Iñupiaq language

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }} Template:Infobox ethnonym Iñupiaq or Inupiaq (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:IPA), also known as Iñupiat, Inupiat (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), Iñupiatun or Alaskan Inuit, is an Inuit language, or perhaps group of languages, spoken by the Iñupiat people in northern and northwestern Alaska, as well as a small adjacent part of the Northwest Territories of Canada. The Iñupiat language is a member of the Inuit–Yupik–Unangan language family, and is closely related and, to varying degrees, mutually intelligible with other Inuit languages of Canada and Greenland. There are roughly 2,000 speakers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Iñupiaq is considered to be a threatened language, with most speakers at or above the age of 40.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Iñupiaq is an official language of the State of Alaska, along with several other indigenous languages.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

The major varieties of the Iñupiaq language are the North Slope Iñupiaq and Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq dialects.

The Iñupiaq language has been in decline since contact with English in the late 19th century. American territorial acquisition and the legacy of boarding schools have created a situation today where a small minority of Iñupiat speak the Iñupiaq language. There is, however, revitalization work underway today in several communities.

History

The Iñupiaq language is an Inuit language, the ancestors of which may have been spoken in the northern regions of Alaska for as long as 5,000 years. Between 1,000 and 800 years ago, Inuit migrated east from Alaska to Canada and Greenland, eventually occupying the entire Arctic coast and much of the surrounding inland areas. The Iñupiaq dialects are the most conservative forms of the Inuit language, with less linguistic change than the other Inuit languages.Template:Citation needed

In the mid to late 19th century, Russian, British, and American colonists made contact with Iñupiat people. In 1885, the American territorial government appointed Rev. Sheldon Jackson as General Agent of Education.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Under his administration, Iñupiat people (and all Alaska Natives) were educated in English-only environments, forbidding the use of Iñupiaq and other indigenous languages of Alaska. After decades of English-only education, with strict punishment if heard speaking Iñupiaq, after the 1970s, most Iñupiat did not pass the Iñupiaq language on to their children, for fear of them being punished for speaking their language.

In 1972, the Alaska Legislature passed legislation mandating that if "a [school is attended] by at least 15 pupils whose primary language is other than English, [then the school] shall have at least one teacher who is fluent in the native language".<ref>Krauss, Michael E. 1974. Alaska Native language legislation. International Journal of American Linguistics 40(2).150-52.</ref>

Today, the University of Alaska Fairbanks offers bachelor's degrees in Iñupiaq language and culture, while a preschool/kindergarten-level Iñupiaq immersion school named Nikaitchuat Iḷisaġviat teaches grades PreK–1st grade in Kotzebue.

In 2014, Iñupiaq became an official language of the State of Alaska, alongside English and nineteen other indigenous languages.<ref name=":0" /> In the same year, Iñupiat linguist and educator Edna Ahgeak MacLean published an Iñupiaq–English grammar and dictionary with over 19,000 entries. An online version was later released by her.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2018, Facebook added Iñupiaq as a language option on their website.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, an Iñupiaq version of Wordle was created.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Dialects

There are four main dialect divisions and these can be organized within two larger dialect collections:<ref name="languagegeek">Template:Cite web</ref>

• Iñupiaq
  • Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq is spoken on the Seward Peninsula. It has a possible Yupik substrate and is divergent from other Inuit languages.
    • Qawiaraq
    • Bering Strait
  • Northern Alaskan Iñupiaq is spoken from the Northwest Arctic and North Slope regions of Alaska to the Mackenzie Delta in Northwest Territories, Canada.
    • Malimiut
    • North Slope Iñupiaq

