Hiroshi Sugimoto

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"Appropriate Proportion", one of his architectural projects. Renovation of Gooh shrine, Naoshima, Kagawa prefecture, Japan

Template:Nihongo is a Japanese photographer and architect. He leads the Tokyo-based architectural firm New Material Research Laboratory.<ref name=ad/>

Early life and education

Hiroshi Sugimoto was born and raised in Tokyo, Japan. He reportedly took his earliest photographs in high school, photographing film footage of Audrey Hepburn as it played in a movie theater.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto">Hiroshi Sugimoto Template:Webarchive Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.</ref> In 1970, Sugimoto studied politics and sociology at Rikkyō University in Tokyo. In 1974, he retrained as an artist and received his BFA in Fine Arts at the Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, California. Afterwards, Sugimoto settled in New York City. He soon started working as a dealer of Japanese antiquities in Soho.<ref name="Lipsky-Karasz-2013">Elisa Lipsky-Karasz (11 September 2013), Hiroshi Sugimoto's Fossil Inspiration Wall Street Journal</ref>

Work

Sugimoto has spoken of his work as an expression of 'time exposed',<ref>Mateusz Palka (2 June 2016), Photographs of the stolen view. Issues of time in works of Hiroshi Sugimoto.</ref> or photographs serving as a time capsule for a series of events in time. His work also focuses on transience of life, and the conflict between life and death.

Sugimoto is also deeply influenced by the writings and works of Marcel Duchamp, as well as the Dadaist and Surrealist movements as a whole. He has also expressed a great deal of interest in late 20th century modern architecture.

His use of an 8×10 large-format camera and extremely long exposures has garnered Sugimoto a reputation as a photographer of the highest technical ability. He is equally acclaimed for the conceptual and philosophical aspects of his work.Template:Citation needed

Dioramas, In Praise of Shadows and Portraits

Sugimoto began his work with Dioramas in 1976, a series in which he photographed displays in natural history museums. (A polar bear on a fake ice floe contemplates his fresh-killed seal; vultures fight over carrion in front of painted skies; exotic monkeys hoot in a plastic jungle.)<ref name="Gopnik-2006">Blake Gopnik (20 February 2006), Hiroshi Sugimoto, Emphasizing the Play Of Shadow and Lie Washington Post.</ref> Initially the pictures were shot at the American Museum of Natural History, a place he returned for later dioramas in 1982, 1994, and 2012.<ref>Randy Kennedy (8 October 2012), 'Fossilizing' With a Camera New York Times.</ref> Where many of the earlier silver gelatin prints – including Polar Bear (1976), his first photograph from the Diorama series – present animals, a number of the 2012 photographs including Mixed Deciduous Forest and Olympic Rain Forest focus on natural landscapes.<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: Still Life, May 9 – June 28, 2014 Pace Gallery, New York.</ref> The cultural assumption that cameras always show us reality tricks many viewers into assuming the animals in the photos are real until they examine the pictures carefully.

His series Portraits, begun as a commission by the Deutsche Guggenheim in 1999,<ref>Snapshot: 'Catherine Parr' (1999) by Hiroshi Sugimoto Financial Times, 10 August 2012.</ref> is based on a similar idea. In that series, Sugimoto photographs wax figures of Henry VIII and his wives. These wax figures are based on portraits from the 16th century and when taking the picture Sugimoto attempts to recreate the lighting that would have been used by the painter. Focusing on Madame Tussaud's in London, its branch in Amsterdam and a wax museum in Ito, Japan, Sugimoto took three-quarter view photos, using 8-by-10-inch negatives, of the most realistic wax figures. They are typically taken against a black background.<ref>Katherine Roth (10 September 2001), Framing a Snapshot in Time Los Angeles Times.</ref> In Praise of Shadows (1998) is a series of photographs based on Gerhard Richter's paintings of burning candles.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto"/>

