Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry

Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry (27 September 1739 – 6 April 1821), was a County Down landowner, Irish Volunteer, and member of the Irish Parliament who, exceptionally for an Ulster Scot and Presbyterian, rose within the ranks of Ireland's "Anglican Ascendancy." His success was fuelled by wealth acquired through judicious marriages, and by the advancing political career of his son, Viscount Castlereagh (an architect of the Acts of Union, and British Foreign Secretary). In 1798 he gained notoriety for refusing to intercede on behalf of James Porter, his local Presbyterian minister, executed outside the Stewart demesne as a rebel.

Birth and origins

Robert was born on 27 September 1739, at Mount Stewart,Template:Sfn the eldest son of Alexander Stewart and his wife Mary Cowan. His father was an alderman of Derry in 1760, and his grandfather, Colonel William Stewart, had commanded one of the two companies of Protestant soldiers that Derry admitted within its walls when Mountjoy was sent there by Tyrconnell before the start of the siege.Template:Sfn Robert's mother was a daughter of John Cowan, also an alderman of that same town. His parents had married on 30 June 1737 in Dublin.Template:Sfn

Robert listed among his siblings
He appears among his siblings as the second child: Anne (1738–1781)Template:Sfn Robert (1739–1821) William (1741–1742)Template:Sfn Francis (born 1742)Template:Sfn John (1744–1762)Template:Sfn Alexander (1746–1831), married Mary Moore, the 3rd daughter of the 1st Marquess of DroghedaTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Mary (born 1747), died youngTemplate:Sfn

Cowan inheritance

Within three months of his parents' marriage in 1737, Robert's mother inherited the fortune her half-brother, Robert Cowan, had acquired in service to the East India Company as Governor of Bombay.Template:Sfn The legacy allowed Alexander Stewart to retire from the linen trade and buy into the landed gentry. In 1743 he purchased sixty townlands and a large estate from the Colville family at Newtownards and Comber in County Down.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Education and first marriage

Robert Stewart was brought up a Calvinist, and was sent by his father under the care of a tutor to the University of Geneva, where he studied literature. He thus avoided the "temptations of Oxford and similar academic strongholds of the Established Church" to which, as the son landed gentry, he might naturally have been drawn.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

On his return from the continent, he courted Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway (whose niece, Mary Moore, married Robert's brother Alexander in 1791). Lady Sarah Frances Seymour-Conway's father, Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, owned considerable property in the neighbourhood of Lisburn, and in 1765 was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Robert Stewart attended the viceregal court in Dublin, where he successfully pressed his suit. The marriage took place in the Chapel Royal of Dublin Castle, and Lord Hertford housed the new couple in the city.<ref name=":1" />

Template:Anchor Robert and Sarah had two sons:

1. Alexander-Francis, who died within his first yearTemplate:Sfn
2. Robert (1769–1822), later to be known as "Castlereagh", the famous statesmanTemplate:Sfn

Lady Sarah died in childbirth in 1770.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Opposition member of parliament

The year following his wife's death Robert Stewart entered the Irish House of Commons as member for County Down filling a vacancy created by the elevation of Bernard Ward to the House of Lords as Baron Bangor.Template:Sfn He was returned by the "independent" or "county" interest backed by the local Whigs and by his fellow Presbyterians ("Dissenters" from the Established Church who were a majority among the county's exceptionally high number of freeholder voters). Their discomforted rivals were the "official" or "court" party of the Earl of Hillsborough, the county's Lord-Lieutenant and largest proprietor.<ref>Hyde (1933), p. 17.</ref>

This political triumph over the interests of an Ascendancy family which had hitherto returned both county members to the Irish House of Commons formed the prelude of a long period of rivalry. Robert Stewart's initial success was largely due to popular sympathy with John Wilkes and the discontented American colonists, and to the growing feelings in favour of constitutional and parliamentary reform which found expression in the Volunteer movement.<ref name=":2">Hyde (1933), p. 18.</ref>

He proved a consistent antagonist of the administration, invariably voting and sometimes speaking for the Opposition in the House. His early political conduct won the approval of his constituents. A dinner at which they entertained in Belfast was marked by toasts "liberal in quality as in quantity", including to "The memory of John Hampden" (who had led parliamentary opposition to Charles I), and to "All those who would rather die in jack-boots than live in wooden shoes".<ref name=":2" />

