Helen Garner

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Template:Short description Template:Use Australian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox writer

Helen Garner (née Ford; born 7 November 1942) is an Australian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist. Garner's first novel, Monkey Grip, published in 1977, immediately established her as an original voice on the Australian literary scene—it is now widely considered a classic. She has a reputation for incorporating and adapting her personal experiences in her fiction, something that has brought her widespread attention, particularly with her novels Monkey Grip and The Spare Room (2008).

Throughout her career, Garner has written both fiction and non-fiction, and her works have covered a broad range of themes and subject matter. Some of her books have attracted controversy, such as her book The First Stone: Some Questions About Sex and Power (1995) about a sexual-harassment scandal in a university college. She has also written for film and theatre. Adaptations of two of her works have appeared as feature films: her debut novel, Monkey Grip, and her true-crime book Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004)—the former released in 1982 and the latter in 2016. This House of Grief (2014) is another true-crime book. She has consistently won awards for her work, including the Walkley Award for a 1993 Time magazine report. In 2025 she won the Baillie Gifford Prize for non-fiction, for How to End a Story: Collected Diaries.

Early life and education

Template:Quote box Garner was born Helen Ford to Bruce and Gwen Ford (née Gadsden)<ref name=brennan>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in Geelong, Victoria,<ref name="Aust Author">Template:Cite web</ref> on 7 November 1942.<ref name=awr2020>Template:Cite web</ref> She was the eldest of six children.<ref name=KGix>Goldsworthy (1996) p. ix</ref> Her sister Catherine Ford is also a writer of fiction. Garner described her upbringing as being in an "ordinary Australian home—not many books and not much talk".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Garner attended Manifold Heights State School, Ocean Grove State School and then The Hermitage in Geelong, where she was the head prefect and dux.<ref name=brennan />Template:Rp<ref name=awr2020/> She left Geelong after her high school graduation at the age of 18 to study at the University of Melbourne,<ref name="Wyndham">Wyndham (2006)</ref> residing at Janet Clarke Hall,<ref>Garner (1995) p. 164</ref> and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in English and French.<ref name=KGix /> One of her teachers at the University of Melbourne was the poet Vincent Buckley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Janet Clarke Hall, University of Melbourne, Parkville.jpg
Janet Clarke Hall, where Garner resided in the 1960s as a student of the University of Melbourne

Teaching

Between 1966 and 1972, Garner worked as a teacher at various Victorian high schools. In 1967, she also travelled overseas and met Bill Garner, whom she married in 1968 on their return to Australia, aged 25.<ref name=KGix/><ref name=awr2020/> Her only child, the actor, musician and writer Alice Garner, was born in 1969. Garner's first marriage ended in 1971.<ref name=KGix/>

In 1972, Garner was sacked by the Victorian Department of Education for "giving an unscheduled sex education lesson to her 13-year-old students at Fitzroy High School".<ref name=KGix /> She had written an essay about the lesson and published it under a pen name in The Digger, a countercultural Melbourne-based magazine. Garner wrote that she had intended to give a lesson on Ancient Greece, but the textbooks given to her students had been defaced with sexually explicit drawings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When her identity was revealed, she was called into the Victorian Department of Education and dismissed. The case was widely publicised in Melbourne, bringing Garner a degree of notoriety. Members of the Victorian Secondary Teachers Association went on strike in protest at the deputy director of Secondary Education's decision to fire Garner.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Aside from her writing for The Digger, she also wrote articles for the Melbourne feminist newspaper Vashti's Voice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=awr2020/>

Garner appeared in the 1975 independent film Pure Shit, which focuses on four drug addicts searching for heroin in Melbourne.Template:Citation needed

Writing career

Early career and fiction writing

Garner came to prominence at a time when Australian writers were relatively few in number, and Australian women writers were, by some, considered a novelty. Australian academic and writer, Kerryn Goldsworthy, writes that "From the beginning of her writing career Garner was regarded as, and frequently called, a stylist, a realist, and a feminist".<ref name="KG1">Goldsworthy (1996) p. 1</ref>

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Garner wrote most of Monkey Grip at Melbourne's State Library of Victoria in the mid-1970s.

