HNLMS De Ruyter (1935)
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Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship class overviewTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsHNLMS De Ruyter was a unique light cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy. Intended to reinforce the older Java-class cruisers in the Dutch East Indies, her design and construction were limited by the Great Depression. Laid down in 1933 and commissioned in 1936, she spent the first part of her career patrolling nearby waters prior to the Dutch declaration of war on Japan. During the Dutch East Indies campaign, she became the flagship of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command Combined Strike Fleet. For the first several months of war, she led Allied warships in unsuccessful attempts to intercept Japanese invasions and withstood multiple air attacks. During the Battle of the Java Sea, the cruiser was ambushed by a night-time torpedo attack by Haguro and sunk with most of her crew. Her wreck was later illegally salvaged for metal in the 2010s, which destroyed most of the ship.
Development
During the Interwar period, the Dutch Navy was split between defending the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, particularly the island of Java. While the European fleet focused around minelaying, the flotilla in Asia relied on a combination of aircraft, destroyers, and submarines to identify and destroy an invading force near the coastline. Cruisers were vital in this doctrine, as they had the capability to sail out to sea and attack enemy convoys outside the Indonesian archipelago and serve as powerful escorts for Allied vessels.<ref name=":52">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
By 1927, the Great Depression had sapped the budget and strength of the Dutch military. Recognizing the need for post-depression rebuilding, the Navy proposed the Vlootplan Deckers (Deckers Fleet Plan) in 1930 to expand the East Indies fleet to a satisfactory size. The plan called for a force of three cruisers. While two Java-class cruisers were already in service, regular maintenance meant both could not always be available for combat. To ensure two cruisers could be operational simultaneously, the plan called for the construction of a new cruiser to join the Java class in the East Indies.<ref name=":52"/>Template:Rp<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Three Java cruisers were initially planned, however the third, CelebesTemplate:En dashintended as the flagship for the East Indies FleetTemplate:En dashwas cancelled in 1919, which required a replacement.<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp
Budgetary constraints
The Dutch economy was recovering when design work on the new cruiser began, which limited how much the Tweede Kamer was willing to budget. The ship's design was based on the earlier Java class and replicated many of its features, including similar armor protection, range, and the caliber of the main guns. However, budgetary constraints required a lighter hull than the Javas, restricting the main battery to just three twin Template:Convert turrets. This reduction in firepower drew considerable criticism. Some advocated for a fourth turret, the addition of torpedo tubes, or argued the funds would be better spent on aircraft or submarines.<ref name=":52"/>Template:Rp<ref name=":02"/>Template:Rp
Further objections emerged through a Navy-sponsored essay contest, in which several winning entries proposed building a treaty cruiser armed with Template:Cvt guns and displacing Template:Convert. However, the proposal was rejected in 1930, as it would have nearly doubled the projected cost. Some of the criticisms were addressed through political maneuvering; by classifying the ship as a flottieljeleider (flotilla leader), the Navy justified a modest increase in displacement, which allowed for the addition of a single 15 cm gun mounted forward of the bridge.<ref name=":52" />Template:Rp<ref name=":02" />Template:Rp
Design
Her final design displaced Template:Convert and measured Template:Convert in length, with a beam of Template:Convert and a draft of Template:Convert. Her main armament consisted of three Template:Convert Wilton-Fijenoord Mk 9 twin turrets – two mounted aft and one forward - along with the aforementioned single 15 cm Mk 10 turret. For antiaircraft defense, she was equipped with five twin Template:Convert Bofors L/60 guns mounted on a platform at the stern. She was the first vessel to be outfitted with the popular L/60, and combined with her advanced antiaircraft fire control, she was a capable warship for air defense. The platform was separated from the funnel by the Navy's first catapult and an aircraft stowage area, which supported two Fokker C.XI-W floatplanes used for reconnaissance and artillery spotting. Powered by six boilers and three geared turbines, the cruiser produced Template:Convert, which drove two propellers and reached a top speed of Template:Convert, though she would normally steam at a maximum of Template:Convert. Her armor was light, consisting of an armored belt and turret protection between Template:Convert thick along with Template:Convert around the conning tower and a Template:Convert thick deck.<ref name=":02" />Template:Rp
Her designer was N.V. Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw (IsV), a clandestine front for several German naval companies used for Nazi rearmament and illegal submarine development. As a result, the ship reflected a strong German influence, seen in features such as the tall, bulky bridge tower, a single large funnel, and a straight bow shared with Germany's Deutschland-class cruisers and other characteristics paralleled those of the Königsberg-class light cruisers. The reliance on German experience constrained the design, as the German warships were limited by the Treaty of Versailles, thereby indirectly applying the treaty's limitations to the Dutch ship.<ref name=":02" />Template:Rp
