Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox anthem

"Template:Lang" (Template:IPA; Template:Lit), also called the "Kaiserhymne" (Template:IPA; Template:Lit), is an anthem composed in 1797 by Joseph Haydn. In its original version it was paired with lyrics by Lorenz Leopold Haschka and served as a patriotic song, expressing devotion to Francis II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In later times, Haydn's tune came to be widely employed in other contexts, often paired with new lyrics. These later versions include works of classical music, Christian hymns, alma maters, and the "Deutschlandlied", whose third stanza is the present national anthem of Germany.

Words and music

<score sound> \new Staff << \clef treble \key g \major { 

     \time 4/4 \partial 2     
     \relative g' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet"
       \repeat unfold 2 {
         g4. a8 | b4 a c b | a8 (fis) g4 e' d | c b a b8 (g) | d'2 \bar "|" \break
       }

a4 b | a8 (fis) d4 c' b | a8 (fis) d4 d' c | b4. b8 cis4 cis8 (d) | d2 \bar "|" \break \repeat volta 2 { g4. fis8 | fis8 ([ e8 ]) d4 e4. d8 | d8 ([ c8 ]) b4 a4. b16 (c) | d8 ([e]) c ([a]) g4 \appoggiatura b8 a8 (g) | g2 } 

     }
   }

\new Lyrics \lyricmode { Gott4. er8 -- hal4 -- te Franz den Kai -- ser, Un -- sern gu -- ten Kai -- ser Franz!2 Lang4. -- e8 le4 -- be Franz der Kai -- ser, In des Glück -- es hell -- stem Glanz!2 Ihm4 er -- blü -- hen Lor -- beer -- rei -- ser, Wo er geht,4. zum8 Eh4 -- ren -- kranz!2 Gott4. er8 -- hal4 -- te Franz4. den8 Kai4 -- ser, Un4. -- sern8 gu4 -- ten Kai -- ser Franz!2 } >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 90 } </score>

The lyrics are as follows: <poem lang="de" style="float:left;">Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, unsern guten Kaiser Franz! Lange lebe Franz der Kaiser, in des Glückes hellstem Glanz! Ihm erblühen Lorbeerreiser, wo er geht, zum Ehrenkranz! Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, unsern guten Kaiser Franz!</poem> <poem style="margin-left:2em; float:left;">God save Francis the Emperor, our good Emperor Francis! Long live Francis the Emperor in the brightest splendour of bliss! May laurel branches bloom for him, wherever he goes, as a wreath of honour. God save Francis the Emperor, our good Emperor Francis!</poem>Template:Clear

History

The song was written when Austria was seriously threatened by Revolutionary France and patriotic sentiments ran high. The story of the song's genesis was narrated in 1847 by Anton Schmid, who was Custodian of the Austrian National Library in Vienna:<ref>Quotation from Template:Harvnb</ref>

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Saurau himself later wrote:

I had a text fashioned by the worthy poet Haschka; and to have it set to music, I turned to our immortal compatriot Haydn, who, I felt, was the only man capable of creating something that could be placed at the side of ... "God Save the King".<ref name="Landon1977">Template:Cite book</ref>

"Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" was first performed on the Emperor's birthday, 12 February 1797. It proved popular, and came to serve unofficially as Austria's first national anthem.

Composition

As elsewhere in Haydn's music, it has been conjectured that Haydn took part of his material from folk songs he knew. This hypothesis has never achieved unanimous agreement, the alternative being that Haydn's original tune was adapted by the people in various versions as folk songs. For discussion, see Haydn and folk music.

File:Haydn Kaiserlied Skizze.jpg
Autograph sketch of "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser"

Irrespective of the original source, Haydn's own compositional efforts went through multiple drafts, discussed by Rosemary Hughes in her biography of the composer.Template:Sfn Hughes reproduces the draft fragment given below (i.e., the fifth through eighth lines of the song) and writes: "His sketches, preserved in the Vienna National Library, show the self-denial and economy with which he struggled to achieve [the song's] seemingly inevitable climax, pruning the earlier and more obviously interesting version of the fifth and sixth lines, which would have anticipated, and so lessened, its overwhelming effect."