Dialect collection<ref name="languagegeek" /><ref name="Dorais 2010">Template:Cite book</ref>	Dialect<ref name="languagegeek" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" />	Subdialect<ref name="languagegeek" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" />	Tribal nation(s)	Populated areas<ref name="Dorais 2010" />
Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq	Bering Strait	Diomede	Iŋalit	Little Diomede Island, Big Diomede Island until the late 1940s
		Wales	Kiŋikmiut, Tapqaġmiut	Wales, Shishmaref, Brevig Mission
		King Island	Ugiuvaŋmiut	King Island until the early 1960s, Nome
	Qawiaraq	Teller	Siñiġaġmiut, Qawiaraġmiut	Teller, Shaktoolik
		Fish River	Iġałuiŋmiut	White Mountain, Golovin
Northern Alaskan Iñupiaq	Malimiutun	Kobuk	Kuuŋmiut, Kiitaaŋmiut [Kiitaaġmiut], Siilim Kaŋianiġmiut, Nuurviŋmiut, Kuuvaum Kaŋiaġmiut, Akuniġmiut, Nuataaġmiut, Napaaqtuġmiut, Kivalliñiġmiut<ref name="Burch1980">Burch 1980 Ernest S. Burch, Jr., Traditional Eskimo Societies in Northwest Alaska. Senri Ethnological Studies 4:253-304</ref>	Kobuk River Valley, Selawik
		Coastal	Pittaġmiut, Kaŋiġmiut, Qikiqtaġruŋmiut<ref name="Burch1980" />	Kotzebue, Noatak
	North Slope / Siḷaliñiġmiutun	Common North Slope	Utuqqaġmiut, Siliñaġmiut [Kukparuŋmiut and Kuuŋmiut], Kakligmiut [Sitarumiut, Utqiaġvigmiut and Nuvugmiut], Kuulugruaġmiut, Ikpikpagmiut, Kuukpigmiut [Kañianermiut, Killinermiut and Kagmalirmiut]<ref name="Burch1980" /><ref name="Spencer1959">Spencer 1959 Robert F. Spencer, The North Alaskan Eskimo: A study in ecology and society, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, 171 : 1-490</ref>
		Point Hope<ref name="MacLean 1986">Template:Cite book</ref>	Tikiġaġmiut	Point Hope<ref name="MacLean 1986" />
		Point Barrow	Nuvuŋmiut
		Anaktuvuk Pass	Nunamiut	Anaktuvuk Pass
		Uummarmiutun (Uummaġmiutun)	Uummarmiut (Uummaġmiut)	Aklavik (Canada), Inuvik (Canada)

Extra geographical information:

Bering Strait dialect:

The Native population of the Big Diomede Island was moved to the Siberian mainland after World War II. The following generation of the population spoke Central Siberian Yupik or Russian.<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> The entire population of King Island moved to Nome in the early 1960s.<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> The Bering Strait dialect might also be spoken in Teller on the Seward Peninsula.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Qawiaraq dialect:

A dialect of Qawiaraq is spoken in Nome.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" /> A dialect of Qawariaq may also be spoken in Koyuk,<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> Mary's Igloo, Council, and Elim.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> The Teller sub-dialect may be spoken in Unalakleet.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" />

Malimiutun dialect:

Both sub-dialects can be found in Buckland, Koyuk, Shaktoolik, and Unalakleet.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" /> A dialect of Malimiutun may be spoken in Deering, Kiana, Noorvik, Shungnak, and Ambler.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> The Malimiutun sub-dialects have also been classified as "Southern Malimiut" (found in Koyuk, Shaktoolik, and Unalakleet) and "Northern Malimiut" found in "other villages".<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

North Slope dialect:

Common North Slope is "a mix of the various speech forms formerly used in the area".<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> The Point Barrow dialect was "spoken only by a few elders" in 2010.<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> A dialect of North Slope is also spoken in Kivalina, Point Lay, Wainwright, Atqasuk, Utqiaġvik, Nuiqsut, and Barter Island.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Phonology

Iñupiaq dialects differ widely between consonants used. However, consonant clusters of more than two consonants in a row do not occur. A word may not begin nor end with a consonant cluster.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

All Iñupiaq dialects have three basic vowel qualities: /a i u/.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" /> There is currently no instrumental work to determine what allophones may be linked to these vowels. All three vowels can be long or short, giving rise to a system of six phonemic vowels /a aː i iː u uː/. Long vowels are represented by double letters in the orthography: ⟨aa⟩, ⟨ii⟩, ⟨uu⟩.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> The following diphthongs occur: /ai ia au ua iu ui/.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name=":3" /> No more than two vowels occur in a sequence in Iñupiaq.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

The Bering strait dialect has a fourth vowel /e/, which preserves the fourth proto-Eskimo vowel reconstructed as */ə/.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Dorais 2010" /> In the other dialects, proto-Eskimo */e/ has merged with the closed front vowel /i/. The merged /i/ is referred to as the "strong /i/", which causes palatalization when preceding consonant clusters in the North Slope dialect (see section on palatalization below). The other /i/ is referred to as "the weak /i/". Weak and strong /i/s are not differentiated in orthography,<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> making it impossible to tell which ⟨i⟩ represents palatalization "short of looking at other processes which depend on the distinction between two i's or else examining data from other Eskimo languages".<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> However, it can be assumed that, within a word, if a palatal consonant is preceded by an ⟨i⟩, it is strong. If an alveolar consonant is preceded by an ⟨i⟩, it is weak.<ref name=":4" />

Words begin with a stop (with the exception of the palatal stop /c/), the fricative /s/, nasals /m n/, with a vowel, or the semivowel /j/. Loanwords, proper names, and exclamations may begin with any segment in both the Seward Peninsula dialects and the North Slope dialects.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> In the Uummarmiutun dialect words can also begin with /h/. For example, the word for "ear" in North Slope and Little Diomede Island dialects is siun whereas in Uummarmiutun it is hiun.