Theatres

In 1978, Sugimoto's Theatres series<ref>Belting, Hans and Hiroshi Sugimoto. Theatres. Koln: Sonnabend Sundell Editions and Eyestorm, 2006. Template:ISBN.</ref> involved photographing old American movie palaces and drive-ins with a folding 4x5 camera and tripod, opening his camera shutter and exposing the film for the duration of the entire feature-length movie, the film projector providing the sole lighting.<ref name="Yeoh-2010">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The luminescent screen in the centre of the composition, the architectural details and the seats of the theatre are the only subjects that register owing to the long exposure of each photograph, while the unique lighting gives the works a surreal look, as a part of Sugimoto's attempt to reveal time in photography.<ref>Peter Yeoh (2010). "Capturing Light – Hiroshi Sugimoto reveals the essence of his life's work". Glass Magazine (2): 174–179. ISSN 2041-6318</ref> Sugimoto discovered that "Different movies give different brightnesses. If it's an optimistic story, I usually end up with a bright screen; if it's a sad story, it's a dark screen. Occult movie? Very dark."<ref>Belting, Hans and Hiroshi Sugimoto. Theatres.</ref>

Seascapes

In 1980 he began working on an ongoing series of photographs of the sea and its horizon, Seascapes, in locations all over the world, using an old-fashioned large-format camera to make exposures of varying duration (up to three hours).<ref>David Pagel (18 December 1997), A Focus on Tranquillity Los Angeles Times.</ref><ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: 7 Days / 7 Nights, November 6, 2008 – February 14, 2009 Template:Webarchive Gagosian Gallery, New York.</ref> The locations range from the English Channel and the Cliffs of Moher<ref>"North Atlantic Ocean, Cliffs of Moher," Hiroshi Sugimoto 1989.Metropolitan Museum of Art http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/267005.html</ref> to the Arctic Ocean, from Positano, Italy, to the Tasman Sea and from the Norwegian Sea at Vesterålen to the Black Sea at Ozuluce in Turkey. The black-and-white pictures are all exactly the same size, bifurcated exactly in half by the horizon line.<ref>William Wilson (4 March 1994), Sugimoto's Sea of Meditation at MOCA Los Angeles Times.</ref> The systematic nature of Sugimoto's project recalls the work Sunrise and Sunset at Praiano by Sol LeWitt, in which he photographed sunrises and sunsets over the Tyrrhenian Sea off Praiano, Italy, on the Amalfi Coast.<ref>Charles Hagen (21 February 1992), ART IN REVIEW; Hiroshi Sugimoto New York Times.</ref>

Architecture works

In 1995, Sugimoto photographed the Sanjūsangen-dō ("Hall of Thirty-Three Bays") in Kyoto. In special preparation for the shoot, he had all late-medieval and early-modern embellishments removed, as well as having the contemporary fluorescent lighting turned off.<ref>Sea of Buddhas (1995) Template:Webarchive Hiroshi Sugimoto.</ref> Shot from a high vantage point<ref name="Gopnik-2006"/> and editing out all architectural features, the resulting 48 photographs<ref name="Gopnik-2006"/> concentrate on the bodhisattvas, 1,000 life-size and almost identical gilded figures carved from wood in the 12th and 13th centuries, that are banked up inside the building.<ref>John Russell (7 December 1995), PHOTOGRAPHY VIEW; Radiant Wonders of the Mid-Century World New York Times.</ref>

In 1997, on a commission from the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, Sugimoto began producing series of large-format photographs of notable buildings around the world. In 2003, the museum showed the series in a sepulchral installation, with the pictures installed on layered rows of dark-painted partitions.<ref>Holland Cotter (17 October 2003), ART IN REVIEW; Hiroshi Sugimoto – 'Architecture' New York Times.</ref> Sugimoto's later Architecture series (2000–03) consists of blurred images of well-known examples of Modernist architecture.<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto Guggenheim Collection.</ref>

In 2001, Sugimoto traveled the length of Japan, visiting the so-called meisho "famous sites" for pines: Miho no Matsubara, Matsushima, Amanohashidate.<ref>Pine Trees (2001) Template:Webarchive Hiroshi Sugimoto.</ref> On the royal palace grounds in Tokyo, Sugimoto photographed a pine landscape, copying a traditional 16th-century Japanese ink-painting style.<ref>Ann Wilson Lloyd (11 February 2001), The Hall of Mirrors Meets the House of Wax New York Times.</ref> Listed as Japanese national treasures, the Shōrin-zu byōbu (Pine Forest Screens) (ca. 1590) by Momoyama period (1568 1600) painter Hasegawa Tōhaku (1539–1610) represent a coming of age in Japanese imaging.

