Goli Otok

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox islands Goli Otok (Template:IPA; Template:Literal translation) is a barren, uninhabited island that was the site of a political prison which was in use when Croatia was part of Yugoslavia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The prison was in operation between 1949 and 1989.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The island is located in the northern Adriatic Sea just off the coast of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia with an area of approximately Template:Convert. Exposed to strong bora winds, particularly in the winter, the island's surface is almost completely devoid of vegetation, giving Goli Otok (literally, 'barren island' in Croatian) its name. It is also known as the "Croatian Alcatraz" because of its history as a prison.<ref name="National Geographic" />

Prison

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Despite having long been an occasional grazing ground for local shepherds' flocks, the barren island was apparently never permanently settled other than by the prisoners during the 20th century.Template:Sfn Throughout World War I, Austria-Hungary sent Russian prisoners of war from the Eastern Front to Goli Otok.Template:Sfn

In 1949, the entire island was officially made into a high-security, top secret prison and labor camp set up by the authorities of the People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,Template:Sfn together with the nearby Sveti Grgur island, which held a similar camp for female prisoners. Until 1956, following the Tito–Stalin split and throughout the Informbiro period, it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. These included known and alleged Stalinists, but also other Communist Party of Yugoslavia members or even non-party citizens accused of exhibiting sympathy or leanings towards the Soviet Union.

Many anti-communists (Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Albanian and other nationalists etc.) were also incarcerated on Goli Otok. Non-political prisoners were also sent to the island to serve out simple criminal sentences<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and some of them were sentenced to death. A total of approximately 16,000<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn political prisoners served there, of which between 400Template:Sfn and 600<ref name="National Geographic">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> died on the island. Other sources, largely based on various individual statements, claim almost 4,000 prisoners died in the camp.<ref>Goli Otok, AestOvest, Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso 2008</ref><ref name="comune.bologna.it">Template:Cite webTemplate:Publisher missing</ref>Template:Sfn

The prison inmates were forced to labor (in a stone quarry, pottery and joinery), without regard to the weather conditions: in the summer the temperature would rise as high as Template:Convert, while in the winter they were subjected to the chilling bora wind and freezing temperatures.Template:Sfn The prison was entirely inmate-run, and its hierarchical system forced the convicts into beating, humiliating, denouncing and shunning each other. Those who cooperated could hope to rise up the hierarchy and receive better treatment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After Yugoslavia normalized relations with the Soviet Union, Goli Otok prison passed to the provincial jurisdiction of the People's Republic of Croatia (as opposed to the Yugoslav federal authorities). Regardless, the prison remained a taboo topic in Yugoslavia until the early 1980s.Template:Sfn Antonije Isaković wrote the novel Tren (Moment) about the prison in 1979, waiting until after Josip Broz Tito's death in 1980 to release it. The book became an instant bestseller.<ref>Daniel J. Goulding, Liberated cinema: the Yugoslav experience, 1945-2001, Indiana University Press, 2002. (p. 159)</ref> The prison was shut down on 30 December 1988<ref name="VL 20050101"/> and completely abandoned in 1989.Template:Sfn Since then it has been left to ruin.<ref name="National Geographic"/> It has since become a tourist attraction and is visited by shepherds from Rab. Former Croatian prisoners are organized into the Association of Former Political Prisoners of Goli Otok.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Serbia, they are organized into the Society of Goli Otok.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable prisoners

Map of Goli Otok

Literature

Goli Otok and its neighboring islands
Graffiti saying 'It's over!'
  • 1981: Template:Lang ('Night till Morning Comes') ‒ novel by Slovenian author Branko Hofman.Template:Sfn
  • 1981: Template:Lang – allegorical novel by Kosovar author Teki Dervishi.
  • 1982: Tren 2 – novel by Antonije Isaković.
  • 1984: Template:Lang ('Dying by Installments') ‒ autobiographical book by Slovenian author Igor Torkar, about Goli Otok prison conditions.
  • 1984: Goli Otok: The Island of Death ‒ non-fiction book by Bulgarian-Macedonian author Venko Markovski, detailing a history of Goli Otok prison.
  • 1990: Goli Otok by Dragoslav Mihailović.
  • 1993: Template:Lang ('Hunting for Bedbugs') by Dragoslav Mihailović.
  • 1996: Template:Lang ('Goli Otok: Gallows of the Soul') ‒ non-fiction book by Croatian author Mihovil Horvat, containing the events of his arrest and imprisonment during Informbiro period.
  • 1997: Template:Lang ('Goli Otok: Italians in Tito's Gulag') ‒ historical report by Italian-Croatian author Giacomo Scotti.<ref name="comune.bologna.it"/>
  • 1997: Template:Lang ('Evildoers') – novel by Dragoslav Mihailović.
  • 1997: Tito's Hawaii ‒ novel by author using the pen-name Rade Panic (name taken from a political victim of the same name whose wife was interred on the island; not his actual name).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 2005: Template:Lang ('A Postcard From Summer Vacation') ‒ autobiographical short novel by the Croatian author Dubravka Ugrešić; published in the Belgrade literary review REČ časopis za književnost i kulturu, i društvena pitanja, br. 74/20, 2006, and in the book Nikog nema doma, ed. devedeset stupnjeva, Zagreb 2005. Italian translation Cartolina Estiva by Luka Zanoni Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso, 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • 2010: Island of the World - novel by Canadian author Michael D. O'Brien.
  • 2019: Life Plays with Me (Published in North America as More Than I Love My Life) - novel by Israeli writer David Grossman. One of the main characters, Vera, was interned as a political prisoner in Goli Otok before immigrating to Israel.
Square of Goli Otok victims in Danilovgrad, Montenegro, pictured 2022.
  • 2023: The Secret of Bald Island - non-fiction book by Claudia Sonia Colussi Corte, describing her father's (Cherubino Colussi Corte) return to Mali Lošinj, Yugoslavia, as part of the Italian Controesodo, his arrest on suspicion of being a Stalinist, and his imprisonment on Goli Otok during the Informbiro period.<ref>Template:Url</ref>

Film and television

References

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Sources

Further reading

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