Due to this German influence and tight fiscal limitations, the cruiser has drawn criticism from both contemporary and modern analysts. Compared to other light cruisers built during the same decade, she lacked in armament, armor, and torpedo tubes.<ref name=":02" />Template:Rp Her antiaircraft weapons, while formidable, were grouped together on the aft platform, which prevented them from firing forward and provided an opportunity for one hit to destroy them all. In addition, she was designed to serve as a flagship, yet lacked a flagship bridge. Her use of two propellers, instead of four, which was the norm, meant she had no redundancies in case the rudder or propeller were damaged; if this did occur, she would have been left uncontrollable.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The design flaws were addressed in the Eendracht-class cruisers laid down starting in 1939, which were intended to replace the Java class. With the new cruiser as a basis for the new design, the Eendracht class had a full battery of 10 Template:Convert guns. Due to the German Invasion and consequent recapture of the Netherlands, the class entered service as the De Zeven Provinciën class.<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp
History
Construction
The cruiser was ordered on 1 August 1932, and her keel was laid on 16 September 1933 at the Wilton-Fijenoord shipyard. Despite continued financial issues, she was launched on 11 May 1936. On 3 October, she was completed and commissioned as De Ruyter, named after 17th-century admiral Michiel de Ruyter.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=":52" />Template:Rp
Peace time
For her first several months in service, De Ruyter trialed off the Netherlands before she sailed for the East Indies in January 1937.<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp In October, she became the flagship of the Dutch East Indies squadron under the command of Admiral Karel Doorman.<ref name=":52" />Template:Rp Over the next several years, she trained with other ships in the squadron and prepared defenses throughout the colony. Her work in Asia was uninterrupted by the invasion and capitulation of the Netherlands in 1940.<ref name=":52" />Template:Rp
Dutch East Indies Campaign
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Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Japanese attacks on British Malaya, the Dutch government-in-exile declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941.<ref name=":02"/>Template:Rp Now in a war zone, De Ruyter patrolled nearby waters to intercept enemy merchants, contain Japanese cruisers, and escort British reinforcements to Singapore.<ref name=":8" />Template:Rp Over the next two months, Japan's rapid advances across Southeast Asia overwhelmed the region's Allied naval forces. In an effort to coordinate resistance, elements of the Australian, British, Dutch, and American navies formed American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM): an ad hoc command that brought together each nation's available ships under a (nominally) unified structure. One of ABDACOM's first steps was the formation of an offensive fleet – the Combined Striking Force – that composed of a mix of American and Dutch cruisers and destroyers. After some debate, command of the fleet was given to Doorman, due to Dutch jurisdiction over the region, his leadership of the Dutch squadron, and his reputation as an uncontroversial figure.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
Battle of Makassar Strait
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The force's first offensive action was on 4 February 1942. Doorman aimed to intercept the invasion of Makassar City and deny the Japanese control of the Makassar Strait. Without air cover, the fleet was detected by Japanese reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":7" />Template:Rp While off the Kangean Islands, more than 50 Nells and Betty bombers attacked the fleet. De Ruyter was unscathed, although the American cruiser Marblehead was crippled and another cruiser, Houston, lost a turret. The air attack forced Doorman to call off the mission.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
Several days later, the fleet attempted to intercept the invasion of Sumatra.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp A floatplane from De Ruyter found the Japanese invasion fleet, and the Allies were likewise detected. Without air support, the fleet was molested by Japanese bombers throughout Valentine's Day; in one instance, a wave of torpedo bombers attacked De Ruyter, mistaking her for a battleship. No ships in the fleet were hit, but Doorman again ordered a retreat.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
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Battle of Badung Strait
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Japan's next target was Bali. The Allies knew the fall of Bali would directly threaten ABDACOM's bases on Java, and that an immediate response was needed.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp A force to counterattack was assembled, but due to time constraints, the Allies were unable to coordinate a unified strike. Instead, the operation was planned in several waves. The first wave was led by De Ruyter, along with Java and several destroyers. The plan was for the two cruisers to sail by at night and attack the invasion force's escorts and draw them away. This would leave the transports vulnerable to a follow-up attack by Allied destroyers.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
On the night of 19 February, the battle began when De Ruyter found the destroyers Asashio and Ōshio escorting a transport off Bali. After catching the Japanese by surprise, De Ruyter opened fire. However, limited communication and poor visibility prevented the ships from hitting each other. After 10 minutes, Doorman believed the destroyers were sufficiently damaged and took the cruisers north, and hoped that he was followed.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp The Japanese did not take the bait. Instead, they then engaged the Allied destroyers, routing them and sinking the Dutch destroyer Piet Hein in the process.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