Her first novel, Monkey Grip (1977), relates the lives of a group of fledgeling artists, single parents, drug addicts and welfare recipients living in Melbourne share-houses. In particular focus is the increasingly co-dependent relationship between single mother Nora and Javo, a flaky junkie whom Nora is in love with, despite him repeatedly drifting in and out of her life. The novel, set in inner-city Melbourne suburbs Fitzroy and Carlton, was written in the domed reading room at the State Library of Victoria, after Garner's teaching dismissal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is now widely considered a classic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Years later she stated that she had adapted it directly from her personal diaries and based the relationship between Nora and Javo on a relationship she had with a man at the time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other peripheral characters in the book were based on people in Garner's own social circle from Melbourne share-houses. Monkey Grip was very successful: it won the National Book Council Award in 1978 and was adapted into a film in 1982.<ref name="Aust Author"/><ref name=awr2020/>

Goldsworthy suggests that the success of Monkey Grip may well have helped revive the careers of two older but largely ignored Australian women writers, Jessica Anderson and Thea Astley.<ref name="KG14">Goldsworthy (1996) p. 14</ref> Astley wrote of the novel that "I am filled with envy by someone like Helen Garner for instance. I re-read Monkey Grip a while ago and it's even better second time through".<ref>Goldsworthy (1996) p. 15</ref> Critics have retrospectively applied the term grunge lit to describe Monkey Grip, citing its depiction of urban life and social realism as key aspects of later works in the subgenre.<ref name=vernay>Vernay, Jean-François, "Grunge Fiction", The Literary Encyclopedia, 6 November 2008, accessed 9 September 2009</ref>

In subsequent books, she has continued to adapt her personal experiences. Her later novels are The Children's Bach (1984) and Cosmo Cosmolino (1992). In 2008 she returned to fiction writing with the publication of The Spare Room, a fictional treatment of caring for a dying cancer patient, based on the illness and death of Garner's friend Jenya Osborne.<ref name="Legge"/> She has also published several short-story collections: Honour & Other People's Children: Two Stories (1980), Postcards from Surfers (1985) and My Hard Heart: Selected Fictions (1998).

In 1986, Australian academic and critic Don Anderson wrote of The Children's Bach: "There are four perfect short novels in the English language. They are, in chronological order, Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Garner's The Children's Bach."<ref>"A master is rescued", The National Times, 20–26 June 1986, p. 34</ref> The Australian composer Andrew Schultz wrote an opera of the same name, which premiered in 2008.

Garner said, in 1985, that writing novels was like "trying to make a patchwork quilt look seamless. A novel is made up of scraps of our own lives and bits of other people's, and things we think of in the middle of the night and whole notebooks full of randomly collected details".<ref>cited by McPhee (2001) pp. 244–245</ref> In an interview in 1999, she said that "My initial reason for writing is that I need to shape things so I can make them bearable or comprehensible to myself. It's my way of making sense of things that I've lived and seen other people live, things that I'm afraid of, or that I long for".<ref>cited by Grenville and Woolfe (2001) p. 71</ref>

Not all critics have liked Garner's work. Goldsworthy writes, "It is certainly the case that Garner is someone whose work elicits strong feelings ... and people who dislike her work are profoundly irritated by those who think she is one of the best writers in the country".<ref>Goldsworthy (1996) p. 20</ref> Novelist and reviewer Peter Corris wrote in his review of Monkey Grip that Garner "has published her private journal rather than written a novel", while Peter Pierce wrote in Meanjin of Honour & Other People's Children that Garner "talks dirty and passes it off as realism".<ref>both cited by Goldsworthy (1996) p. 18–19</ref>