A word may end in any nasal sound (except for the /ɴ/ found in North Slope), in the stops /t k q/ or in a vowel. In the North Slope dialect if a word ends with an m, and the next word begins with a stop, the m is pronounced /p/, as in aġnam tupiŋa, pronounced /aʁnap tupiŋa/<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Very little information of the prosody of Iñupiaq has been collected. However, "fundamental frequency (Hz), intensity (dB), loudness (sones), and spectral tilt (phons - dB) may be important" in Malimiutun.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> Likewise, "duration is not likely to be important in Malimiut Iñupiaq stress/syllable prominence".<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

North Slope Iñupiaq

For North Slope Iñupiaq<ref name="languagegeek" /><ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex / Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Stops		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link <ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn
Fricatives	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Lateral	Template:Small		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn
	Template:Small		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Approximant				Template:IPA link

The voiceless stops /p/ /t/ /k/ and /q/ are not aspirated.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> This may or may not be true for other dialects as well.

/c/ is derived from a palatalized and unreleased /t/.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Assimilation

Source:<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Two consonants cannot appear together unless they share the manner of articulation (in this case treating the lateral and approximant consonants as fricatives). The only exception to this rule is having a voiced fricative consonant appear with a nasal consonant. Since all stops in North Slope are voiceless, a lot of needed assimilation arises from having to assimilate a voiceless stop to a voiced consonant.

This process is realized by assimilating the first consonant in the cluster to a consonant that: 1) has the same (or closest possible) area of articulation as the consonant being assimilated to; and 2) has the same manner of articulation as the second consonant that it is assimilating to. If the second consonant is a lateral or approximant, the first consonant will assimilate to a lateral or approximant if possible. If not the first consonant will assimilate to a fricative. Therefore:

IPA	Example
/kn/ → /ɣn/ or → /ŋn/	Template:Interlinear
/qn/ → /ʁn/ or → /ɴ/ *	Template:Interlinear
/tn/ → /nn/	Template:Interlinear
/tm/ → /nm/	Template:Interlinear
/tɬ/ → /ɬɬ/	Template:Interlinear

* The sound /ɴ/ is not represented in the orthography. Therefore the spelling ġn can be pronounced as /ʁn/ or /ɴn/. In both examples 1 and 2, since voiced fricatives can appear with nasal consonants, both consonant clusters are possible.

The stops /t̚ʲ/ and /t/ do not have a corresponding voiced fricative, therefore they will assimilate to the closest possible area of articulation. In this case, the /t̚ʲ/ will assimilate to the voiced approximant /j/. The /t/ will assimilate into a Template:IPA. Therefore:

IPA	Example
/t̚ʲɣ/ → /jɣ/	Template:Interlinear
/tv/ → /ʐv/	Template:Interlinear

(In the first example above note that <sr> denotes a single consonant, as shown in the alphabet section below, so the constraint of at most two consonants in a cluster, as mentioned above, is not violated.)

In the case of the second consonant being a lateral, the lateral will again be treated as a fricative. Therefore:

IPA	Example
/ml/ → /ml/ or → /vl/	Template:Interlinear
/nl/ → /nl/ or → /ll/	Template:Interlinear

Since voiced fricatives can appear with nasal consonants, both consonant clusters are possible.

The sounds Template:IPA Template:IPA and Template:IPA are not represented in the orthography (unless they occur alone between vowels). Therefore, like the /ɴn/ example shown above, assimilation still occurs while the spelling remains the same. Therefore:

IPA (pronunciation)	Example
/qɬ/ → Template:IPA	Template:Interlinear
/kʂ/ → /xʂ/	Template:Interlinear
/vs/ → /fs/	Template:Interlinear

These general features of assimilation are not shared with Uummarmiut, Malimiutun, or the Seward Peninsula dialects. Malimiutun and the Seward Peninsula dialects "preserve voiceless stops (k, p, q, t) when they are etymological (i.e. when they belong to the original word-base)".<ref name="Dorais 2010" /> Compare:

North Slope	Malimiutun	Seward Peninsula dialects	Uummarmiut	English
nivliqsuq	nipliqsuq		nivliraqtuq	makes a sound
igniq	ikniq		ikniq	fire
annuġaak	atnuġaak		atar̂aaq	garment

Palatalization

Source:<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

The following patterns of palatalization can occur in North Slope Iñupiaq: /t/ → /t̚ʲ/, Template:IPA or /s/; Template:IPA → Template:IPA; Template:IPA → Template:IPA; and /n/ → Template:IPA. Palatalization only occurs when one of these four alveolars is preceded by a strong i. Compare:

Type of I	Example
strong	Template:Interlinear
weak	Template:Interlinear
strong	Template:Interlinear
weak	Template:Interlinear

Please note that the sound /t̚ʲ/ does not have its own letter, and is simply spelled with a T t. The IPA transcription of the above vowels may be incorrect.

