers Template:Lang and Template:Lang and the destroyers Z24, Template:Ship, Template:Ship, Template:Ship, Z30 and Template:Ship coming from NarvikTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn in order to avoid British reconnaissance, the German fleet did not steer into open waters but remained close to the coast. In fog Template:Lang ran aground in the narrow Tjeldsundet, and the destroyers Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang struck uncharted rocks at Grimsöy in Vestfjorden and all these ships fell out for the operation.Template:Sfn The destroyers Template:Lang and Template:Lang arrived also on 3 July in Altafjord.Template:Sfn
Escorting the convoy were the battleships Template:HMS and Template:USS and the aircraft carrier Template:HMS.Template:Sfn Since aircraft from the Victorious had nearly torpedoed Template:Lang during Operation Sportpalast, Hitler explicitly forbade to launch the next stage of operation Rösselsprung, the actual attack on the convoy, as long as the aircraft carrier was not disabled by the Luftwaffe.Template:Sfn Swedish intelligence had meanwhile reported the German departures to the British Admiralty, which ordered the convoy to disperse in the evening of 4 July. In the morning of 5 July the Germans became aware that the escorts were withdrawing and the merchants were continuing independently. The second stage of Operation Rösselsprung was initiated at 11:37 and Template:Lang left Altafjord together with the German fleet. During the evening it became clear that they had been detected and reported by the British submarine Template:HMS and a Consolidated PBY Catalina from No. 201 Squadron RAF, although an attack by the Soviet submarine K-21 went unnoticed.Template:Sfn The Germans aborted the operation and left the merchants over to the U-boats and the Luftwaffe, which sank 21 of the 34 fleeing transports.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Due to commitments in the Mediterranean with Operation Pedestal, the Royal Navy was not able to provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy and the sailing of convoy PQ-18 was delayed until September. The convoy was located on 8 September and on 10 September the Germans set Operation Doppelschlag in motion: all available surface units were ordered to the Altafjord from where they would launch their attack against the convoy. Template:Lang left Narvik together with the Template:Lang, the light cruiser Template:Ship and the destroyers Template:Ship and Z27, and arrived on 11 September in the Altafjord.Template:Sfn Template:Lang and Template:Lang were under repair and remained in Narvik. On their way, the ships were first detected by the British submarine Template:HMS. and then unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarine Template:HMS.Template:Sfn The Norwegian submarine Template:HNoMS and the British submarine Template:HMS sighted the German fleet but were unable to attack. The destroyers Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Z29 and Z30 also arrived in Altafjord on 11 September,Template:Sfn but then the operation was once more cancelled because Hitler did not want to risk losses to the surface fleet.Template:Sfn
In Operation Zarin, the cruiser laid a minefield on 24–28 September off the north-west coast of Novaya Zemlya, escorted by the destroyers Z23, Z28, Z29, and Z30Template:Sfn The goal of the operation was to funnel merchant traffic further south, closer to the reach of German naval units in Norway. After her return to port, Template:Lang was transferred to Bogen Bay near Narvik for repairs to her propulsion system.Template:Sfn
On 28–29 October, Template:Lang and the destroyers Template:Lang and Template:Lang were transferred further north from Narvik to the Altafjord.Template:Sfn Because the Allies could not provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy PQ-19, they decided to cancel the convoy and instead on 29 October thirteen freighters sailed independently from Iceland to the USSR. From the USSR 23 empty ships also tried to return independently to Iceland. Against this traffic the Germans started Operation Hoffnung on 5 November: Template:Lang and the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, composed of Z27, Z30, Template:Lang, and Template:Lang, patrolled for Allied shipping in the Arctic. Template:Lang Oskar Kummetz commanded the squadron from Template:Lang. On 7 November, the cruiser's Arado floatplane located the 7,925 GRT Soviet tanker Template:Lang and its escort, the auxiliary warship BO-78. Kummetz dispatched the destroyer Z27 to sink the two Soviet ships.Template:Sfn On 9 November the ships are back in the Kaafjord.Template:Sfn
Battle of the Barents Sea
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In December 1942, convoy traffic to the Soviet Union resumed. Raeder ordered a plan, Operation Regenbogen, to use the available surface units in Norway to launch an attack on the convoys. The first convoy of the month, JW 51A, passed to the Soviet Union without incident. However, the second, convoy JW 51B, was spotted by the submarine Template:GS south of Bear Island. Raeder ordered the forces assigned to Operation Regenbogen into action.Template:Sfn Template:Lang, again served as Kummetz's flagship; the squadron comprised Template:Lang and the destroyers Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Z29, Z30, and Template:Ship.Template:Sfn The force left Altafjord at 18:00 on 30 December, under orders to avoid confrontation with even an equal opponent.Template:Sfn
Kummetz's plan was to divide his force in half; he would take Template:Lang and three destroyers north of the convoy to attack it and draw away the escorts. Template:Lang and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. At 09:15 on the 31st, the British destroyer Template:HMS spotted the three destroyers screening for Template:Lang; the Germans opened fire first. Four of the other five destroyers escorting the convoy rushed to join the fight, while Template:HMS laid a smoke screen to cover the convoy. Template:Lang fired several salvos at Achates, raining shell splinters on the destroyer that severed steam lines and reduced her speed to Template:Convert. Kummetz then turned back north to draw the destroyers away. Captain Robert Sherbrooke, the British escort commander, left two destroyers to cover the convoy while he took the remaining four to pursue Template:Lang.Template:Sfn
