Hoi polloi
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Redirect Template:Infobox phrase Template:Wiktionary The English expression "(the) hoi polloi" (Template:IPAc-en; Template:IPA; Template:Etymology) was borrowed from Ancient Greek, where it means "the many" or, in the strictest sense, "the people". In English, it has been given a negative connotation to signify the common people.<ref name=mw>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster We first heard of this [new, opposite] sense [("the elites")] in the early 1950s, when it was reported to be well established in spoken use in such diverse locales as central New Jersey, southern California, Cleveland, Ohio, and Las Vegas, Nevada. Several members of our editorial staff at that time also testified to its common occurrence, and evidence in the years since strongly suggests that this sense of hoi polloi continues to be frequently used in speech. We do not know for certain how this new sense originated, but one possibility is that it developed out of the inherent snobbery of hoi polloi. In its original and primary sense, hoi polloi is a term used by snobs or—more often—in mocking imitation of snobs. Even its sound has a quality of haughtiness and condescension (much like that of hoity-toity, a term that underwent a similar extension of meaning in the 20th century, from its former sense, "frivolous," to its current sense, "marked by an air of superiority"). It may be that people unfamiliar with the meaning of hoi polloi, but conscious of its strong associations with snobbery, misunderstood it as an arrogant term for the haves rather than a contemptuous term for the have-nots, thus giving rise to its newer, contradictory sense.</ref> Synonyms for hoi polloi include "the plebs" (plebeians), "the rabble", "the masses", "the great unwashed", "the riffraff", and "the proles" (proletarians).<ref name="Thesaurus">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
There is also widespread spoken use of the term in the opposite sense to refer denigratingly to elites that is common among middle-class and lower income people in several English-speaking countries and regions, including at least Australia, North America, and Scotland since at least the 1950s.<ref name=mw/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, this use is often considered incorrect.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The phrase probably became known to English scholars through Pericles' Funeral Oration, as mentioned in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. Pericles uses it in a positive way when praising the Athenian democracy, contrasting it with hoi oligoi, "the few" (Greek: Template:Lang; see also oligarchy).<ref>Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, Book 2.34-46: "Template:Lang " ("It is true that we are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few").</ref>
Its current English usage originated in the early 19th century, a time when it was generally accepted that one must be familiar with Greek and Latin in order to be considered well educated.<ref name="JSTOR">Template:Cite periodical</ref><ref name="MSU">Template:Cite web</ref> The phrase was originally written in Greek letters.<ref name="Random">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Editors of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition "Blue plate special"; how to use "hoi polloi; "Peck's Bad Boy October 28, 2003, Jewish World Review.</ref><ref>Lord Byron Lord Byron's Letters and Journals Template:Webarchive November 24, 1813.</ref> Knowledge of these languages served to set apart the speaker from hoi polloi in question, who were not similarly educated.<ref name="Random"/>
Pronunciation
The term is of course pronounced very differently in English, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek:
- English educated speakers pronounce it Template:IPAc-en, but use in the opposite sense of "elites" usually has initial stress on "polloi".Template:Cn<ref>https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/the-hoi-polloi?q=the+hoi+polloi</ref><ref name=mw/>
- Ancient Greek had phonemic consonant length, or gemination. Speakers would have pronounced it Template:IPA with the double-λ being geminated.
- Modern Greek speakers pronounce it Template:IPA since in Modern Greek there is no voiceless glottal /h/ phoneme and οι is pronounced Template:IPA (all Ancient Greek diphthongs are now pronounced as monophthongs). Greek Cypriots still pronounce the double-λ (Template:IPA).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Usage
Some linguists argue that, given that hoi is a definite article, the phrase "the hoi polloi" is redundant, akin to saying "the the masses". Others argue that this is inconsistent with other English loanwords.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The word "alcohol", for instance, derives from the Arabic al-kuhl, al being an article, yet "the alcohol" is universally accepted as good grammar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Appearances in the nineteenth century
Template:See also There have been numerous uses of the term in English literature. James Fenimore Cooper, author of The Last of the Mohicans, is often credited with making the first recorded usage of the term in English.<ref name="dictionary.reference.com">American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.</ref><ref name="tln01">The Literature Network.</ref> The first recorded use by Cooper occurs in his 1837 work Gleanings in Europe where he writes "After which the oi polloi are enrolled as they can find interest."<ref>Cooper, James Fenimore Gleanings in Europe: England 1837.</ref>
Lord Byron had, in fact, previously used the term in his letters and journal. In one journal entry, dated 24 November 1813, Byron writes:
Byron also wrote an 1821 entry in his journal "... one or two others, with myself, put on masks, and went on the stage with the 'oi polloi."<ref>Lord Byron, Detached Thoughts, 1821.</ref>
In Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, Thomas De Quincey uses the term during a passage discussing which of the English classes is most proud, noting "... the children of bishops carry about with them an austere and repulsive air, indicative of claims not generally acknowledged, a sort of noli me tangere manner, nervously apprehensive of too familiar approach, and shrinking with the sensitiveness of a gouty man from all contact with the οι πολλοι."<ref>Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium Eater, 1822.</ref>
While Charles Darwin was at the University of Cambridge from 1828 to 1831, undergraduates used the term "hoi polloi" or "Poll" for those reading for an ordinary degree, the "pass degree".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At that time only capable mathematicians would take the Tripos or honours degree. In his autobiography written in the 1870s, Darwin recalled that "By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place among the οἱ πολλοί, or crowd of men who do not go in for honours."<ref>Barlow, Nora ed. 1958. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow. London: Collins. p. 59.</ref>
W. S. Gilbert used the term in 1882 when he wrote the libretto of the comic opera Iolanthe. In Act I, the following exchange occurs between a group of disgruntled fairies who are arranging to elevate a lowly shepherd to the peerage, and members of the House of Lords who will not hear of such a thing:
Gilbert's parallel use of canaille, plebs (plebeians), and hoi polloi makes it clear that the term is derogatory of the lower classes. In many versions of the vocal score, it is written as "οἱ πολλοί", likely confusing generations of amateur choristers who couldn't read Greek.
