Hurricane Gilbert

Hurricane Gilbert was a large and extremely powerful tropical cyclone that formed during the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season, which peaked as a Category 5 hurricane. The storm brought widespread destruction to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, and is tied with 1969's Hurricane Camille as the second-most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall in the Atlantic Ocean. It was also the second-most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin in terms of barometric pressure, only behind Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Gilbert was also one of the largest tropical cyclones ever observed in the Atlantic basin. At one point, its tropical storm-force winds measured Template:Convert in diameter. In addition, Gilbert was the most intense tropical cyclone in recorded history to strike Mexico.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track

The seventh named storm, third hurricane and first major hurricane of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Gilbert developed from a tropical wave on September 8 while located Template:Convert east of Barbados. Following intensification into a tropical storm the next day, Gilbert steadily strengthened as it tracked west-northwestward into the Caribbean Sea. On September 10, Gilbert attained hurricane intensity, and rapidly intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on September 11. After striking Jamaica the following day, rapid intensification occurred once again, and the storm became a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale with peak 1-minute sustained winds of Template:Convert, late on September 13. Gilbert then weakened slightly, and made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula later that day while maintaining Category 5 intensity. After landfall, Gilbert weakened rapidly over the Yucatán Peninsula, and emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 storm on September 15. Gradual intensification occurred as Gilbert tracked across the Gulf of Mexico, and the storm made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane in mainland Mexico on September 16. The hurricane gradually weakened after landfall, and eventually dissipated on September 19 over the Midwestern United States.

Gilbert wrought havoc in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico for nearly nine days. In total, it killed 318 people and caused about $2.98 billion (1988 USD) in damages along its path. As a result of the extensive damage caused by Gilbert, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name in the spring of 1989; it was replaced with Gordon for the 1994 hurricane season.

Meteorological history

Template:Storm path The origins of Hurricane Gilbert trace back to an easterly tropical wave—an elongated low-pressure area moving from east to west—that crossed the northwestern coast of Africa on September 3, 1988. Over the subsequent days, the wave traversed the tropical Atlantic and developed a broad wind circulation extending just north of the equator. The system remained disorganized until September 8, when satellite images showed a defined circulation center approaching the Windward Islands. The following day, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified it as the twelfth tropical depression of the annual hurricane season using the Dvorak technique, when it was located about Template:Convert east of Barbados. The depression proceeded toward the west-northwest, and while moving through the Lesser Antilles near Martinique, it gained enough strength to be designated as Tropical Storm Gilbert.<ref name="prelim01">Template:Cite report</ref>

After becoming a tropical storm, Gilbert underwent a period of significant strengthening. Passing to the south of Dominican Republic and Haiti, it became a hurricane late on September 10 and further strengthened to Category 3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale the next day. At that time, Gilbert was classified as a major hurricane with sustained winds of Template:Convert and a minimum barometric pressure of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On September 12, the hurricane made landfall on the eastern coast of Jamaica at this intensity; its Template:Convert-wide eye moved from east to west across the entire length of the island.<ref name="prelim01"/><ref name="crid">Template:Cite report</ref>

Template:Most intense hurricanes Gilbert strengthened rapidly after emerging from the coast of Jamaica. As the hurricane brushed the Cayman Islands, a reporting station on Grand Cayman recorded a wind gust of Template:Convert as the storm passed just to the southeast on September 13. Explosive intensification continued until Gilbert reached a minimum pressure of Template:Convert with maximum sustained flight-level winds of Template:Convert, having intensified by 72 mbar in a space of 24 hours.<ref group="nb">While the storm was active, the National Hurricane Center estimated the minimum pressure to be Template:Convert based on reports from weather reconnaissance aircraft. However, this estimate was revised to Template:Convert during post-storm analysis, as it was discovered that the pressure transducer used to calculate the aircraft's static pressure had a bias towards low pressures.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref></ref><ref name="prelim01"/> This pressure was the lowest ever observed in the Western Hemisphere and made Gilbert the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record until it was surpassed by Hurricane Wilma in 2005.<ref name="HURDAT"/>