Goldsworthy suggests that these two statements imply that she is not really a writer. Craven, though, argues that her novella The Children's Bach "should put paid to the myth of Helen Garner as a mere literalist or reporter",<ref>Craven (1985) p. 209</ref> arguing, in fact, that it "is light-years away from any sprawling-tell-it-all naturalism, [that] it is concentrated realism of extraordinary formal polish and the amount of tonal variation which it gets from its seemingly simple plot is multifoliate to the point of being awesome".<ref>Craven (1985) p. 213</ref>

Screen writing

She has written three screenplays: Monkey Grip (1982), written with and directed by Ken Cameron; Two Friends (1986), directed by Jane Campion for TV; and The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992),<ref name=awr2020/> directed by Gillian Armstrong. The relationship between two characters in The Last Days of Chez Nous was loosely inspired by the extramarital affair Garner's second husband had with her sister.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Critic Peter Craven writes that "Two Friends is arguably the most accomplished piece of screenwriting the country has seen and it is characterised by a total lack of condescension towards the teenage girls at its centre".<ref>Craven (1985) p. 9</ref>

Non-fiction writing

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Garner has written non-fiction from the beginning of her career as a writer. In 1972, she was fired from her teaching job after publishing in The Digger, a counter-culture magazine, an anonymous account of frank and extended discussions she had with her students about sexuality and sexual activities. She wrote for this magazine from 1972 to 1974.<ref name=KGix/> In 1993, she won a Walkley Award for her Time magazine account of a murder trial following the death of a toddler at the hands of his stepfather.<ref name=awr2020/>

One of her most famous and controversial books is The First Stone: Some Questions About Sex and Power (1995), an account of a 1992 sexual harassment scandal at Ormond College. It was a best-seller in Australia<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but also attracted considerable criticism.<ref name=awr2020/> Garner received hate mail from women in Australia who accused her of derailing the feminist debate, and closing ranks with the abuser. She has since commented: "Sometimes I would have these kind of panic attacks caused by the hostility that some people showed towards me. I guess I knew there was going to be trouble, but the vitriolic nature of it gave me a bit of a shock".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Garner's other non-fiction books are True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction (1996), The Feel of Steel (2001),Template:Citation needed Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004),<ref name=douglas2018/> This House of Grief – The Story of a Murder Trial (2014),<ref name=clanchy/> Everywhere I Look (2016)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and The Season (2024). She also contributed to La Mama, the Story of a Theatre (1988).Template:Citation needed

This House of Grief is about Robert Farquharson, a man who drove his children into a dam, killing them.<ref name=clanchy>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite interview</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Joe Cinque's Consolation details a notorious murder case in Canberra involving a law student, Anu Singh, who drugged and murdered her boyfriend. It was adapted into a feature film in 2016. The film had premiers at both the Melbourne Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was generally well received, although detractors felt that the absence of Garner's voice from the story impacted the film—James Robert Douglas, writing for The Guardian, stated the film adaptation contained the "bones but not the wisdom of Garner's book".<ref name=douglas2018>Template:Cite web</ref>

Themes

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Garner has covered a broad range of themes in her work, including feminism, love, loss, grief, ageing, illness, death, murder, betrayal, addiction and the duality of the human psyche, particularly in manifestations of "good" and "evil".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Her earliest work, Monkey Grip, is well known for its untamed depiction of heroin addiction. Its central character, a single mother, falls in love with an addict in an inner-city bohemian Melbourne suburb, dotted with junkies and share houses, during the 1970s. Drug addiction was not a subject Garner revisited, aside from touching on recreational drug use among university students in Joe Cinque's Consolation. Monkey Grip established Garner's trademark theme of obsession, particularly in conjunction with love and sexuality—enmeshed with substance abuse mirroring the addiction of romantic love.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some of her novels address "sexual desire and the family",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> exploring "the relationship between sexual behaviour and social organisation; the anarchic nature of desire and the orderly force of the institution of 'family'; the similarities and differences between collective households and nuclear families; the significance and the language of housework; [and] the idea of 'the house' as image, symbol, site and peace."<ref>Goldsworthy (1996) p. 28</ref>