Second marriage and children

Robert Stewart remarried, on 7 June 1775, taking for his second wife, Frances Pratt, the independent-minded daughter of the Whig politician Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden.Template:Sfn

Template:Anchor From his second marriage he had 11 more children, three sons and eight daughters:

1. Charles William (1778–1854), succeeded him as 3rd MarquessTemplate:Sfn
2. Frances Ann (1777–1810), married Lord Charles FitzroyTemplate:Sfn
3. Elizabeth Mary (1779–1798)Template:Sfn
4. Caroline (1781–1860), married Col. Thomas Wood, MP for BreconshireTemplate:Sfn
5. Alexander John (1783–1800)Template:Sfn
6. Georgiana (1785–1804), married the politician George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh, nephew of army general and politician Sir Brent SpencerTemplate:Sfn
7. Selina Sarah Juliana (1786–1871), David Guardi Ker, MP for DownpatrickTemplate:Sfn
8. Matilda Charlotte (1787–1842), married Edward Michael Ward, the eldest son of the Robert Ward of BangorTemplate:Sfn
9. Emily Jane (1789–1865), married firstly John James, son of Sir Walter James, 1st Baronet, and secondly Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount HardingeTemplate:Sfn
10. Thomas Henry (1790–1810)Template:Sfn
11. Octavia (1792–1819), married Edward Law, 1st Earl of EllenboroughTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Irish Volunteer

Robert Stewart by Anton Raphael Mengs, Template:Circa

Between 1775 and 1783, Robert Stewart lived in Bangor with his wife, while his father was living at Mount Stewart.

In 1776, a general election was held in Ireland. Robert Stewart stood again for Down and was re-elected.Template:Sfn He sat until the dissolution of this parliament on 25 July 1783.

Stewart participated in the Irish Volunteers, the self-armed militia ostensibly formed to maintain order and defend Ireland while the Crown and its forces were distracted by the American War. Following the raid on Belfast Lough by the American privateer John Paul Jones in April 1778, Stewart organised a volunteer company in Newtownards of 115 men, the Arms Independents, to act as fencibles. Like other Volunteer companies, they were soon engaged in patriotic debate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

After his father died in April 1781,Template:Sfn moved to the family seat, Mount Stewart, near Newtownards (where in the park he completed the Temple of the Winds). On 17 September 1782 he was sworn in as Irish Privy Councillor.Template:Sfn

That very same month as Colonel Stewart he was elected president of the second Ulster (overwhelmingly Presbyterian) Volunteer Convention in Dungannon.Template:Sfn

Anticipating a "grand national convention" called for Dublin in November, it notably failed to broaden the front against the Ascendancy. Resolutions in support of Catholic enfranchisement were rejected.Template:Sfn

In the general election of October Stewart stood again for County Down but the Ascendancy families triumphed, one seat taken by Arthur Hill, the son of the Earl of Downshire, the other by Lord Bangor's son, Edward Ward.Template:Sfn Stewart unsuccessfully challenged the returns at the bar of the House of Commons claiming irregularities. Downshire's influence was able to procure the dismissal of his petition with costs".<ref>Hyde (1933), p. 19</ref>

At the Dublin convention, Stewart was appointed chairman of the committee "for the receiving and digesting plans of reform".<ref>Hyde (1933), p. 22</ref> But the convention tactic did not succeed as in 1782, when the massed ranks of the Volunteers had helped secure Irish legislative independence. The digested bill, presented by Henry Flood, which would have abolished the proprietary boroughs (with which their Ascendancy rivals, but not the Stewarts, were endowed) and extended the vote to a broader class of Protestant freeholders was rejected. Having accepted defeat in America, Britain could again spare troops for Ireland, and neither parliament nor Dublin Castle would again be intimidated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Although he believed that the demands of Dissenters for greater representation should have been met so as to dissuade them from pushing Catholic claims along with their own,<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Stewart joined his friend, president of the convention, the Earl of Charlemont in urging the Volunteers to receive their rebuff quietly.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ascendant peer

In 1789 Robert Stewart was created Baron Londonderry in the Peerage of Ireland.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:London Gazette</ref>Template:Sfn Unable as a peer to himself avenge his defeat in 1783, for general election of 1790 he took his eldest son, Robert, out of Cambridge University to run for the county. Still able to persuade Down's Forty-shilling freeholders that the Stewarts were the friends of reform, the younger Stewart did so successfullyTemplate:Sfn albeit at considerable expense to his father.Template:Sfn