Gilbert then weakened somewhat, but remained a Category 5 hurricane as it made landfall for a second time on the island of Cozumel, and then a third time on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula on September 14.<ref name="prelim01"/><ref name="prelim02"/> This made it the first Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane David hit Hispaniola in 1979. The minimum pressure at landfall in Cozumel was estimated to be Template:Convert, along with maximum sustained winds of Template:Convert.<ref name="prelim02">Template:Cite web</ref> The storm weakened quickly while crossing land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane.<ref name="prelim09">Template:Cite web</ref> Gilbert re-strengthened rapidly, however, and made landfall for a final time as a Category 3 hurricane near La Pesca, Tamaulipas on September 16, with winds of about Template:Convert.<ref name="prelim01"/>

On September 17, Gilbert brushed the inland city of Monterrey, Nuevo León before taking a sharp turn to the north. The storm spawned 29 tornadoes in Texas on September 18, and then moved across Oklahoma. It was absorbed by a low-pressure system over Missouri on September 19, and finally became extratropical over Lake Michigan.<ref name="prelim01"/>

Preparations

File:Gilbert 1988-09-16 2000Z.png

Hurricane Gilbert making landfall in Mexico on September 16.

Late on September 10, a tropical storm warning was issued by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for the southern coast of the Dominican Republic alongside a hurricane watch for the Barahona Peninsula. The hurricane watch for Barahona was upgraded to a hurricane warning early on September 11. Later that day, hurricane watches were posted for the Dominican Republic's southern coast, Jamaica, and the southern coast of Cuba east of Cabo Cruz; the hurricane watch in Jamaica was upgraded to a hurricane warning by the end of the day. Hurricane warnings for the southern coast of Haiti were also posted on September 11.<ref name="prelim11">Template:Cite report</ref>

On September 12, a hurricane watch was issued for the Cayman Islands, and the hurricane watch for the southern coast of Cuba was extended to Cienfuegos, with the portion of the watch east of Camagüey upgraded to a hurricane warning. That evening, the Yucatán Peninsula was placed under a hurricane watch between Felipe Carrillo Puerto and Progreso. This area included the resort cities of Cancún and Cozumel.<ref name=prelim11 /> The following day, hurricane watches were posted for Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, and the Cayman Islands were placed under a hurricane warning.<ref name=prelim11 /> The watches in western Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula were replaced with warnings at about mid-day September 13.<ref name="prelim12">Template:Cite report</ref> As Gilbert approached the Yucatán Peninsula on September 14, the hurricane warning in the region was extended to cover the entire coast between Chetumal and Champotón, while a hurricane watch was posted for the northern district of Belize.<ref name="prelim12" /> Once Gilbert entered the Gulf of Mexico on September 15, hurricane watches were posted for the portion of the shore between Port Arthur and Tampico. Around noon that day, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning between Tampico and Port O'Connor.<ref name="prelim12" />

The NHC advised small craft to remain in port in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands until weather conditions improved. Civil defense authorities in the Dominican Republic urged residents along the country's south coast to be prepared for strong winds, torrential rainfall, and rough seas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gilberto Gutierrez, the civil defense planning director, estimated that 100 to 200 people fled their homes in the Barahona Peninsula.<ref name="tyler">Template:Cite news</ref> In Cuba, a state of emergency was declared for Granma, Guantánamo, and Santiago de Cuba provinces. Approximately 90,000 people in eastern Cuba evacuated from low-lying areas.<ref name="undro3">Template:Cite report</ref> Another 60,000 individuals fled their homes from low-lying areas of Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud. Some 4,000 Red Cross volunteers assisted with evacuations and medical needs in Cuba.<ref name="undro4">Template:Cite report</ref> Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga alerted other government officials about the approaching storm, including police and armed forces, and ordered that the National Arena be used as a shelter, which thousands of people stayed at. Around 100,000 people evacuated from the Portmore area alone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The threat from Gilbert led airports to cancel inbound commercial flights, while ferry services were suspended across Kingston Harbour.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Cayman Airways evacuated residents from the Cayman Islands ahead of Gilbert.<ref name="news">Template:Cite news</ref> Authorities in Mexico estimated that approximately 75,000 people evacuated from parts of the Yucatán Peninsula, including tourists leaving resorts at places such as Cancún and Cozumel.<ref name="undro4"/> As Gilbert approached northeastern Mexico, 16 shelters were opened in Matamoros, which sheltered roughly 55,000 people. Another 100,000 individuals moved farther inland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Approximately 10,000 oil workers left rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. In the United States, schools closed in some coastal counties of Texas and parishes of Louisiana. All naval ships along the Gulf Coast had "been ordered out to sea to ride out the storm", according to United Press International, while the naval air stations at Beeville and Corpus Christ were closed and their aircraft flown to Lackland Air Force Base near San Antonio. Around 25,000 people evacuated in the latter,<ref name="at least 33">Template:Cite news</ref> including 15,000 from southern Plaquemines Parish, 7,500 from Cameron Parish, and 2,000 from Grand Isle.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Upwards of 170,000 people fled their homes in Texas, with at least 113,000 from Galveston County, due in part to an evacuation order of Galveston Island. South Padre Island and some neighborhoods of Brownsville were also ordered to evacuate. A total of 192 Red Cross shelters opened across the state. Around 4,400 state and county prisoners were moved inland.<ref name="at least 33"/> Texas governor Bill Clements issued a decree allowing municipalities to lift laws in the name of public safety, including contraflow lane reversals<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and speed limits.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Impact