If a t that precedes a vowel is palatalized, it will become an /s/. The strong i affects the entire consonant cluster, palatalizing all consonants that can be palatalized within the cluster. Therefore:

Type of I	Example
strong	Template:Interlinear
strong	Template:Interlinear

Note in the first example, due to the nature of the suffix, the /q/ is dropped. Like the first set of examples, the IPA transcriptions of above vowels may be incorrect.

If a strong i precedes geminate consonant, the entire elongated consonant becomes palatalized. For Example: niġḷḷaturuq and tikiññiaqtuq.

Further strong versus weak i processes

Source:<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

The strong i can be paired with a vowel. The weak i on the other hand cannot.<ref name=":4" /> The weak i will become an a if it is paired with another vowel, or if the consonant before the i becomes geminate. This rule may or may not apply to other dialects. Therefore:

Type of I	Example
weak	Template:Interlinear
strong	Template:Interlinear
weak	Template:Interlinear

Like the first two sets of examples, the IPA transcriptions of above vowels may not be correct.

Uummarmiutun sub-dialect

For the Uummarmiutun sub-dialect:<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Stops	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA linkTemplate:Efn
	Template:Small			Template:IPA link
Fricatives	Template:Small	Template:IPA link				Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Lateral	Template:Small		Template:IPA link
	Template:Small		Template:IPA link
Approximant				Template:IPA link

Phonological rules

The following are the phonological rules:<ref name=":3" /> The /f/ is always found as a geminate.

The /j/ cannot be geminated, and is always found between vowels or preceded by /v/. In rare cases it can be found at the beginning of a word.

The /h/ is never geminate, and can appear as the first letter of the word, between vowels, or preceded by /k/ /ɬ/ or /q/.

The Template:IPA and Template:IPA are always geminate or preceded by a /t/.

The Template:IPA can appear between vowels, preceded by consonants Template:IPA /k/ /q/ Template:IPA /t/ or /v/, or it can be followed by Template:IPA, /v/, Template:IPA.

Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq

For Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq:<ref name="languagegeek" />

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
Stops	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link
Fricatives	Template:Small		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link
	Template:Small	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Lateral	Template:Small		Template:IPA link
	Template:Small		Template:IPA link
Approximant		Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

Unlike the other Iñupiaq dialects, the Seward Peninsula dialect has a mid central vowel e (see the beginning of the phonology section for more information).

Gemination

In North Slope Iñupiaq, all consonants represented by orthography can be geminated, except for the sounds Template:IPA /s/ /h/ and Template:IPA.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq (using vocabulary from the Little Diomede Island as a representative sample) likewise can have all consonants represented by orthography appear as geminates, except for /b/ /h/ Template:IPA Template:IPA /w/ /z/ and Template:IPA. Gemination is caused by suffixes being added to a consonant, so that the consonant is found between two vowels.<ref name="MacLean 1986" />

Writing systems

Template:See also Iñupiaq was first written when explorers first arrived in Alaska and began recording words in the native languages. They wrote by adapting the letters of their own language to writing the sounds they were recording. Spelling was often inconsistent, since the writers invented it as they wrote. Unfamiliar sounds were often confused with other sounds, so that, for example, 'q' was often not distinguished from 'k' and long consonants or vowels were not distinguished from short ones.

Along with the Alaskan and Siberian Yupik, the Iñupiat eventually adopted the Latin script that Moravian missionaries developed in Greenland and Labrador. Native Alaskans also developed a system of pictographs,Template:Which which, however, died with its creators.<ref>Project Naming Template:Webarchive, the identification of Inuit portrayed in photographic collections at Library and Archives Canada</ref>

In 1946, Roy Ahmaogak, an Iñupiaq Presbyterian minister from Utqiaġvik, worked with Eugene Nida, a member of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, to develop the current Iñupiaq alphabet based on the Latin script. Although some changes have been made since its origin—most notably the change from 'ḳ' to 'q'—the essential system was accurate and is still in use.

Iñupiaq alphabet (North Slope and Northwest Arctic)<ref>Kaplan, Lawrence (2000). "L'Iñupiaq et les contacts linguistiques en Alaska". In Tersis, Nicole and Michèle Therrien (eds.), Les langues eskaléoutes: Sibérie, Alaska, Canada, Groënland, pages 91-108. Paris: CNRS Éditions. For an overview of Iñupiaq phonology, see pages 92-94.</ref>

A a	Ch ch	G g	Ġ ġ	H h	I i	K k	L l	Ḷ ḷ	Ł ł	Ł̣ ł̣	M m
a	cha	ga	ġa	ha	i	ka	la	ḷa	ła	ł̣a	ma
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink
N n	Ñ ñ	Ŋ ŋ	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Sr sr	T t	U u	V v	Y y
na	ña	ŋa	pa	qa	ra	sa	sra	ta	u	va	ya
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink

Extra letter for Kobuk dialect: ʼ Template:IPAslink

Iñupiaq alphabet (Seward Peninsula)