Rear Admiral Robert Burnett's Force R, centered on the cruisers Template:HMS and Template:HMS, standing by in distant support of the Allied convoy,Template:Sfn raced to the scene. The cruisers engaged Template:Lang, which had been firing to port at the destroyer Template:HMS. Burnett's ships approached from Template:LangTemplate:'s starboard side and achieved complete surprise.Template:Sfn In the initial series of salvos from the British cruisers, Template:Lang was hit three times.Template:Sfn One of the hits damaged the ship's propulsion system; the No. 3 boiler filled with a mix of oil and water, which forced the crew to turn off the starboard turbine engine. This reduced her speed to Template:Convert. The other two hits started a fire in her aircraft hangar. She fired a single salvo at the cruisers before turning toward them, her escorting destroyers screening her with smoke.Template:Sfn After emerging from the smoke screen, Template:Lang was again engaged by Burnett's cruisers. Owing to the uncertainty over the condition of his flagship and the ferocity of the British defense, Kummetz issued the following order at 10:37: "Break off action and retire to the west."Template:Sfn Mistakenly identifying Sheffield as Template:Lang, the destroyer Template:Lang approached too closely and was sunk.Template:Sfn Meanwhile, Template:Lang closed to within Template:Convert of the convoy, but due to poor visibility, she held her fire. She then received Kummetz's order, and turned west to rendezvous with Template:Lang. Template:Lang inadvertently came alongside Sheffield and Jamaica, and after identifying them as hostile, engaged them. The British cruisers turned toward Template:Lang and came under fire from both German cruisers. Template:LangTemplate:'s firing was more accurate and quickly straddled Sheffield, though the British cruiser escaped unscathed. Burnett quickly decided to withdraw in the face of superior German firepower; his ships were armed with Template:Convert guns, while Template:Lang and Template:Lang carried Template:Convert and Template:Convert guns, respectively.Template:Sfn
Based on the order issued at the outset of the operation to avoid action with a force equal in strength to his own, poor visibility, and the damage to his flagship, Kummetz decided to abort the attack. In the course of the battle, the British destroyer Achates was sunk by the damage inflicted by Template:Lang. The Germans also sank the minesweeper Template:HMS and damaged the destroyers Template:HMS, Obedient, and Obdurate. In return, the British sank Template:Lang and damaged Template:Lang, and forced the Germans to abandon the attack on the convoy.Template:Sfn In the aftermath of the failed operation, a furious Hitler proclaimed that the Template:Lang's surface forces would be paid off and dismantled, and their guns used to reinforce the fortifications of the Atlantic Wall. Admiral Karl Dönitz, Raeder's successor, persuaded Hitler to retain the surface fleet, however.Template:Sfn After returning to Altafjord, emergency repairs to Template:Lang were effected, which allowed her to return to Bogen Bay on 23 January 1943.Template:Sfn That day, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and the destroyer Template:Lang left the Altafjord to return to Germany. The three ships stopped in Narvik on 25 January, and in Trondheim from 30 January to 2 February.Template:Sfn After resuming the voyage south, the ships searched for Norwegian blockade runners in the Skagerrak on 6 February before putting into port at Kiel on 8 February.Template:Sfn On 28 February, the ship was decommissioned in accordance with Hitler's decree.Template:Sfn
Fate
Template:Lang received only basic repairs so that in April the ship could be towed to Pillau in the Baltic, to put her out of the reach of Allied bombers. On 1 March 1944 the Template:Lang was recommissioned in her damaged state as a training ship for cadets in Gotenhafen. During the next five months Template:Lang executed gunnery and sea training in the Baltic. In September she was reported conditionally operational and on 27 October the cadets graduated. In November there were plans drafted to use her for shore bombardments, but as the Soviet army pushed the Germans back on the Eastern Front, her crew was drafted into construction work on the defenses of the city, further impairing Template:LangTemplate:'s ability to enter active service. The Royal Air Force also laid an extensive minefield around the port, which forced the ship to remain in the harbor.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
By the end of 1944, the ship was due for another overhaul; work was to have lasted for three months. The Soviet Army had advanced so far, however, that it was necessary to move the ship farther away from the front, despite the fact that she had only one working turbine.Template:Sfn On 29 January 1945, the ship left Gotenhafen with 1,377 refugees embarked,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn escorted by the torpedo boat Template:Ship. On the evening of the 30th, Template:Lang received a distress call from the sinking transport Template:Lang, which was also carrying refugees. The cruiser did not stop to pick up survivors due to the threat of the submarine that sank Template:Lang; it would instead become one of the worst maritime disasters in history.Template:Sfn
Template:Lang arrived in Kiel on 2 February and entered the Template:Lang shipyard for refitting. On 3 April, RAF bombers attacked the harbor and hit the Template:Lang with one bomb which failed to penetrate the armor deck but caused six deaths amongst the crew. In the night of 9 April the RAF attacked the port with 591 heavy bombers.Template:Sfn The bombers hit several ships in the harbor: Template:Lang capsized, the light cruiser Template:Ship was hit, and Template:Lang was severely damaged by three bomb hits.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Munitions for her heavy artillery were brought aboard with the idea to operate her as a floating battery, but her crew scuttled the wrecked ship at her moorings at 04:25 on 3 May.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In July 1945, after the end of the war, Template:Lang was raised and towed to Heikendorfer Bay and subsequently broken up for scrap in 1948–1952. Her bell was on display at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.Template:Sfn The bell has since been returned to Germany and is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel.Template:Sfn
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Further reading
Template:Admiral Hipper class cruiser Template:Blohm + Voss Template:May 1945 shipwrecks Template:Good article Template:Authority control