Joe

In July 2003 Sugimoto travelled to St. Louis to photograph the Pulitzer Arts Foundation, designed by Tadao Ando whose work he had portrayed various times before. However, he ended up photographing Richard Serra's sculpture Joe (the first in his "Torqued Spiral" series), which rests in an outdoor courtyard, at dawn and at dusk for five days.<ref name="Blum-2006">Andrew Blum (17 September 2006), Art Capturing Art Capturing Art Capturying ... New York Times.</ref> The resulting Joe series was made with short exposure. The blurring effect results from Sugimoto's unconventional use of the flexibility of the large format camera, whereby he sets the distance between the lens and the film to half the focal length, in his words "twice-infinity".<ref name="www.sugimotohiroshi.com">Hiroshi Sugimoto, Architecture Template:Webarchive</ref> Sugimoto gave the photographs serial numbers from his Architecture series. Significantly, the hand-developed gelatin-silver photographs are mounted on aluminum panels but are otherwise unframed, unglazed and unlaminated to draw attention to what Sugimoto describes as the "transformation from the three-dimensional steel source sculpture to the thin layers of what I would call my 'silver sculpture'."<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: Joe, September 9 – October 14, 2006 Gagosian Gallery, Los Angeles.</ref> When the Pulitzer Arts Foundation decided to publish a book about the series, Sugimoto asked Jonathan Safran Foer, whom he had met ywears earlier, to write a text to accompany the nineteen selected photographs.<ref name="Blum-2006"/>

A 2004 series comprises large photographs of antique mathematical and mechanical models, which Sugimoto came across in Tokyo and shot from slightly below.<ref>Michael Kimmelman (27 May 2005), ART IN REVIEW; Hiroshi Sugimoto New York Times.</ref> The Mathematical forms – stereometric models in plaster – were created in the 19th century to provide students with a visual understanding of complex trigonometric functions. The Mechanical forms – machine models including gears, pumps and regulators – are industrial tools used to demonstrate basic movements of modern machinery. Sugimoto began working on this series as a response to The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) by Marcel Duchamp.<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: Conceptual Forms, April 7 – May 28, 2005 Gagosian Gallery, London.</ref>

For the series Stylized Sculpture (2007), Sugimoto selected distinctive garments by celebrated couturiers from the collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute, shot in chiaroscuro on headless mannequins—from Madeleine Vionnet's precociously modern T-dress and Balenciaga's wasp-waisted billowing ensemble to Yves St Laurent's strict geometric Mondrian shift and Issey Miyake's sail-like slip.<ref name="gagosian.com">Rodin – Sugimoto, February 11 – March 25, 2011 Gagosian Gallery, Paris.</ref>

For his 2009 series Lightning Fields Sugimoto abandoned the use of the camera, producing photographs using a 400,000 volt Van de Graaff generator to apply an electrical charge directly onto the film.<ref name="Yeoh-2010" /> Instead of placing an object on photo-sensitive paper, then exposing it to light, he produced the image by causing electrical sparks to erupt over the on surface of a 7-by-2.5-foot sheet of film laid on a large metal tabletop.<ref>Carol Kino (11 November 2010), Stealing Mother Nature's Thunder New York Times.</ref> The highly detailed results combine bristling textures and branching sparks into highly evocative images.

Recent work

In 2009 U2 selected Sugimoto's Boden Sea, Uttwil (1993) as the cover for their album No Line on the Horizon to be released in March that year. This image had previously been used by sound artists Richard Chartier and Taylor Deupree for their 2006 CD inspired by Sugimoto's "seascapes" series.<ref>Is the New U2 Album Cover a Rip-off? Template:Webarchive Retrieved 19 January 2009</ref> Sugimoto noted it was merely a "coincidence" that the image appears on both album covers. In addition, he notes that the agreement with U2 was a "stone age deal" or, artist-to-artist. No cash exchanged hands, rather a barter agreement which allows Sugimoto to use the band's song "No Line on the Horizon" (partly inspired by the "Boden Sea" image) in any future project.<ref>Photographer Sugimoto strikes a Stone Age deal with U2. The Japan Times. Retrieved 18 November 2010</ref>