Battle of the Java Sea
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}On the 26th, the Allies learned that the invasion of Java was underway. Doorman intended to use everything at his disposal to repel the assault, and was reinforced by units from the Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The enlarged fleet, comprising five cruisers and nine destroyers from four nations, was led by De Ruyter as it moved to intercept the Japanese forces off Java. Contact was made in the mid-afternoon, and the two fleets engaged at long range. The distance made accurate gunnery difficult: De RuyterTemplate:'s salvos all missed, though she was struck by a dud shell that caused negligible damage.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
About 20 minutes into the battle, the Japanese fleet launched a large salvo of Type 93 torpedoes and hoped the Allied fleet would not expect such an attack from such an extreme range. The only hit was to the destroyer Kortenaer, which promptly sank. The gunnery duel continued: HMS Exeter was struck in her boiler room, which cut her speed to Template:Convert. As Exeter turned to withdraw and avoid colliding with the ships behind her, the trailing cruisers followed suit, and mistakenly believed an order had been given by De Ruyter. Doorman then desperately had his now-isolated cruiser reform the battle line and ordered several destroyers to make torpedo attacks as cover.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Once reunited with the other cruisers, he then broke off from the engagement and circled around the Japanese to intercept the transports somewhere north of him.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The force was now reduced to the cruisers De Ruyter, Java, Houston, and Perth. The destroyers had either been sunk, severely damaged, tasked with escorting the crippled Exeter, or forced to break off due to lack of fuel and torpedoes.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
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Sinking
The cruisers were temporarily followed by Japanese floatplanes, which gave the Japanese an understanding of his route. Unaware, the Allied cruisers passed near the invasion force, but were ambushed by the Japanese heavy cruisers Haguro and Nachi. Under cover of darkness, the Japanese closed to Template:Convert undetected and fired a spread of torpedoes followed by a renewed gun duel. The fleet took evasive action, but one torpedo from Nachi struck JavaTemplate:'s magazine. The resulting explosion obliterated the old cruiser.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
Doorman believed the torpedoes had all passed and resumed course, which placed De Ruyter directly in the path of another spread, this time from Haguro. A torpedo struck her stern near the reduction gears with devastating effect. Power was lost, oil spilled from a ruptured tank, and fire engulfed her aft section. As the fire spread to the antiaircraft platform, the 40 mm ammunition began to cook off, while damage-control teams struggled to respond. Without electrical power, fire hoses and pumps were inoperable, but to fight the fire, the burning dynamo generators had to be extinguished. One of the last orders from the cruiser was for the remaining two ships to flee.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp
The order to abandon ship was given among more secondary explosions. The wounded were prioritized and placed into the only boat that could deploy without electricity. Doorman and De RuyterTemplate:'s captain, Eugène Lacomblé, were determined to go down with the ship. While their exact fate is unclear, one sailor saw the two retreat to a cabin, where they presumably killed themselves.<ref name=":7" />Template:Rp A total of 344 crew members Template:En dash roughly 80% of the ship's complement Template:En dash died, many from the anti-air ammunition explosions or the floating oil fires.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp<ref name=":52" />Template:Rp
Wreck
The cruiser sank upright in Template:Convert of water, and settled on her starboard side.<ref name="cultureelerfgoed">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her wreck was discovered by a dive team in 2002, who regularly visited her and found the wrecks of other ships sunk during the last days of ABDACOM. Only during one of these expeditions was it discovered that De Ruyter's Bofors antiaircraft guns had been modified to include faceshields.<ref name ="cultureelerfgoed"|page=20/><ref name="Denlay">Template:Cite journal</ref>
When a memorial expedition in 2016 was only able to find an imprint left in the seabed, the wreck was believed to have been intentionally dismantled.<ref name="cultureelerfgoed"/><ref name="Guardian2">Template:Cite news</ref> The Dutch government investigated, offended at the mass disturbance of war graves. An investigation determined the wreck's disappearance was part of a trend where shallow World War II-era shipwrecks were blown apart and salvaged by groups posing as fishermen.<ref name="Guardian2"/> The vessel believed to be responsible, the Chinese dredger Chuan Hong 68, was detained by Malaysian authorities in 2024 and accused of dismantling the wrecks for either low-background steel or scrap metal. They alleged the scrapping was done regardless of the wrecks' nationality, with American, Dutch, Japanese, British, and Australian ships affected.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, The Guardian reported the bones from De Ruyter and other warships were removed from their respective wrecks during scrapping in Indonesia and were dumped in several mass graves nearby. The Dutch and Indonesian governments collaborated in the investigation, exhumed suspected graves, and laid out plans to prevent further damage to the shipwrecks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
References
Further reading
External links
- netherlandsnavy.nl (Archived) - record of movement from her launching to sinking
Template:De Ruyter class light cruiser Template:Royal Netherlands Navy cruisers Template:WWII Dutch ships Template:February 1942 shipwrecks