A a	B b	G g	Ġ ġ	H h	I i	K k	L l	Ł ł	M m	N n	Ŋ ŋ	P p
a	ba	ga	ġa	ha	i	ka	la	ła	ma	na	ŋa	pa
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink
Q q	R r	S s	Sr sr	T t	U u	V v	W w	Y y	Z z	Zr zr	ʼ
qa	ra	sa	sra	ta	u	va	wa	ya	za	zra
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink

Extra letters for specific dialects:

• Diomede: e Template:IPAslink
• Qawiaraq: ch /Template:IPA link/

Canadian Iñupiaq alphabet (Uummarmiutun)

A a	Ch ch	F f	G g	H h	Dj dj	I i	K k	L l	Ł ł	M m
a	cha	fa	ga	ha	dja	i	ka	la	ła	ma
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink
N n	Ñ ñ	Ng ng	P p	Q q	R r	R̂ r̂	T t	U u	V v	Y y
na	ña	ŋa	pa	qa	ra	r̂a	ta	u	va	ya
Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink	Template:IPAslink

Morphosyntax

Due to the number of dialects and complexity of Iñupiaq morphosyntax, the following section discusses Malimiutun morphosyntax as a representative. Any examples from other dialects will be marked as such.

Iñupiaq is a polysynthetic language, meaning that words can be extremely long, consisting of one of three stems (verb stem, noun stem, and demonstrative stem) along with one or more of three endings (postbases, (grammatical) endings, and enclitics).<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> The stem gives meaning to the word, whereas endings give information regarding case, mood, tense, person, plurality, etc. The stem can appear as simple (having no postbases) or complex (having one or more postbases). In Iñupiaq a "postbase serves somewhat the same functions that adverbs, adjectives, prefixes, and suffixes do in English" along with marking various types of tenses.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> There are six word classes in Malimiut Inñupiaq: nouns (see Nominal Morphology), verbs (see Verbal Morphology), adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, and interjections. All demonstratives are classified as either adverbs or pronouns.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Nominal morphology

The Iñupiaq category of number distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The language works on an Ergative–Absolutive system, where nouns are inflected for number, several cases, and possession.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> Iñupiaq (Malimiutun) has nine cases, two core cases (ergative and absolutive) and seven oblique cases (instrumental, allative, ablative, locative, perlative, similative and vocative).<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010">Template:Cite thesis</ref> North Slope Iñupiaq does not have the vocative case.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> Iñupiaq does not have a category of gender and articles.Template:Citation needed

Iñupiaq nouns can likewise be classified by Wolf A. Seiler's seven noun classes.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /><ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> These noun classes are "based on morphological behavior. [They] ... have no semantic basis but are useful for case formation ... stems of various classes interact with suffixes differently".<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Due to the nature of the morphology, a single case can take on up to 12 endings (ignoring the fact that realization of these endings can change depending on noun class). For example, the possessed ergative ending for a class 1a noun can take on the endings: -ma, Template:Nbhmnuk, Template:Nbhpta, Template:Nbhvich, Template:Nbhptik, -psi, -mi, -mik, -miŋ, -ŋan, -ŋaknik, and Template:Nbhŋata. Therefore, only general features will be described below. For an extensive list on case endings, please see Seiler 2012, Appendix 4, 6, and 7.<ref name=":5" />

Absolutive case/noun stems

The subject of an intransitive sentence or the object of a transitive sentence take on the absolutive case. This case is likewise used to mark the basic form of a noun. Therefore, all the singular, dual, and plural absolutive forms serve as stems for the other oblique cases.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> The following chart is verified of both Malimiutun and North Slope Iñupiaq.

Absolutive endings<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

	Endings
singular	-q, -k, -n, or any vowel
dual	-k
plural	-t

If the singular absolutive form ends with -n, it has the underlying form of -ti /tə/. This form will show in the absolutive dual and plural forms. Therefore:

Regarding nouns that have an underlying /ə/ (weak i), the i will change to an a and the previous consonant will be geminated in the dual form. Therefore:

If the singular form of the noun ends with -k, the preceding vowel will be elongated. Therefore:

On occasion, the consonant preceding the final vowel is also geminated, though exact phonological reasoning is unclear.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Ergative case

The ergative case is often referred to as the Relative Case in Iñupiaq sources.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /> This case marks the subject of a transitive sentence or a genitive (possessive) noun phrase. For non-possessed noun phrases, the noun is marked only if it is a third person singular. The unmarked nouns leave ambiguity as to who/what is the subject and object. This can be resolved only through context.<ref name="MacLean 1986" /><ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> Possessed noun phrases and noun phrases expressing genitive are marked in ergative for all persons.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Ergative endings<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Endings	Allophones
-m	-um, -im

This suffix applies to all singular unpossessed nouns in the ergative case.