In 2009, Sugimoto acquired some rare negatives made by Henry Fox Talbot in the 1840s and retrieved through an intensely fragile process what "looks remarkably like Plato's shadows in the cave".<ref>Laura Cumming (14 August 2012), Hiroshi Sugimoto; The Queen: Art and Image; Elizabeth Blackadder; Ingrid Calame – review The Guardian.</ref> The works of Sugimoto's All Five Elements series (2011) consist of optical quality glass with black and white film.<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: Five Elements, 2011, October 7 – July 15, 2012 Template:Webarchive Chinati Foundation, Marfa.</ref> On the occasion of Art Basel in 2012, Sugimoto presented Couleurs de l'Ombre, 20 different colorful scarf designs in editions of just seven, all created – using a new inkjet printing method – for French fashion label Hermès.<ref>Nick Compton (19 June 2012), Limited-edition Hermès Editeur scarves by Hiroshi Sugimoto Wallpaper.</ref>

Architecture

Sugimoto is also an accomplished architect. He founded his architecture practice in Tokyo after receiving requests to design structures from restaurants to art museums.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto Designs Own Museum">Lara Day (23 January 2014), Hiroshi Sugimoto Designs Own Museum Wall Street Journal</ref> Because he does not have an architectural license himself—an official permit would require years of training—he hired three young qualified architects to help him execute his vision.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto Designs Own Museum"/> He approaches all of his work from many different perspectives, and architecture is one component that he uses to design the settings for his exhibitions. His recent projects include an architectural commission at Naoshima Contemporary Art Center in Japan, for which Sugimoto designed and built a Shinto shrine.<ref>Hiroshi Sugimoto: The Day After, November 6 – December 24, 2010. Pace Gallery, New York.</ref> He also gets involved with the performance art occurring beside them. This allows him to frame his works precisely the way he wants to.

In 2013, Sugimoto created a sculpture and rock garden for the Sasha Kanetanaka restaurant in Omotesandō, Tokyo. He also designed Stove, a top-tier French restaurant housed in a refurbished wooden house in the Kiyoharu Art Village, Yamanashi Prefecture.<ref>Darryl Jingwen Wee (8 October 2013), Hiroshi Sugimoto-designed Restaurant Opens in Yamanashi Artinfo.</ref> The first in a series of temporary artist-designed structures at the Le Stanze del Vetro museum on view during the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2014, a Sugimoto-designed glass teahouse was set over a tiled pool and had the traditional tea ceremony performed for the public in it.<ref>Julie Lasky (4 June 2014), Tea for Two and Visible to All New York Times</ref>

In 2011, Sugimoto published an architecture book about the many museums that have shown his work, from the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, D.C., to the Fondation Cartier in Paris.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto Designs Own Museum"/>

The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden announced that in 2018 Sugimoto would transform the interior of the Gordon Bunshaft-designed building. The plans included a coffee bar and removal of the tint on the windows.<ref name=ad>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sculpture

Sugimoto designed Point of Infinity, a nearly 70 ft-high stainless steel needle that also acts as a sundial, on top of the Yerba Buena Hilltop Park on Yerba Buena Island.<ref>Julie Baumgardner (13 January 2023), Moving the needle: San Francisco to unveil Hiroshi Sugimoto's towering sundial monument The Art Newspaper.</ref>

Exhibitions

Sugimoto has exhibited extensively in major museums and galleries throughout the world, including the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles (1994), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (1995); Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin (2000); the Kunsthaus Bregenz, Austria (2002); the Serpentine Gallery, London (2003) and the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris (2004). A major 30-year survey of his work opened at the Mori Art Museum, Tokyo in 2005 and travelled to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C., and the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas (2006). In 2007, a European retrospective began at K20 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf (2007) and traveled to the Museum der Moderne, Salzburg, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin and Kunstmuseum Luzern, Switzerland. (2008). In 2011, Gagosian Gallery in Paris showed Sugimoto's series Stylized Sculpture alongside Rodin's sculptures The Three Shades (c. 1880), Monument to Victor Hugo (1897), and The Whistler Muse (1908).<ref name="gagosian.com"/>