The arms of Robert Stewart, Earl of LondonderryTemplate:Sfn The Stewart arms are quartered with the Cowan saltires.Template:Efn

Stewart deserted Presbyterianism for the Established Church,<ref name=":12">Stewart, A.T.Q. (1995), The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down Belfast, Blackstaff Press, p. 16 Template:ISBN.</ref> at what point is unclear but likely in advance of his elevation in 1795 to Viscount Castlereagh<ref name="ReferenceB">Template:London Gazette</ref> and the following year to Earl of Londonderry.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> His eldest son, now Viscount Castlereagh, also quietly converted to Anglicanism and was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland to serve under Lady Frances's brother, Earl Camden, the Lord Lieutenant. Londonderry's second son, Charles, meanwhile kept the family present in the Irish Commons as member for Thomastown borough, County Kilkenny.Template:Sfn Banking on these new establishment connections, and alarmed by the evident disaffection of their tenantry, Stewart reached an accommodation with the Hills: the families in future would divide the two county seats in Down, each returning a nominee to the parliament in Dublin unopposed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Following a theft of gunpowder and grapeshot in Donaghdee, on 26 September 1796, Londonderry summoned his tenants to Mount Stewart to compel them to swear as oath of allegiance.<ref name=":02">McCavery, Trevor (2003), "'As the plague of locuts came to Egypt': Rebel motivation in north Down", in Thomas Bartlett et al. (eds.), 1798: A Bicentenary Perspective, Dublin, Four Courts Press, ISBN 1851824308, (pp. 212–225), p. 216.</ref> To the extent that he and his sons were prepared to consider reform, including further rights for Catholics, it was now to be within the more secure context of a union with Great Britain. When in 1799 the parliament in Dublin rejected the bill for the Union they fought to have it re-presented.

With the bill's final passage, in 1801, Londonderry become one of the 28 original Irish representative peers in the new United Kingdom parliament at Westminster.Template:Sfn In 1816, thanks to the advancing career of Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary, he was further elevated to Marquess of Londonderry.Template:Sfn He thus achieved the rare feat of rising from a "Dissenting" (Presbyterian) commoner into the highest ranks of the Irish aristocracy.

1798, the execution of James Porter

During their three-day "Republic" in Ards and north Down, 10–13 June 1798, the United Irish insurgents briefly occupied Mount Stewart.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In August, the wife of the local Presbyterian minister, James Porter, appeared at the house with her seven children where they overwhelmed Lady Londonderry and young sister, then dying of tuberculosis, with a plea for his life. One of the children was later to recount that when Londonderry discovered his wife composing a letter to General Nugent, he insisted she add a postscript: "L does not allow me to interfere in Mr Porter's case. I cannot, therefore, and beg not to be mentioned. I only send the letter to gratify the humour", i.e. to placate the distraught Mrs Porter to whom, with a smile that filed her with "much horror", Londonderry then handed the letter.Template:Sfn

Londonderry was himself present at the court martial,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which had accepted dubious testimony to the minister's presence among the rebels,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite DNB</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was to see the sentence executed. Porter was hanged in sight both of his own meeting house at Greyabbey and of his family home (with Stewart tenants reportedly defying their landlord's wish that they attend).<ref name=":0" />Template:Sfn The Presbyterian minister Rev. Henry Montgomery of Killead, County Antrim, would later describe the circumstances of Porter's execution as being of "extreme cruelty towards both himself and his family, which were altogether unnecessary for any purpose of public example".<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

Londonderry was content that other offenders should be allowed exile. David Bailie Warden who commanded north Down rebels in the field;Template:Sfn the Reverend Thomas Ledlie Birch, a United Irish firebrand who rallied with the rebels after the Battle of Saintfield; and William Sinclair who joined the tenantry in swearing loyalty before Londonderry yet served on the rebel Committee of Public Safety,Template:Sfn were all permitted passage to the United States.Template:Sfn

Porter's offence may have been his popular satire of the local landed interest, Billy Bluff, in which the master of Mount Stewart is clearly recognisable as the inarticulate tyrant "Lord Mountmumble".Template:Sfn Porter had been aware that Billy Bluff might not go unpunished, acknowledging in its preface: "I am in danger of being hanged or put in gaol, perhaps both".<ref name=":3" />