Impact by country

Country	Deaths	Ref	Damage	Ref
Mexico	202	<ref name="1988 AHS">Template:Cite journal</ref>	Template:Ntsp	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>
Jamaica	45	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Template:Ntsp	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>
Haiti	30	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Template:Ntsp	Template:EM-DAT
Guatemala	12	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Unknown
Honduras	12	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Unknown
Dominican Republic	5	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	>Template:Ntsp	<ref name="UPIHispaniola1"/>
Venezuela	5	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Template:Ntsp
United States	3	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Template:Ntsp	<ref name="Dead 2011">Template:Cite report</ref>
Costa Rica	2	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Unknown
Nicaragua	2	<ref name="1988 AHS"/>	Unknown
St. Lucia	0		Template:Ntsp	<ref name="AssociatedPress915"/>
Puerto Rico	0		Template:Ntsp	<ref name="AssociatedPress915">Template:Cite news</ref>
Total	318		Template:Ntsp

Gilbert claimed 318 lives, mostly in Mexico. Exact monetary damage figures are not available, but the total for all areas affected by Gilbert is estimated to be near $2.98 billion (1988 USD).

Eastern Caribbean and Venezuela

As a tropical storm, Gilbert brought high winds and heavy rains to many of the eastern Caribbean islands.<ref name="AssociatedPress915"/> In St. Lucia, heavy rains peaking at Template:Convert in Castries resulted in flash flooding and mudslides, though no major structural damage was reported.<ref name="UPI911">Template:Cite news(accessed through LexisNexis)</ref><ref name="StLuciaUPI"/> At Hewanorra International Airport, a dam ruptured and flooded one of the runways.<ref name="UPI911"/> Offshore, six fishermen went missing as Gilbert approached the Lesser Antilles.<ref name="StLuciaUPI">Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Banana crop losses from the storm in St. Lucia reached $740,000, with Guadeloupe, St. Vincent, and Dominica reporting similar damage.<ref name="AssociatedPress915"/> Several mudslides were reported in Dominica, though no damage resulted from them. Roughly Template:Convert of rain fell in Barbados, leading to flash floods and prompting officials to close schools and government offices.<ref name="UPI911"/> The U.S. Virgin Islands experienced widespread power outages and flooding, with many residents losing electricity for several days. Damage was less severe in the nearby British Virgin Islands, where only some flooding and power outages took place. In Puerto Rico, dozens of small communities lost power and agricultural losses reached $200,000.<ref name="AssociatedPress915"/>

In Venezuela, outflow bands from Gilbert produced torrential rain which triggered widespread flash floods and landslides in the northern part of the country, killing five people and leaving hundreds homeless.<ref name="1988 AHS"/><ref>Template:Cite news (Accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Damage from the storm was estimated at $3 million.<ref>Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> In total, seven fatalities would occur in the Dominican Republic and Venezuela.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hispaniola

