Gutnish
Template:Short description Template:Redirect-distinguish2 Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />
Gutnish (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),<ref name="MerWeb">Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> or rarely Gutnic<ref name="MerWeb"/> (Template:Langx or Template:Lang), is a North Germanic language spoken sporadically on the islands of Gotland and Fårö.<ref name=e18>Template:E18</ref> The different dialects of Gutnish, while stemming from the Old Gutnish (Template:Langx) variety of Old Norse, are sometimes considered part of modern Swedish. Gutnish exists in two variants, Mainland Gutnish (Storlandsgutamål or Storlandsmål), mostly spoken in the southern and southeastern portion of Gotland, where the dialect of Lau became the standard form on the Main Island (Lau Gutnish → Laumål), and Fårö Gutnish (Gutnish: Faroymal; Template:Langx), spoken on the island of Fårö. UNESCO defines Gutnish as a "definitely endangered language" as of 2010.<ref name="UNESCO">Template:Cite book</ref>
Some features of Gutnish include the preservation of Old Norse diphthongs like ai in for instance Template:Lang (Template:Langx; English: stone) and oy in for example Template:Lang (Template:Langx; English: die). There is also a triphthong that exists in no other Norse languages: iau as in Template:Lang/Template:Lang (Template:Langx; English: shoot).
Many Gotlanders do not understand Gutnish, and speak Gotlandic (Template:Langx), a Gutnish-influenced Swedish dialect.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There are major efforts to revive the traditional version of Modern Gutnish and Gutamålsgillet, the Gutnish Language Guild, organizes classes and meetings for speakers of traditional Gutnish. According to the guild's webpage, there are now 1,500 people using Gutnish on Facebook.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Phonology
Vowels
The contrastive vowels in Modern Gutnish are Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA. Of these, all but Template:IPA have a short and a long version. What is etymologically a long Template:IPA has been broken into the sequence Template:IPA.
A distinctive feature of Gutnish is the existence of a large number of sequences of vowel plus Template:IPA or Template:IPA which form vocalic phonemes of their own. These sequences are the following: Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA, Template:IPA.
Some of these sequences alternate with short vowels between different morphological forms of the same lexeme, cf. such pairs as "veit" Template:IPA 'white' (f.) ~ Template:IPA 'white' (n).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Template:IPA, when preceding other vowels, Template:IPA, or post-alveolar sounds, have a tendency to be more open Template:IPA.
- Template:IPA can be heard after some elongated vowels.
- In Fårö Gutnish, Template:IPA are further backed Template:IPA.
- Template:IPA may be realized as more close Template:IPA when preceding a sonorant.
- Template:IPA may be Template:IPA when unstressed.
Consonants
- Voiceless stops Template:IPA may be aspirated Template:IPA.
- Template:IPA may be heard as a fricative Template:IPA or as a fricative Template:IPA, when before palatal consonants or in palatal positions.
- Template:IPA may be heard as palatalized Template:IPA when occurring before Template:IPA. Template:IPA is then heard as Template:IPA.
- Template:IPA may be lenited as a fricative Template:IPA randomly in word-initial positions.
- Sounds Template:IPA may be heard as syllabic Template:IPA when following consonants or especially in word-final positions.<ref name=":0" />
Lexicon
Gutnish has many words of its own that make it different from Swedish. The following is a small selection of Gutnish's everyday vocabulary:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Gutnish | Swedish | Danish | German | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | pigen | Template:Lang | the girl / maiden |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | drengen | Template:Lang | the boy |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | hesten | Template:Lang | the horse |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | kanin | Template:Lang | rabbit |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang (in proper names) | søen | Template:Lang | the lake / mere |
| Template:Lang | Template:Lang | havet | Template:Lang | the sea |
Status
Gutnish is now under strong influence from the Swedish standard language, both through speaker contact and through media and (perhaps most importantly) written language. As a result, Gutnish has become much closer to the Swedish standard language. Due to the island's Danish and Hanseatic period there were also influences from Danish and Low German.<ref>Bengt Pamp: Svenska dialekter. Natur och Kultur, Stockholm 1978, Template:ISBN, p. 76</ref> There are also many Gotlanders who do not learn the language, but speak a regionally colored variant of the standard Swedish (Gotlandic). This is characterized mainly by its intonation, but also by diphthongs and triphthongs, some lexical peculiarities as well as the infinitive ending -ä.
The Gutamålsgillet association, which has been working for the preservation and revitalization of Gutnish since 1945, estimates that Gutnish is spoken today by 2,000 to 5,000 people.<ref name="archive.org"/> How many are still passive, is not specified. However, an interest in Gutnish seems to be present: From 1989 to 2011, the radio show Gutamål ran in Radio Gotland,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which regularly reached about 15,000 to 20,000 listeners,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and in 2008 Gotland University offered their first course in Gutnish. Gutamålsgillet collects writings of authors and poets who write their texts in Gutnish, and maintains a Swedish-Gutnish dictionary and an ever-growing list of Gotlandic neologisms.
In 2022, a citizen of the island of Gotland asked to use her surname with the Gutnish ending -dotri (instead of Swedish -dotter). The authority appealed against the positive decision of the administrative court in Stockholm,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but in the end, the Court of Appeal ruled that she was allowed to use a Gutnish surname.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Examples
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