Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge

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Early life

The son of the Rev, Henry Hardinge, Rector of Stanhope,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and his wife Frances Best, he was educated at Durham School and Sevenoaks School.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hardinge entered the British Army on 23 July 1799 as an ensign in the Queen's Rangers,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> a corps then stationed in Upper Canada.<ref name=odnb>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> He was promoted to lieutenant by purchase in the 4th Regiment of Foot on 27 March 1802<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and transferred to the 1st Regiment of Foot on 11 July 1803<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> before becoming a captain of a company by purchase in the 57th Regiment of Foot on 21 April 1804.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> In February 1806 he was sent to the newly formed Staff College at High Wycombe.<ref name=heath1>Heathcote, p.171</ref>

Military career

Peninsular War

File:Denis Dighton Battle of Orthez.jpg
The Battle of Orthez, at which Hardinge commanded the Portuguese brigade, during the Peninsular War

He saw action at the Battle of Roliça on 17 August 1808, at the Battle of Vimeiro on 21 August 1808, where he was wounded, and at Corunna on 16 January 1809 where he was by the side of Sir John Moore when the latter was killed.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to major on 13 April 1809<ref name=heath1/> and appointed deputy-quartermaster-general in the Portuguese army and was present at many of the battles of the Peninsular War.<ref name=odnb/> Promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1811, he saved the day for the British at Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 by taking responsibility at a critical moment and strongly urging General Cole's division to advance.<ref name=odnb/> He took part in the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> where he was wounded again,<ref name=odnb/> and was also present at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and the Battle of Nivelle on 10 November 1813.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He commanded the Portuguese brigade at the Battle of Orthez on 27 February 1814 and the Battle of Toulouse on 10 April 1814.<ref name=odnb/> He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1815.<ref name=heath1/>

Hundred Days campaign

When war broke out again in 1815 after Napoleon's escape from Elba, Hardinge returned to active service as a brigadier.<ref name=odnb/> Attached to the staff of the allied Prussian Army under Marshal Blucher, he was present at the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815, where he lost his left hand by a shot, and thus was not present at Waterloo two days later.<ref name=odnb/><ref name=histparl>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Wellington presented him with a sword that had belonged to Napoleon.<ref name=odnb/> Hardinge remained attached to the Prussian army of occupation in France until 1818.<ref name=histparl/>

He was promoted to brevet colonel on 19 July 1821<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and to major-general on 22 July 1830.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Political service

Member of Parliament

File:KITLV 91934 - Samuel Bourne - Lord Hardinge sculpture and monument Ochterlony at Calcutta in India - Around 1860-1870.tif
Statue of Hardinge in Calcutta, circa 1860.

At the 1820 general election, Hardinge was returned to parliament as member for Durham.<ref name=odnb/> On 4 April 1823 he was appointed Clerk of the Ordnance<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> a post he held until May 1827, and then again from January to May 1828.<ref name="hop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 9 June 1828 he accepted the office of Secretary at War in Wellington's ministry,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and was appointed a privy councillor. On 21 March 1829 he acted as the Duke of Wellington's second for the Wellington–Winchilsea duel at Battersea Fields.<ref>Muir (2015), p. 576</ref> At the 1830 general election he transferred to the pocket borough of St Germans.<ref name="hop"/>

In July 1830 he exchanged portfolios with Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, becoming Chief Secretary for Ireland, but relinquished the post in November following the collapse of the Wellington–Peel ministry. He resigned his seat at St Germans in December and was elected for Newport, another Tory pocket borough, a week later.<ref name="hop"/> He held Newport at the 1831 general election and in 1832, after Newport was disenfranchised, stood in Launceston and was re-elected. He would remain in this seat until he stood down in May 1844.<ref name="hop"/>

Chief Secretary for Ireland

He was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland from December 1834 to April 1835, and then was Secretary at War once again in Sir Robert Peel's cabinet from 1841 to 1844.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1841.<ref name=odnb/> At this time he had a London home at Whitehall Gardens, Westminster.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Governor-General of India

In May 1844 he succeeded Lord Ellenborough as Governor-General of India.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 1 July 1844.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Following the death of Maharajah Ranjit Singh tribal war broke out and the first Sikh War ensued in 1845.<ref name=odnb/> Hardinge, waiving his right to the supreme command, offered to serve as second in command under Sir Hugh Gough.<ref name=odnb/> At the Battle of Mudki on 18 December 1845 Gough commanded the right flank and Hardinge commanded the left flank.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> After further British successes at the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846, the Battle of Ferozeshah on 21 December 1845 and the Battle of Aliwal on 28 January 1846, Hardinge concluded the campaign with the Treaty of Lahore with Maharajah Duleep Singh on 9 March 1846<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and the Treaty of Amritsar with Maharajah Gulab Singh on 16 March 1846.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was created Viscount Hardinge of Lahore and of King's Newton in Derbyshire on 7 April 1846.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Template:Infobox UK legislation Template:Infobox UK legislation Recognising an annuity of £5,000 being paid by the East India Company, Parliament provided that Viscount Hardinge should continue to receive his full salary as Governor General.<ref>Viscount Hardinge's Annuity Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 21)</ref> Under a subsequent Act, in recognition of his "great and brilliant services", Parliament settled an annuity of £3,000 on Lord Hardinge and the next two heirs male of his body, although this was not to be paid if the East India Company paid an annuity.<ref>Annuity Lord Hardinge Act 1846 (9 & 10 Vict. c. 31)</ref>

Commander-in-Chief

File:Panorama dentro.JPG
The Crimean War, the conduct of which Hardinge directed as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces

Hardinge returned to England in 1848, and became Master-General of the Ordnance on 5 March 1852;<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he succeeded the Duke of Wellington as commander-in-chief of the British Army on 28 September 1852.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> While in this position he had responsibility for the direction of the Crimean War, which he endeavoured to conduct on Wellington's principles — a system not altogether suited to the changed mode of warfare.<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to brevet general on 20 June 1854<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and field marshal on 2 October 1855.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> A commission was set up to investigate the failings of the British military during the Crimean campaign.<ref name=odnb/> As Hardinge was delivering the report of the commission to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, he collapsed with a stroke.<ref name=odnb/> Albert helped him to a sofa, where despite being paralysed on one side, he continued to deliver his report, apologizing for the interruption.<ref>Weintraub, Stanley (1997). Albert: Uncrowned King London: John Murray. Template:ISBN Weintraub, p.334</ref>

He was also colonel of the 97th Regiment of Foot from 4 March 1833<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and of the 57th Regiment of Foot from 31 May 1843.<ref>Heathcote, p.172</ref>

File:Fordcombe.jpg
St Peter, Fordcombe

Hardinge resigned his office of commander-in-chief in July 1856, owing to failing health, and died on 24 September 1856 at South Park near Tunbridge Wells.<ref name=odnb/> There is a memorial to him at St John the Baptist, Penshurst.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He is buried in the churchyard at St. Peter, Fordcombe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Family

In 1821 he married Lady Emily Jane, seventh daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry.<ref name=odnb/> They had two sons, and two daughters:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His elder son, Charles Stewart, who had been his private secretary in India, was the 2nd Viscount Hardinge. The younger son of the 2nd Viscount, Charles Hardinge (b. 1858), became a prominent diplomat, and was appointed Viceroy of India in 1910, being created Baron Hardinge of Penshurst.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

His stepson was Walter James, 1st Baron Northbourne, (1816–1893).<ref>Kelly's Directory of Kent 1882, pp. 306, 307</ref>

References

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Bibliography

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