It may also be that Londonderry believed that Porter, who had been close to the family (their election agent and a frequent visitor to the Mount Stewart),Template:Sfn had been a source of his wife's wayward, and potentially compromising, political sympathies. Lady Frances is rumoured to have continued to send privately for Porter's offending paper, the Northern Star,Template:Sfn and in correspondence with Jane Greg (reputedly "head of the [United Irish] Female Societies" in Belfast)<ref>National Archives of Ireland, Dublin, Rebellion Papers, 620/30/194. Thomas Whinnery to John Lees, 25 May 1797.</ref> made bold to identify herself as a "republican countess".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Local tradition has it that Mrs. Porter waylaid his lordship's carriage, in a vain hope of prevailing by a further direct entreaty, but Londonderry bade the coachman "drive on." The sentence, however, was mitigated by remission of the order for quartering.<ref name=":0" />

Reputation as landlord

Despite political differences with his tenants, Londonderry had a reputation as a comparatively generous landlord. He and his father rarely evicted tenants unless they were more than five years in arrears, and they abided by the Ulster custom of tenant right. They patronised the local town of Newtownards raising a subscription for a Catholic primary school as a gesture of ecumenical good will, and building a market house with a striking clock tower (occupied in 1798 by Scottish Fencibles, the building was attacked by rebels under Warden's command).<ref>Stewart, A.T.Q. (1995), The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down Belfast, Blackstaff Press, 1995,Template:ISBN.</ref> During food shortages in 1800 and 1801, Londonderry at his own expense imported provisions into the stricken districts.<ref>Bew (2011), pp. 7–8</ref>

Death, succession, and timeline

Lord Londonderry died on 6 April 1821 at Mount Stewart, County Down, and was buried at the Newtownards Priory, where his father already had been laid to rest. He was succeeded briefly as the 2nd Marquess of Londonderry by his eldest son Robert (Castlereagh) who took his own life the following year.Template:Sfn

Timeline
Age	Date	Event
0	1739, 27 Sep	Born at Mount Stewart<ref name="FOOTNOTEBew2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDyTg672rGTMCpgPA10 10]"/>
Template:Age	1760, 25 Oct	Accession of King George III, succeeding King George IITemplate:Sfn
Template:Age	1766, 3 Jun	Married his 1st wifeTemplate:Sfn
Template:Age	1770, 17 Jul	First wife died in childbirth<ref name="FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen213 635, line 5]"/>
Template:Age	1771	Elected MP for County Down in the Irish ParliamentTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Template:Age	1775, Jun	Married his 2nd wife<ref name="FOOTNOTEDebrett1838[httpsarchiveorgdetailsbub_gb_Ru4UAAAAQAAJpagen591 518, right column, line 8]"/>
Template:Age	1776	Re-elected MP for County Down in the Irish Parliament<ref name="FOOTNOTEHouse of Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg674 674]"/>
Template:Age	1781, 2 Apr	Father died<ref name="FOOTNOTEDebrett1828[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdebrettspeerage01debrgoogpagen212 634]"/>
Template:Age	1782, 17 Sep	Made an Irish Privy Councillor<ref name="FOOTNOTEThorneHamilton2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_0198614020page748 748 right column, line 5]"/>
Template:Age	1783	Electoral defeat against Arthur Hill and Edward Ward<ref name="FOOTNOTEThorneHamilton2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_0198614020page748 748 left column]"/>
Template:Age	1789, 9 Sep	Created Baron Londonderry<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Template:Age	1790	Eldest son elected MP for Down<ref name="FOOTNOTEHouse of Commons1878[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidL1ETAAAAYAAJpg683 683]"/>
Template:Age	1795, 10 Oct	Created Viscount Castlereagh<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Template:Age	1796, 10 Aug	Created Earl Londonderry<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
Template:Age	1816, 13 Jan	Created Marquess of Londonderry<ref name="FOOTNOTECokayne1893[httpsarchiveorgdetailscompletepeerage05cokahrishpagen132 131, line 9]"/>
Template:Age	1820, 29 Jan	Accession of King George IV, succeeding King George IIITemplate:Sfn
Template:Age	1821, 6 Apr	Died at Mount Stewart<ref Name="FOOTNOTEBurke1949[httpsarchiveorgdetailsburkesgenealogic1949unsepage1247 1247, right column, line 33]"/>

Notes and references

Sources

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