Garner has become known for her depiction of Australian life, both in the city and rural regions—she was born in Geelong and spent much of her life in Melbourne, approximately Template:Convert from her hometown. Anne Myers, in an article written for The Sydney Morning Herald, recognised Garner's portrayals of the location of Melbourne as essential to Monkey Grip itself as any character: "Garner was writing Melbourne into the literary landscape and for the first time I saw my own world reflected back at me".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Joe Cinque's Consolation, This House of Grief and, to a lesser extent, The First Stone were commentaries on the justice system in Australia, how (and if) it adequately responds to crime, and the question of culpability.

Craven comments that Garner is "always an extremely accurate writer in terms of the emotional states she depicts".<ref>Craven (1985) p. 210</ref> Many of her books touch upon the inexplicable, irrational, and dark side to human behaviour—as well as Garner's attempts to understand human behaviour and sociology, which often eludes the average Australian and wider society, as well as the Australian justice system. In The Fate of The First Stone, Garner writes that she believes most people would prefer to keep incomprehensible stories of extreme behaviour at "arm's length" because it is "more comfortable, easier".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Peter Craven wrote that Garner is fearless in her honesty: "she shows us what she does not know or is too blind to see: she shows us the poverty of the self in the face of impercipience caused by sentiment or anger, prejudice, ignorance or dumb incapacity." He further commented on her ability to sometimes identify with the story's perceived villain, "[the] transgressor who at some level shares our own fingerprints".<ref name="Essays article">Template:Cite web</ref>

Similarly, critics and journalists have highlighted Garner's portrayal of "ordinary people" caught up in extraordinary experiences, or the everyday person who, "under life's unbearable pressures", has "surrendered to their darker selves".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> James Wood, in a profile on Garner published in The New Yorker, stated that her work is absorbed in issues of gender and class, which he writes are "not categories so much as structures of feeling, variously argued over, enjoyed, endured, and escaped".<ref name="The New Yorker"/>

In her portrayal of Australian life, Garner has engaged with themes of masculinity and its associated social codes. These themes are central to her 2024 book The Season, which documents the experiences of teenage boys as they grow into adulthood through their involvement in Australian rules football.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=smh>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

After her marriage to Bill Garner ended, Garner married two more times: to Jean-Jacques Portail (1980–85) and Australian writer Murray Bail (born 1941), from whom she separated in the late 1990s.<ref name="Legge">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=awr2020/>

In her work, she has been open about her struggle with depression and her two abortions.<ref name="The New Yorker">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

She has one child, Alice Garner (b. 1969), from her marriage to Bill Garner. Alice Garner is also an author, as well as a musician, teacher and historian.Template:Citation needed

Garner is a supporter of the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League (AFL). She chronicles the fortunes of the club in her 2024 book The Season.<ref name=smh/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2003, a portrait of Garner, titled True Stories, painted by Jenny Sages, was a finalist in the Archibald Prize.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Recognition

Personal achievement awards

Book awards

Bibliography

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Novels

Short story collections

Screenplays

Non-fiction

Autobiographies

  • Yellow Notebook: Diaries Volume I 1978–1987 (2019)
  • One Day I'll Remember This: Diaries 1987–1995 (2020)
  • How To End A Story: Diaries 1995–1998 (2021)

Essays and reporting

Critical studies and reviews of Garner's work

In October 2023, John Powers, American public radio network NPR's pop culture critic, wrote "This Australian writer might be the greatest novelist you've never heard of", noting in particular The Children's Bach, and This House of Grief.<ref name="2023-10-12_NPR">This Australian writer might be the greatest novelist you've never heard of, John Power, NPR, 2023-10-12</ref>

References

Citations

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Sources

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