Heavy rains from the outer bands of Hurricane Gilbert triggered significant flooding in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. At least nine people perished in the Dominican Republic as many rivers, including the Yuna, overtopped their banks.<ref name="UPIHispaniola1"/> The main electrical relay station in Santo Domingo was damaged by the storm, causing a temporary blackout for much of the city.<ref name="StPetersburgHispaniola1"/> Losses in the country were estimated in the millions of dollars.<ref name="UPIHispaniola1"/> In nearby Haiti, more substantial losses took place; 53 people died,<ref name="emdat"/> including 10 offshore. Most of the casualties took place in the southern part of the country. The port of Jacmel was reportedly destroyed by Template:Convert waves stirred up by the hurricane.<ref name="UPIHispaniola1">Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> In light of extensive damage, the government of Haiti declared a state of emergency for the entire southern peninsula.<ref name="StPetersburgHispaniola1">Template:Cite news</ref> Losses throughout Haiti were estimated at $91.2 million.<ref name="emdat"/>

Jamaica

File:Gilbert 1988-09-12 1630Z.png

Gilbert approaching Jamaica on September 12

Hurricane Gilbert produced a Template:Convert storm surge and up to Template:Convert of rain in the mountainous areas of Jamaica,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> causing inland flash flooding.<ref name="1988 AHS"/> An observation site located about Template:Convert northeast of Kingston recorded sustained winds of Template:Convert and wind gusts up to Template:Convert. At least 45 people died.<ref name="1988 AHS"/> Prime Minister Edward Seaga stated that the hardest hit areas near where Gilbert made landfall looked "like Hiroshima after the atom bomb."<ref>Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> The storm left at least $800 million (1988 USD) in damage from destroyed crops, buildings, houses, roads, and small aircraft, according to the National Library of Jamaica.<ref name="nlj">Template:Cite report</ref> However, other sources such as the Monthly Weather Review and the National Hurricane Center estimated that Gilbert caused almost $2 billion in damage in the country.<ref name="prelim02"/><ref name="1988 AHS"/> Additionally, the Regional Disaster Information Centre placed the damage total at $4 billion, with agricultural impacts representing more than 40% of this figure.<ref name="crid"/> Seaga initially stated that damage reached about $8 billion, but later lowered his estimate to $818 million to $1 billion while speaking to Parliament.<ref name="needs more help">Template:Cite news</ref> Regardless, Gilbert was the most destructive storm in the history of Jamaica and the most severe storm since Hurricane Charlie in 1951.<ref name="Jamaica Counts">Template:Cite news</ref>

Seaga described a few districts of Portland and Saint Thomas parishes as completely devastated and reported heavy damage in Hanover, Saint Catherine, and Westmoreland parishes, including the destruction of hundreds of acres of sugarcane and coconut groves.<ref name="reyna"/> Estimates of property damage by September 13 reached over $200 million. A breakdown of the $818 million damage estimate, reported to the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) by October 11, included $260 million incurred to low income dwellings, $179 million to agriculture and farming, $106 million to electrical utilities, $89 million to educational institutes, $60 million to fishing and forestry industries, $46 million to factories and hotels, $37 million to transportation and drainage infrastructure, $16 million to government buildings, $14 million to healthcare facilities, and $11 million to waterworks.<ref name="undro15">Template:Cite report</ref>

File:Hurricane Gilbert - destroyed buildings.JPEG

Buildings destroyed after Hurricane Gilbert

Government officials initially estimated approximately 100,000 homes were demolished and another 300,000 suffered severe damage or lost their roof, with around 500,000 people, roughly 20% of the population of Jamaica, becoming homeless.<ref name="reyna"/> However, Jamaican Information Services Director Jean Lewis noted in October that officials believed that figure was exaggerated.<ref name="needs more help"/> The report to UNDRO listed 229,300 low income housing units as damaged and another 10,300 as destroyed.<ref name="undro15"/> Reconnaissance flights over remote parts of Jamaica reported that 80% of the homes on the island had lost their roofs.<ref name="Jamaica Counts"/>