In 2005, Japan Society, New York, and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, organized a US and Canadian tour of "Hiroshi Sugimoto: History of History", an exhibition of artifacts that Sugimoto has collected over the years, particularly from East Asia and Japan, curated by the artist himself (travelled to the Kanazawa 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art and the National Museum of Art, Japan).<ref>Grace Glueck (23 September 2005), Hiroshi Sugimoto Show New York Times.</ref> In 2013, Sugimoto exhibited his artwork alongside pieces from his personal collection at the Fondation Pierre Bergé-Yves Saint Laurent in Paris.<ref name="Lipsky-Karasz-2013"/>

From 7 February to 10 May 2015, The Phillips Collection exhibited Hiroshi Sugimoto: Conceptual Forms and Mathematical Models, featuring five photographs and three sculptures.  "This is the first exhibition to contrast Sugimoto’s mathematical photographs of 19th-century mathematical plaster models inspired by Man Ray with his own aluminum or stainless-steel mathematical models crafted with computer-controlled, precision milling machines."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was shown in conjunction with The Phillips Collection exhibit, Man Ray–Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics to Shakespeare,

His exhibition, "Lost Human Genetic Archive", at the Tokyo Photographic Art Museum in 2016, incorporated selected images from Dioramas, Seascapes, Theaters and the Sanjūsangen-dō series, among others. His exhibition at the Tel Aviv Museum of Art in 2018 featured 34 large-scale photographs from Sugimoto's central series. A retrospective of his work is currently showing at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney (2024).

In 2022, the Benesse Art Site on Naoshima opened the Hiroshi Sugimoto Gallery, showcasing work from throughout Sugimoto's career and art practice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Collections

Sugimoto's work is held in numerous public collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo; Museum of Modern Art, New York; National Gallery, London; National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; MACBA, Barcelona; and Tate Gallery, London.<ref>Rothko/Sugimoto: Dark Paintings and Seascapes, October 4, 2012 – November 17, 2012 Template:Webarchive Pace Gallery, London.</ref>

Odawara Art Foundation

In 2009, Sugimoto established the Odawara Art Foundation to promote Japanese culture.<ref name="Japan Society Grant">Carol Vogel (6 February 2014), Japan Society Grant New York Times.</ref> In 2014, the Japan Society awarded a $6 million grant to the foundation.<ref name="Japan Society Grant"/> The money will go to the construction of a multidisciplinary arts complex in Odawara, about 60 miles west of Tokyo. The project is expected to be completed in spring 2016. The project includes an original 15th-century entrance gate, a minimalist exhibition space, a modern Japanese teahouse, and a contemporary Noh theater with a stage that appears to float above the sea.<ref name="Hiroshi Sugimoto Designs Own Museum"/> The foundation will produce joint productions with the Japan Society as well as artist-in-residency programs at the new complex. The two institutions will also collaborate on exhibitions and performances.<ref name="Japan Society Grant"/> It is based at Sugimoto's Enoura Observatory in Odawara.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Awards

• 2001 – Hasselblad Foundation International Award (Hasselblad Honour).
• 2009 – Japanese Art Association: Praemium Imperiale prize for the 'Painting' category<ref name="Yeoh-2010" />
• 2010 – Medal with Purple Ribbon
• 2013 – Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
• 2014 – Isamu Noguchi Award for Kindred Spirits in Innovation, Global Consciousness and Japanese/American Exchange<ref>Kimberly Chou (15 May 2014), Sculptor's Honors Cubed Wall Street Magazine.</ref>
• 2017: Centenary Medal, Royal Photographic Society

Books

• Seascapes. Los Angeles: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1994. Template:ISBN.
• Time Exposed. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995. Template:ISBN.
• In Praise of Shadows. Germany: Steidl, 2000. Template:ISBN.
• Theatres. Koln: Walther Konig, 2006. Template:ISBN.

Art market

Sugimoto has been represented by Pace Gallery, New York, since 2010,<ref>Carol Vogel (28 January 2010), [1] New York Times.</ref> while also regularly showing with Gagosian Gallery. Before, he showed with Sonnabend Gallery.

External links

• Template:Official Site
• Odawara Art Foundation
• Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 – Art in the Twenty-First Century – Season 3 (2005).
• Interactive web catalogue for "Hiroshi Sugimoto: Photographs of 'Joe' " at the Pulitzer Arts Foundation
• Hiroshi Sugimoto at Gagosian Gallery Template:Webarchive
• Listing at Luminous Lint
• Benesse Art Site Naoshima
• Template:Cite book

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