Examples

Example	English
aŋun → aŋutim	man → man (ergative)
aŋatchiaq → aŋatchiaŋma	uncle → my two uncles (ergative)

Please note the underlying /tə/ form in the first example.

Instrumental case

This case is also referred to as the modalis case. This case has a wide range of uses described below:

Usage of instrumental<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />	Example
Marks nouns that are means by which the subject achieves something (see instrumental)	Template:Interlinear
Marks the apparent patient (grammatical object upon which the action was carried out) of syntactically intransitive verbs	Template:Interlinear
Marks information new to the narrative (when the noun is first mentioned in a narrative) Marks indefinite objects of some transitive verbs	Template:Interlinear
Marks the specification of a noun's meaning to incorporate the meaning of another noun (without incorporating both nouns into a single word) (Modalis of specification)<ref name="MacLean 1986" />	Template:Interlinear
	Template:Interlinear

Instrumental endings<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

	Endings	Examples
singular	-mik	Template:Interlinear
dual	[dual absolutive stem] -nik	Template:Interlinear
plural	[singular absolutive stem] -nik	Template:Interlinear

Since the ending is the same for both dual and plural, different stems are used. In all the examples the k is assimilated to an ŋ.

Allative case

The allative case is also referred to as the terminalis case. The uses of this case are described below:<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Usage of Allative<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />	Example
Used to signify motion or an action directed towards a goal<ref name="MacLean 1986" />	Template:Interlinear
	Template:Interlinear
Signifies that the statement is for the purpose of the marked noun	Template:Interlinear
Signifies the beneficiary of the statement	Template:Interlinear
Marks the noun that is being addressed to	Template:Interlinear

Allative endings

	Endings	Examples
singular	-mun	Template:Interlinear
dual	[dual absolutive stem] -nun	Template:Interlinear
plural	[singular absolutive stem] -nun	Template:Interlinear

*It is unclear as to whether this example is regular for the dual form or not.

Numerals

Template:Main Template:For Iñupiaq numerals are base-20 with a sub-base of 5. The numbers 1 to 20 are:<ref>MacLean (2014) Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivuninit / Iñupiaq to English Dictionary, p. 840 ff</ref>

1	2	3	4	5
atausiq	malġuk	piŋasut	sisamat	tallimat
6	7	8	9	10
itchaksrat	tallimat malġuk	tallimat piŋasut	quliŋŋuġutaiḷaq	qulit
11	12	13	14	15
qulit atausiq	qulit malġuk	qulit piŋasut	akimiaġutaiḷaq	akimiaq
16	17	18	19	20
akimiaq atausiq	akimiaq malġuk	akimiaq piŋasut	iñuiññaġutaiḷaq	iñuiññaq

The sub-base of five shows in the words for 5, tallimat, and 15, akimiaq, to which the numbers 1 to 3 are added to create the words for 7, 8, 16, 17 and 18, etc. (itchaksrat '6' being irregular). Apart from sisamat '4', numbers before a multiple of five are indicated with the subtractive element -utaiḷaq: quliŋŋuġutaiḷaq '9' from qulit '10', akimiaġutaiḷaq '14' from akimiaq '15', iñuiññaġutaiḷaq '19' from iñuiññaq '20'.<ref name= "diction"/>

Scores are created with the element -kipiaq, and numbers between the scores are composed by adding 1 through 19 to these. Multiples of 400 are created with -agliaq and 8000's with -pak. Note that these words will vary between singular -q and plural -t, depending on the speaker and whether they are being used for counting or for modifying a noun.