More than 50% of National Water Commission facilities suffered some degree of damage. Only one water treatment plant remained fully functional following the storm. Around 95% of health facilities experienced structural impacts, with over half (55%) being substantially damaged and two hospitals destroyed.<ref name="crid"/> Gilbert damaged at least 85% of schools.<ref name="undro14">Template:Cite report</ref> The country's banana crop and poultry industry were also virtually wiped out.<ref name="damage over 100,000 homes"/><ref name="Jamaica Counts"/> Hundreds of miles of roads and highways were also heavily damaged.<ref name="damage over 100,000 homes">Template:Cite news</ref> Two people eventually had to be rescued because of mudslides triggered by Gilbert and were sent to the hospital. The two people were reported to be fine. No planes were going in and out of Kingston, and telephone lines were jammed from Jamaica.<ref name="news"/> As Gilbert lashed Kingston, its winds knocked down power lines, uprooted trees, and flattened fences. On the north coast, Template:Convert waves hit, forcing hotels to be evacuated in the popular tourist destination. Kingston's airport reported severe damage to its aircraft, and all Jamaica-bound flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport.<ref name="news"/>

Cayman Islands

Gilbert passed Template:Convert to the south of the Cayman Islands early on September 13, with one reported gust of Template:Convert. However, the islands largely escaped the hurricane due to Gilbert's quick forward motion. Damage was mitigated because the depth of the water surrounding the islands limited the height of the storm surge to Template:Convert There was very severe damage to crops, trees, pastures, and a number of private homes.<ref name="Hurricanecity/Cayman Islands">Template:Cite web</ref> At least 50 people were left homeless and losses were expected to be in the millions.<ref name="UPIHispaniola1"/>

Across parts of northern Central America, heavy rains from the outer bands of Hurricane Gilbert triggered deadly flash floods. Its rainfall and high winds reached Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. In Honduras, at least eight people were killed and 6,000 were left homeless. Additionally, approximately Template:Convert of crops were flooded.<ref>Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref> Sixteen people perished in Guatemala and another five died in Nicaragua, leaving a total of 21 people dead in Central America.<ref>Template:Cite news (accessed through LexisNexis)</ref>

Mexico

File:Gilbert 1988 rainfall.gif

Rainfall in the United States and Mexico from Gilbert

Although no wind observations were available from Mexico,<ref name="prelim01"/> Gilbert may have produced wind gusts up to Template:Convert in the Yucatán Peninsula,<ref name="kirby">Template:Cite news</ref> which the storm struck as a Category 5 hurricane.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Rainfall in Mexico peaked at Template:Convert in Progreso, Yucatán.<ref name="rain">Template:Cite web</ref> The NHC noted that the Yucatán Peninsula likely had storm surge ranging from Template:Convert above ground near and north of where the hurricane made landfall, although Esmas.com reported a peak of around Template:Convert. The east coast of Mexico experienced storm surge totals from Template:Convert above ground around and just north of the point where Gilbert struck the country again.<ref name="prelim02"/> Gilbert destroyed approximately 60,000 homes in Mexico.<ref name="Mexican Hurricanes/Gilbert">Template:Cite journal</ref> Overall, the hurricane caused 202 deaths and approximately $2 billion in damage.<ref name="1988 AHS"/>

In the Yucatán Peninsula, more than 5,000 American tourists were evacuated from Cancún.<ref name="300 feared dead"/> Storm surge washed away 60% of the city's beaches and penetrated up to Template:Convert inland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A local official estimated that Gilbert demolished and substantially damaged approximately 80% of palapas, a type of structure that roughly 60% of residents live in.<ref name="Cancún"/>Template:Rp Many public schools being used as shelters flooded.<ref name="Cancún"/>Template:Rp Three ferries used for transportation between Isla Mujeres and the mainland capsized.<ref name="gilbert batters"/> In Quintana Roo, Gilbert caused significant defoliation in the jungle. The debris eventually fueled a fire in 1989, which ultimately burned Template:Convert.<ref name="Natural Hazards Map">Template:Cite book</ref> Quintana Roo Governor Miguel Borge reported that damages in Cancún were estimated at more than 1.3 billion Mexican pesos (1988 pesos; $500 million in USD). A further loss of $87 million (1989 USD) due to a decline in tourism was estimated for the months of October, November and December in 1988.<ref name="Cancún">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp Damage to the vegetation of Cozumel Island combined with human habitat alteration is blamed for the rapid decline and possible extinction of the endemic Cozumel Thrasher.

