Horsehead Nebula

The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33 or B33) is a small dark nebula in the constellation Orion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The nebula is located just to the south of Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion molecular cloud complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud known as Lynds 1630, along the edge of the much larger, active star-forming H II region called IC 434.<ref name="ESO2002">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 422 parsecs or 1,375 light-years from Earth.<ref name="Gaia DR2"/><ref name="ESO2002"/> It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of its resemblance to a horse's head.<ref name="noao.edu">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

The nebula was discovered by Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming in 1888 on a photographic plate taken at the Harvard College Observatory.<ref name=phaedra>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Cannon">Template:Cite journal</ref> One of the first descriptions was made by E. E. Barnard, describing it as: "Dark mass, diam. 4′, on nebulous strip extending south from ζ Orionis", cataloguing the dark nebula as Barnard 33.<ref name="Barnard1919">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Structure

The dark cloud of dust and gas is a region in the Orion molecular cloud complex, where star formation is taking place. It is located in the constellation of Orion, which is prominent in the winter evening sky in the Northern Hemisphere and the summer evening sky in the Southern Hemisphere.

File:Horsehead and flame Nebulea 384mm scope Ha-RGB.jpg

The Horsehead Nebula and its surroundings. The reflection nebula NGC 2023 in the bottom left corner.

Colour images reveal a red colour that originates from ionised hydrogen gas (Hα) predominantly behind the nebula, and caused by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. Magnetic fields channel the gases, leaving the nebula into streams, shown as foreground streaks against the background glow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A glowing strip of hydrogen gas marks the edge of the enormous cloud, and the densities of nearby stars are noticeably different on either side.

Heavy concentrations of dust in the Horsehead Nebula region and neighbouring Orion Nebula are localized into interstellar clouds, resulting in alternating sections of nearly complete opacity and transparency.<ref name="MorganLodén1966">Template:Cite journal</ref> The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust blocking the light of stars behind it.<ref name="Mayo Greenberg2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> The lower part of the Horsehead's neck casts a shadow to the left.<ref>Template:Cite APOD</ref> The visible dark nebula emerging from the gaseous complex is an active site of the formation of "low-mass" stars. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula's base are young stars just in the process of forming.

File:Horsehead-Hubble.jpg

Close up view of the Horsehead Nebula, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2001. The image was captured upon popular demand to celebrate the eleventh anniversary of the telescope.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Orion Belt.jpg

The three bright stars of Orion's Belt with the Horsehead Nebula to the lower left of the belt star Alnitak

See also

• List of Hubble anniversary images

External links

• SOFIA/upGREAT [C II] Velocity Resolved Map of the Horsehead Nebula
• The Horsehead Nebula @ The Electronic Sky
• Hubble Observes the Horsehead Nebula
• The discovery of early photographs of the Horsehead nebula, by Waldee and Hazen
• The Horsehead Nebula in the 19th Century, by Waldee
• Detection of new nebulae by photography, by Pickering
• Horsehead Nebula at ESA/Hubble
• The Horsehead Nebula at the Astro-Photography site of Mr. T. Yoshida.
• The Horsehead-Nebula and neighboring structures in a classical view
• The Horsehead Nebula on interactive astro-photography survey at Wikisky.org
• The Horsehead Nebula at Constellation Guide