#	Number	Semantics
20	iñuiññaq	20
25	iñuiññaq tallimat	20 + 5
29	iñuiññaq quliŋŋuġutaiḷaq	20 + 10 − 1
30	iñuiññaq qulit	20 + 10
35	iñuiññaq akimiaq	20 + 15
39	malġukipiaġutaiḷaq	2×20 − 1
40	malġukipiaq	2×20
45	malġukipiaq tallimat	2×20 + 5
50	malġukipiaq qulit	2×20 + 10
55	malġukipiaq akimiaq	2×20 + 15
60	piŋasukipiaq	3×20
70	piŋasukipiaq qulit	3×20 + 10
80	sisamakipiaq	4×20
90	sisamakipiaq qulit	4×20 + 10
99	tallimakipiaġutaiḷaq	5×20 − 1
100	tallimakipiaq	5×20
110	tallimakipiaq qulit	5×20 + 10
120	tallimakipiaq iñuiññaq	5×20 + 20
140	tallimakipiaq malġukipiaq	5×20 + 2×20
160	tallimakipiaq piŋasukipiaq	5×20 + 3×20
180	tallimakipiaq sisamakipiaq	5×20 + 4×20
200	qulikipiaq	10×20
300	akimiakipiaq	15×20
400	iñuiññakipiaq (in reindeer herding and math, iḷagiññaq)	20×20
800	malġuagliaq	2×400
1200	piŋasuagliaq	3×400
1600	sisamaagliaq	4×400
2000	tallimaagliaq	5×400
2400	tallimaagliaq iḷagiññaq	5×400 + 400
2800	tallimaagliaq malġuagliaq	5×400 + 2×400
4000	quliagliaq	10×400
6000	akimiagliaq	15×400
7999	atausiqpautaiḷaq	8000 − 1
8000	atausiqpak	8000
16,000	malġuqpak	2×8000
24,000	piŋasuqpak	3×8000
32,000	sisamaqpak	4×8000
40,000	tallimaqpak	5×8000
48,000	tallimaqpak atausiqpak	5×8000 + 8000
72,000	tallimaqpak sisamaqpak	5×8000 + 4×8000
80,000	quliqpak	10×8000
120,000	akimiaqpak	15×8000
160,000	iñuiññaqpak	20×8000
320,000	malġukipiaqpak	2×20×8000
480,000	piŋasukipiaqpak	3×20×8000
640,000	sisamakipiaqpak	4×20×8000
800,000	tallimakipiaqpak	5×20×8000
1,600,000	qulikipiaqpak	10×20×8000
2,400,000	akimiakipiaqpak	15×20×8000
3,200,000	iḷagiññaqpak	400×8000
6,400,000	malġuagliaqpak	2×400×8000
9,600,000	piŋasuagliaqpak	3×400×8000
12,800,000	sisamaagliaqpak	4×400×8000
16 million	tallimaagliaqpak	5x400×8000
32 million	quliagliaqpak	10×400×8000
48 million	akimiagliaqpak	15×400×8000

The system continues through compounding suffixes to a maximum of iñuiññagliaqpakpiŋatchaq (20×400×8000³, ≈ 4 quadrillion), e.g.

#	Number	Semantics
64 million	atausiqpakaippaq	1×80002
1,280 million	iñuiññaqpakaippaq	20×80002
25.6 billion	iḷagiññaqpakaippaq	400×80002
511,999,999,999	atausiqpakpiŋatchaġutaiḷaq	1×80003 − 1
512 billion	atausiqpakpiŋatchaq	1×80003
10.24 trillion	iñuiññaqpakpiŋatchaq	20×80003
204.8 trillion	iḷagiññaqpakpiŋatchaq	400×80003
2.048 quadrillion	quliagliaqpakpiŋatchaq	10×400×80003

There is also a decimal system for the hundreds and thousands, with the numerals qavluun for 100 and kavluutit for 1000, thus malġuk qavluun 200, malġuk kavluutit 2000, etc.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Etymology

The numeral five, tallimat, is derived from the word for hand/arm. The word for 10, qulit, is derived from the word for "top", meaning the ten digits on the top part of the body. The numeral for 15, akimiaq, means something like "it goes across", and the numeral for 20, iñuiññaq means something like "entire person" or "complete person", indicating the 20 digits of all extremities.<ref name="diction">Template:Cite book</ref>

Verbal morphology

Again, Malimiutun Iñupiaq is used as a representative example in this section. The basic structure of the verb is [(verb) + (derivational suffix) + (inflectional suffix) + (enclitic)], although Lanz (2010) argues that this approach is insufficient since it "forces one to analyze ... optional ... suffixes".<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> Every verb has an obligatory inflection for person, number, and mood (all marked by a single suffix), and can have other inflectional suffixes such as tense, aspect, modality, and various suffixes carrying adverbial functions.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Tense

Tense marking is always optional. The only explicitly marked tense is the future tense. Past and present tense cannot be marked and are always implied. All verbs can be marked through adverbs to show relative time (using words such as "yesterday" or "tomorrow"). If neither of these markings is present, the verb can imply a past, present, or future tense.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Future tense<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Tense	Example
Present	Template:Interlinear
Future	Template:Interlinear
Future (implied)	Template:Interlinear

Aspect

Marking aspect is optional in Iñupiaq verbs. Both North Slope and Malimiut Iñupiaq have a perfective versus imperfective distinction in aspect, along with other distinctions such as: frequentative (-ataq; "to repeatedly verb"), habitual (-suu; "to always, habitually verb"), inchoative (-łhiñaaq; "about to verb"), and intentional (-saġuma; "intend to verb"). The aspect suffix can be found after the verb root and before or within the obligatory person-number-mood suffix.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Mood

Iñupiaq has the following moods: Indicative, Interrogative, Imperative (positive, negative), Coordinative, and Conditional.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /><ref name=":5" /> Participles are sometimes classified as a mood.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Mood	Usage	Example	Notes
Indicative	Declarative statements	Template:Interlinear
Participles	Creating relative clauses	Template:Interlinear	"who owns a boat" is one word, where the meaning of the English "who" is implied through the case.
Interrogative	Formation of yes/no questions and content questions	Template:Interlinear	Yes/no question
		Template:Interlinear	Content question (this is a single word)
Imperative	A command	Template:Interlinear
Conditionals	Conditional and hypothetical statements	Template:Interlinear	Conditional statement. The verb "eat" is in the indicative mood because it is simply a declarative statement.
		Template:Interlinear	Hypothetical statement. The verb "eat" is in the indicative mood because it is simply a statement.
Coordinative	Formation of dependent clauses that function as modifiers of independent clauses	Template:Interlinear	The coordinative case on the verb "read" signifies that the verb is happening at the same time as the main clause ("eat" - marked by indicative because it is simply a declarative statement).