Strong winds in the state of Yucatán littered the streets with hundreds of tree branches and pieces of corrugated tin roofs. Additionally, high tensions towers crashed on to a highway from Mérida to Valladolid and a number of electrical and telephone lines were downed, almost completely severing communications from the state. In Valladolid, the hurricane destroyed dozens of homes.<ref name="kirby"/> Four deaths occurred in Dzidzantún when a wall collapsed. Many residents throughout the state lost electrical and water services.<ref name="kirby"/> In Campeche, an employee of the newspaper Novedades de Campeche remarked that "there is no light, there is no radio ... The whole city is flooded." Gilbert also downed many trees and tossed boats up to hundreds of yards inland. Two infants drowned while residents evacuated from a low-lying neighborhood.<ref name="gilbert batters">Template:Cite news</ref>

As Gilbert lashed the third largest city of Mexico, Monterrey, it brought very high winds, torrential rains, and extensive flash floods. More than 60 people died from raging flood waters, and it was feared that more than 150 people died when five buses carrying evacuees were overturned in the raging floodwaters. Six policemen died when they were swept away while trying to rescue passengers on buses stranded by the Santa Catarina River.<ref name="Mexican Hurricanes/Gilbert"/><ref name="300 feared dead">Template:Cite news</ref> The residents of Monterrey had no power or drinking water, and most telephone lines were down. As the water receded, vehicles began appearing with their wheels up, jammed with mud and rocks.

In Saltillo, five people died in road accidents caused by heavy rain, and almost 1,000 were left homeless.<ref name="300 feared dead"/> Rainfall in northeastern Mexico peaked at over Template:Convert in localized areas of inland Tamaulipas.<ref name="rain"/> In Coahuila, rainfall from Gilbert caused the deaths of 5 people who were swept away by rising waters. Among these were a paramedic and a pregnant woman who died when a Mexican Red Cross ambulance fell into a flooded arroyo near Los Chorros after a bridge collapsed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gilbert dumped torrential rains and spawned some tornadoes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

United States

Gilbert caused three deaths and approximately $80 million in damage in the United States,<ref name="1988 AHS"/><ref name="Dead 2011"/> mostly in south Texas.<ref name="1988 AHS"/> According to Storm Data, the cyclone spawned 47 tornadoes, including 41 in Texas, 3 in Alabama, 2 in Mississippi, and 1 each in Louisiana and Oklahoma.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp In Florida, abnormally high tides flooded streets in Key West,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> where a thunderstorm associated with Gilbert produced wind gusts as high as Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> All three tornadoes spawned in Alabama uprooted trees, while one also toppled permanent signs in Daleville.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp In Mississippi, a tornado deroofed a home near Waveland and another damaged a roof and a car in Moss Point.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Tides generally Template:Convert above normal impacted Louisiana east of the Mississippi River and Template:Convert above normal west of the river. Some roads near bayous in southern Terrebonne Parish flooded, while up to Template:Convert of beachfront was lost at parts of Grand Isle.<ref name="sd">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp An F0 tornado in Lacombe caused slight damage to a commercial building and ripped branches from trees.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Oklahoma recorded the highest rainfall in the United States at Template:Convert, in Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge.<ref name="rain"/> Isolated locations in Texas and Oklahoma reported over Template:Convert.<ref name="rain"/> In the latter, nearly 100 people in the city of Kingfisher after Kingfisher Creek overflowed its banks. A tornado touched-down in Ottawa County, impacting two barns and crossing Ottawa Indian Cemetery, where it destroyed a small building and damaged 20 tombstones.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Up to Template:Convert fell in central Michigan.<ref name="rain"/>

Texas

Despite concerns that Texas might suffer a direct hit,<ref name="at least 33"/> Gilbert made landfall about Template:Convert south of the border.Template:Atlantic hurricane best track Consequently, a few locations observed sustained tropical storm-force winds, peaking at Template:Convert at South Padre Island, which also recorded the strongest wind gust, Template:Convert. Tides also reached Template:Convert above normal, also the highest reported.<ref name="prelim10">Template:Cite report</ref> According to the Weather Prediction Center, rainfall in Texas peaked at Template:Convert in Anson,Template:Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast although Storm Data noted that Template:Convert of precipitation fell in Lamar. While some places experienced flash flooding, rainfall in Texas was generally beneficial.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Gilbert also spawned 41 tornadoes in the state.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp

Winds in coastal south Texas downed some trees and a few power poles and caused minor crop losses. However, a floating marina at Port Isabel experienced major damage.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Gilbert spawned at least 29 tornadoes in south Texas.<ref name="1988 AHS"/> In Cameron County, a tornado near the northside of Brownsville inflicted severe damage to homes and apartment complexes and another twister moved across Harlingen, damaging 20 to 30 car windshields and some roofs, shattering windows at a hospital and nearby residences, and collapsing a wall and roof of a doctors office, with damage totaling at least $1 million. Several tornadoes touched-down in neighboring Hidalgo County. Although nearly all of them resulted in little to no impact, one toppled many trees, substantially damaged the roofs of some residences, and destroyed a home, a church, and least one mobile home.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp

File:Hurricane Gilbert aftermath at Kelly AFB, Texas.JPEG

Damage at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas

In the Corpus Christi area, storm surge and abnormally high tides inundated coastal roads and the John F. Kennedy Memorial Causeway, which was temporarily closed. Three tornadoes were spawned in Nueces County, one downing many trees; another damaging some fences, signs, and trees; and a third damaged some buildings at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi and residences at a nearby unoccupied housing development. A tornado in Pettus destroyed a municipal waterworks, two mobile homes, and some outbuildings. In neighboring Karnes County, a twister demolished a shed and chain-link fence and caused slight damage to a dwelling.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp A tornado spawned by Gilbert in Fayette County deroofed some barns and outbuildings and uprooted at least 15 trees and another in Caldwell County also toppled trees. In Comal County, a tornado deroofed a mobile home and inflicted minor roof damage to some homes.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp A 3-year old girl drowned near Port Lavaca.<ref name="aas">Template:Cite news</ref> Minor coastal flooding occurred in the Greater Houston area.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp

Three tornadoes touched-down in Bexar County, home of San Antonio, with each causing structural impacts. The first downed many trees and destroyed nine homes and five mobile homes over the southside of the county, injuring one person and killing another.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Next, a twister crossed Kelly Air Force Base and continued on the ground for Template:Convert, demolishing 2 warehouses and severely damaging about 12 others, damaging at least 20 vehicles, and injuring 18 people. Damage from this tornado totaled about $28 million. The third tornado damaged roughly 500 vehicles, 173 homes – 78 severely – partly deroofed a supermarket, and shattered windows at an apartment building and hospitals, with the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital also suffering major roof damage. Overall, this twister caused approximately $6 million in damage.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp A second person died in Bexar County after winds snapped an electrical pole, which crashed through the window of a home.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In Val Verde County, four tornadoes touched-down.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Although two inflicted no impacts, one damaged some outbuildings near Comstock and another along the northside of Del Rio severely damaged 89 homes, 15 to 20 cars, and a marina on Lake Amistad, and destroyed 18 residences, while several mobile homes experienced either substantial damage or were demolished.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Damage from the Del Rio tornado totaled about $2.5 million.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> Gilbert dropped Template:Convert of rain over Val Verde County, causing the Devils and Pecos rivers to overflow. Floodwaters inundated the Texas State Highway 163 bridge, leading to its closure. Concho County reported six tornadoes, although only one rendered any impacts, limited to minorly damaging a barn and toppling several trees on the west end of Eden.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp Downbursts relating to Gilbert affected the northside of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area. A downburst in Collin County nearly destroyed a hardware and lumber store, flattened several dwellings that were under construction, damaged the roof of a home, and tossed several cars. In Denton County, a downburst that produced wind gusts up to Template:Convert downed power lines in Valley View.<ref name="sd"/>Template:Rp

Aftermath

File:Hurricane Gilbert aftermath.JPEG

Aftermath in San Antonio

The overall property damage was estimated at $2.98 billion (1988 USD). Earlier estimates put property damage from Gilbert at $2.5 billion but were as high as $10 billion. A final count of Hurricane Gilbert's victims is not possible because many people remained missing in Mexico, but the total confirmed death toll was 433 people.<ref name="severe aftermath">Template:Cite news</ref>