File:DraftVersionOfGottErhalteFranzDenKaiser.PNG

The original version of the song (see autograph score, above) included a single line for voice with a rather crude piano accompaniment, with no dynamic indications and what David Wyn Jones calls "an unevenness of keyboard sonority".<ref name="jones-2009-120">Template:Harvnb</ref> This version was printed in many copies (two different printers were assigned to the work) and sent to theatres and opera houses across the Austrian territories with instructions for performance.<ref name="jones-2009-120"/> The Vienna premiere took place in the Burgtheater on 12 February 1797, the day the song was officially released. The Emperor was present, attending a performance of Dittersdorf's opera Doktor und Apotheker and Joseph Weigl's ballet Alonzo und Cora. The occasion celebrated his 29th birthday.<ref name="jones-2009-120"/>

Not long after, Haydn later wrote three additional versions of his song:

File:HaydnGottErhalteFranzDenKaiserQuartetVersionPianoReduction.ogg
Haydn's piano reduction of his Kaiserquartett
  • He first wrote a version for orchestra, called "much more refined" by Jones.<ref name="jones-2009-120"/>
  • During 1797, Haydn was working on a commission for six string quartets from Count Joseph Erdödy. He conceived the idea of composing a slow movement for one of the quartets consisting of the Emperor's hymn as theme, followed by four variations, each involving the melody played by one member of the quartet. The finished quartet, now often called the "Emperor" quartet, was published as the third of the Opus 76 quartets, dedicated to Count Erdödy.<ref name="jones-2009-120" /> It is perhaps Haydn's most famous work in this genre.
  • The last version Haydn wrote was a piano reduction of the quartet movement,<ref name="jones-2009-120"/> published by Artaria in 1799.Template:Sfn The publisher printed it with the original cruder piano version of the theme, though a modern edition corrects this error.<ref>Template:Harvnb. Gerlach's edition of the work includes a facsimile of the original piano version.</ref>

Haydn's own view of the song

Joseph Haydn seems to have been particularly fond of his creation. During his frail and sickly old age (1802–1809), the composer often would struggle to the piano to play his song, often with great feeling, as a form of consolation; and as his servant Johann Elssler narrated, it was the last music Haydn ever played:

The Kaiser Lied was still played three times a day, though, but on 26 May [1809] at half-past midday the Song was played for the last time and that 3 times over, with such expression and taste, well! that our good Papa was astonished about it himself and said he hadn't played the Song like that for a long time and was very pleased about it and felt well altogether till evening at 5 o'clock then our good Papa began to lament that he didn't feel well...Template:Sfn

Elssler goes on to narrate the composer's final decline and death, which occurred on 31 May.

Later uses of the tune in classical music

Later composers in the Western classical canon have repeatedly quoted or otherwise employed Haydn's tune, as is demonstrated by the following chronological list. As the tune was widely known, the uses by other composers were heard as quotations and served as an emblem of Austria, of Austrian patriotism, or of the Austrian monarchy.

Use in national anthems, alma maters, and hymns

Austria-Hungary

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After the death of Francis in 1835, the tune was given new lyrics that praised his successor, Ferdinand: "Segen Öst'reichs hohem Sohne / Unserm Kaiser Ferdinand!" ("Blessings to Austria's high son / Our Emperor Ferdinand!"). After Ferdinand's abdication in 1848, the original lyrics were used again because his successor (Francis Joseph) was also named Francis. However, in 1854, yet again new lyrics were selected: "Gott erhalte, Gott beschütze / Unsern Kaiser, unser Land!" ("God preserve, God protect / Our Emperor, our country!").

There were versions of the hymn in several languages of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (e.g., Czech, Croatian, Slovene, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Polish, Italian).

At the end of the First World War in 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was abolished and divided into multiple states, one of them being the residual state of Austria. The new state had deposed its old Emperor and become a republic. According to Proksch (2014:122) "in 1920 the Austrian government moved to replace Haydn's "Kaiserhymne" with a new national anthem. Prompted by a desire to promote the new Austrian Republic as opposed to the defeated and disbanded Habsburg Empire, Austria literally discarded a significant part of its national identity." The tune thus ceased to be used for official purposes. When the last Emperor, Charles I, died in 1922, monarchists created an original stanza for his son Otto von Habsburg; but since the emperor was never restored, this version never attained official standing.