John Dryden used the phrase in his Essay of Dramatick Poesie, published in 1668. Dryden spells the phrase with Greek letters, but the rest of the sentence is in English (and he does precede it with "the").Template:Cn
Appearances in the twentieth century
The term has appeared in several films and radio programs. For example, one of the earliest short films from the Three Stooges, Hoi Polloi (1935), opens in an exclusive restaurant where two wealthy gentlemen are arguing whether heredity or environment is more important in shaping character.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They make a bet and pick on nearby trashmen (the Stooges) to prove their theory. At the conclusion of three months in training, the Stooges attend a dinner party, where they thoroughly embarrass the professors.
The University of Dayton's Don Morlan says, "The theme in these shorts of the Stooges against the rich is bringing the rich down to their level and shaking their heads." A typical Stooges joke from the film is when someone addresses them "Gentlemen...!" –whereupon they look over their shoulders to see whom is being addressed.<ref>von Busack, Richard, Pure Slap Shtik Metro Santa Cruz - January 16–22, 1997.</ref> The Stooges turn the table on their hosts by calling them "hoi polloi" at the end of the short.
The term continues to be used in contemporary writing. In his 1983 introduction to Robert Anton Wilson's Prometheus Rising, Israel Regardie writes, "Once I was even so presumptuous as to warn (Wilson) in a letter that his humor was much too good to waste on hoi polloi who generally speaking would not understand it and might even resent it."<ref>Regardie, Israel Introduction Template:Webarchive Prometheus Rising 1983.</ref>
The term "hoi polloi" was used in a dramatic scene in the film Dead Poets Society (1989). Professor Keating speaks negatively about the use of the article "the" in front of the phrase.<ref>Schulman, Tom Excerpts from the script of Dead Poets Society.</ref>
The term was also used in the comedy film Caddyshack (1980). In a rare moment of cleverness, Spaulding Smails greets Danny Noonan as he arrives for the christening of The Flying Wasp, the boat belonging to Judge Elihu Smails (Spaulding's grandfather), with "Ahoy, polloi! Where did you come from, a scotch ad?" This is particularly ironic, because Danny has just finished mowing the Judge's lawn, and arrives overdressed, wearing a sailboat captain's outfit (as the girl seated next to him points out, Danny "looks like Dick Cavett").<ref name="Journal"/>
In the song "Risingson" on Massive Attack's Mezzanine album, the singer apparently appeals to his company to leave the club they're in, deriding the common persons' infatuation with them, and implying that he's about to slide into antisocial behaviour:
The term was used in a first-series episode (The New Vicar, aired 5 November 1990) of the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances. The main character, Hyacinth Bucket, gets into a telephone argument with a bakery employee. When the employee abruptly hangs up in frustration, Hyacinth disparagingly refers to him as "hoi polloi". This is in keeping with her character; she looks down upon those she considers to be of lesser social standing, including working-class people.<ref>Keeping Up Appearances 02 - Welcoming The Dishy Vicar Divxmoviesenglishsubtitles.com Accessed on 11 May 2007.</ref>
Hoi Polloi was used in Larry Marder's Tales of the Beanworld to name the unusual group of creatures that lived beneath the Beanworld.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The American pop music group The Lovin' Spoonful uses the term in the lyrics of their song Jug Band Music:
- ...we staggered into land
- With all the waders eatin' sandwiches
- And tried to mooch a towel from the hoi polloi...
Appearances in the twenty-first century
The August 14, 2001 episode of CNN's Larry King Live program included a discussion about whether the sport of polo was an appropriate part of the image of the British royal family. Joining King on the program were Robert Lacey and Kitty Kelley. Their discussions focused on Prince Charles and his son Prince William:
The term appears in the 2003 Broadway musical Wicked, where it is used by the characters Elphaba and Glinda to refer to the many inhabitants of the Emerald City: "... I wanna be in this hoi polloi ..."<ref name="Schwartz">Template:Cite web</ref>
Jack Cafferty, a CNN anchorman, was caught misusing the term. On 9 December 2004 he retracted his statement, saying "And hoi-polloi refers to common people, not those rich morons that are evicting those two red-tail hawks (ph) from that fifth Avenue co-op. I misused the word hoi-polloi. And for that I humbly apologize."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
New media and new inventions have also been described as being by or for the hoi polloi. Bob Garfield, co-host of NPR's On the Media program, 8 November 2005, used the phrase in reference to changing practices in the media, especially Wikipedia, "The people in the encyclopedia business, I understand, tend to sniff at the wiki process as being the product of the mere hoi polloi."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In "Sunk Costs" (season 3 episode 3) of Better Call Saul, Jimmy has been arrested and the DDA (Oakley) teases him "getting fingerprinted with the hoi polloi".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The first episodio of the Frasier 2023 reboot shows Kelsey Grammer sharing a beer with some peers while saying “What is it about the city of Boston that leads me to forego the more sophisticated temptation of the fermented grape? Sitting here with a cold brew in my hand, I feel amalgamated with the hoi polloi".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Polyarchy
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