Relief efforts

Partners of the Americas, a coalition of 60 countries, established a special relief fund for Jamaica and Mexico. Red Cross chapters in the British and United States Virgin Islands solicited monetary contributions, which they used to purchase supplies such as batteries, candles, baby food, canned food, and flashlights.<ref name="reyna">Template:Cite news</ref> In Texas, a major disaster was declared on October 5, 1988, which included Bexar, Cameron, and Hidalgo counties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The government of Haiti requested that the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator issue an appeal for international aid due to heavy damage in the southern parts of the country. The Armed Forces conducted damage and needs surveys. By October 10, the governments of Canada, France, and Switzerland each donated more than $30,000, while Catholic Relief Services expended just over $111,000 in aid and CARE International contributed thousands of bottles of oil and bags of milk and wheat.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Jamaica

Jampress stated that Edward Seaga, Prime Minister of Jamaica, described shelters in Kingston as appearing to have adequate supplies, but that food should be airlifted to inland communities left isolated due to impassible roads. Within a few days of Gilbert's landfall, Seaga viewed damage across Jamaica with U.S. Ambassador Michael G. Sotirhos and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) director William Joslyn. United States Navy cargo planes quickly sent water storage tanks and roof covering made of plastic. Additionally, USAID donated relief supplies with a monetary value of nearly $400,000, including 9,600 blankets, almost 4,000 water jugs, 360 plastic sheeting rolls, 200 tents, 18 water tanks, and 10 chain saws. On September 15, the European Economic Community (EEC) agreed to allocate $728,000 to Jamaica. The EEC also announced their intentions to send an initial shipment of about 16,000 blankets and 500 plastic rolls via the British Red Cross.<ref name="reyna"/>

The government enacted a curfew in Kingston via the Suppression of Crimes Act. Incidents of looting were reported in the aftermath of the storm, especially at grocery stores and supermarkets, with the total value of stolen items exceeding J$51.2 million. Police subsequently recovered approximately J$2.5 million worth of goods.<ref name="nlj"/>

On January 15, 1989, Seaga called the next general election to be held on February 9, allowing for the shortest possible time for campaigning.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although a Market Research Services Ltd. poll from November 25 to December 2, 1988, noted that 53% of respondents favored Seaga handling recovery efforts versus 38% for opposition leader Michael Manley, election polls around that time indicated that Manley's People's National Party lead Seaga's Jamaica Labour Party by a margin of about 10%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most candidates for the election inspected damage on the island and vigorously participated in relief efforts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Records

On September 13, Hurricane Gilbert attained a record low central pressure of 888 mb (hPa; 26.22 inHg), surpassing the previous minimum of Template:Convert set by the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. This made it the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the north Atlantic basin at the time. It was surpassed by Hurricane Wilma in 2005, which attained a central pressure of Template:Convert.<ref name="HURDAT"/> Gilbert was the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike Jamaica until it was surpassed 37 years later by Hurricane Melissa with a wind speed of 185 mph and a pressure of 892 mbar. The storm also produced record-breaking rainfall in Jamaica, amounting to Template:Convert. This ranked it (at that time) as the fourth-wettest known storm to strike Jamaica.<ref name="1988 AHS"/>

Retirement

Template:See also Due to the extensive damage and loss of life from the hurricane, the name Gilbert was retired by the World Meteorological Organization following the 1988 season, and will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was replaced by Gordon for the 1994 season.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

Popular culture

In Jamaica, dance hall DJ Lovindeer released a single called "Wild Gilbert" a few days after the storm. It was the fastest selling reggae record in the history of Jamaican music.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1989, the PBS series Nova released the episode "Hurricane!" that featured Gilbert (later modified in 1992 to reflect Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Iniki).Template:Citation needed

See also

• Timeline of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season
• List of Atlantic hurricane records
• List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
• Hurricane Allen (1980) – Category 5 hurricane that took a similar path and impacted similar areas
• List of Jamaica hurricanes
• List of Mexico hurricanes