The hymn was revived in 1929 with completely new lyrics, known as "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende", which remained the national anthem of Austria until the Anschluss, which terminated the Austrian state for the period 1938-1945. With older lyrics the hymn retained its associations with the deposed Habsburg dynasty; thus the first stanza of the 1854 version was sung in 1989 during the funeral of Empress Zita of Austria<ref>Template:YouTube</ref> and again in 2011 during the funeral of her son Otto von Habsburg.<ref>Template:YouTube</ref>

Germany

Long after Haydn's death, his melody was used as the tune for Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem Das Lied der Deutschen (1841). The third stanza (which begins with "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit") is sung to the same melody, and is presently the national anthem of Germany.

Hymns

In the ordinary nomenclature of hymn tunes, the melody of "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" is classified as 87.87D trochaic metre. When employed in a hymn it is sometimes known as "Austria", or "Austrian Hymn". It has been paired with various lyrics.

School Hymns

Lyrics

In addition to the German lyrics, the song has been translated into many other languages spoken in the Holy Roman Empire.

Original 1797 version

German original English translation
Template:Lang <poem>I

God keep Francis the Emperor, Our good emperor Francis! Long live Francis the emperor, In the brightest splendour of happiness! May sprigs of laurel bloom for him As a garland of honour, wherever he goes. God keep Francis the Emperor, Our good emperor Francis!

II From the tips of his flag May victory and fruitfulness shine! In his council May knowledge, wisdom and honesty sit! And with his Highness's lightning May justice but prevail! God keep Francis the Emperor, Our good emperor Francis!

III May the abundance of thy gifts Pour over him, his house and Empire! Break the power of wickedness, and reveal Every trick of rogues and knaves! May thy Law always be his Will, And may this be like laws to us. God keep Francis the Emperor, Our good emperor Francis!

IV May he gladly experience the highest bloom Of his land and of his peoples! May he see them, united by the bonds of brothers, Loom over all others! And may he hear at the edge Of his late tomb his grandchildren's chorus. God keep Francis the Emperor, Our good emperor Francis!</poem>

During Haydn's lifetime, his friend the musicologist Charles Burney, made an English translation of the first verse which is more poetical albeit less literal than the one given above:

<poem>God preserve the Emp'ror Francis

Sov'reign ever good and great; Save, o save him from mischances In Prosperity and State! May his Laurels ever blooming Be by Patriot Virtue fed; May his worth the world illumine And bring back the Sheep misled! God preserve our Emp'ror Francis!

Sov'reign ever good and great.</poem>

Burney's penultimate couplet about sheep has no counterpart in the original German and appears to be Burney's own contribution.

1854 version

German original IPA transcriptionTemplate:Efn English translation
Template:Lang <poem>Template:IPA</poem> <poem>I

God preserve, God protect, Our Emperor, our Country! Powerful through the support of the Faith, He leads us with a wise hand! Let us defend the Crown of his fathers, Shielding it from every foe. 𝄆 Forever with the Habsburg Throne, Austria's fate remains united. 𝄇

II Devout and honest, true and open, Let us stand for right and duty! Let us, if needed, with joyous Hope, Go courageously in the battle! Mindful of the laurel wreaths, That the army so often wove itself. 𝄆 Treasure and Blood for Our Emperor, Treasure and Blood for Our Fatherland! 𝄇

III What was wrought by the diligence of citizens, may the soldier's power faithfully protect! With cheery weapons of mind, Arts and Science may triumph! Blessings be granted into the Land, And its fame match the blessings. 𝄆 God's sunshine in peace, On a happy Austria! 𝄇

IV Let us always stand together, For in unity there is power! With our combined strength, The difficult is easily overcome! Let us, brotherly united, Go towards the same goal. 𝄆 Hail to the Emperor, Hail to the Empire, Austria will forever stand! 𝄇

V At the side of Emperor prevails, Related to him by descent and mind! Rich in charm that never becomes outdated, Our gracious empress! What is praised as luck most highly, Heaven pour on them! 𝄆 Hail to Franz Joseph, Hail to Elisabeth, Blessing to the entire House of Habsburg! 𝄇 </poem>

See also

Notes

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Citations

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References

Template:Former anthems of Europe Template:Joseph Haydn Template:Authority control

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