Indicative mood endings can be transitive or intransitive, as seen in the table below.

Indicative intransitive endings				Indicative transitive endings
				OBJECT
				Mood marker	3s	3d	3p	2s	2d	2p	1s	1d	1p
+t/ru	ŋa guk gut	1S 1D 1P	S U B J E C T	+kI/gI	ga kpuk kput	kka ← ←	tka vuk vut	kpiñ ↓ visigiñ	vsik ↓ ↓	vsI ↓ ↓				1S 1D 1P	S U B J E C T
	tin sik sI	2S 2D 2P			n ksik ksi	kkiñ ← ←	tin sik si				ŋma vsiŋŋa vsiñŋa	vsiguk ↓ ↓	vsigut ↓ ↓	2S 2D 2P
	q k t	3S SD 3P		+ka/ga	a ak at	ik ↓← ↓←	I ↓ It	atin ↓ ↓	asik ↓ ↓	asI ↓ ↓	aŋa aŋŋa aŋŋa	atiguk ↓ ↓	atigut ↓ ↓	3S 3D 3P

Syntax

Nearly all syntactic operations in the Malimiut dialect of Iñiupiaq—and Inuit languages and dialects in general—are carried out via morphological means.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

The language aligns to an ergative-absolutive case system, which is mainly shown through nominal case markings and verb agreement (see above).<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

The basic word order is subject-object-verb. However, word order is flexible and both subject and/or object can be omitted. There is a tendency for the subject of a transitive verb (marked by the ergative case) to precede the object of the clause (marked by the absolutive case). There is likewise a tendency for the subject of an intransitive verb (marked by the absolutive case) to precede the verb. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a clause (both marked by the absolutive case) are usually found right before the verb. However, "this is [all] merely a tendency."<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Iñupiaq grammar also includes morphological passive, antipassive, causative and applicative.

Noun incorporation

Noun incorporation is a common phenomenon in Malimiutun Iñupiaq. The first type of noun incorporation is lexical compounding. Within this subset of noun incorporation, the noun, which represents an instrument, location, or patient in relation to the verb, is attached to the front of the verb stem, creating a new intransitive verb. The second type is manipulation of case. It is argued whether this form of noun incorporation is present as noun incorporation in Iñupiaq, or "semantically transitive noun incorporation"—since with this kind of noun incorporation the verb remains transitive. The noun phrase subjects are incorporated not syntactically into the verb but rather as objects marked by the instrumental case. The third type of incorporation, manipulation of discourse structure, is supported by Mithun (1984) and argued against by Lanz (2010). See Lanz's paper for further discussion.<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> The final type of incorporation is classificatory noun incorporation, whereby a "general [noun] is incorporated into the [verb], while a more specific [noun] narrows the scope".<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> With this type of incorporation, the external noun can take on external modifiers and, like the other incorporations, the verb becomes intransitive. See Nominal Morphology (Instrumental Case, Usage of Instrumental table, row four) on this page for an example.

Switch-references

Switch-references occur in dependent clauses only with third person subjects. The verb must be marked as reflexive if the third person subject of the dependent clause matches the subject of the main clause (more specifically matrix clause).<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" /> Compare:

Switch references<ref name="Lanz, Linda A. 2010" />

Example	Notes
Template:Interlinear	The verb in the matrix clause (to eat) refers to the same person because the verb in the dependent clause (To get hungry) is reflexive. Therefore, a single person got hungry and ate.
Template:Interlinear	The verb in the matrix clause (to eat) refers to a different singular person because the verb in the dependent clause (To get hungry) is non-reflexive.

Text sample

This is a sample of the Iñupiaq language of the Kivalina variety from Kivalina Reader, published in 1975.

Aaŋŋaayiña aniñiqsuq Qikiqtami. Aasii iñuguġuni. Tikiġaġmi Kivaliñiġmiḷu. Tuvaaqatiniguni Aivayuamik. Qulit atautchimik qitunġivḷutik. Itchaksrat iñuuvlutiŋ. Iḷaŋat Qitunġaisa taamna Qiñuġana.

This is the English translation, from the same source:

Aaŋŋaayiña was born in Shishmaref. He grew up in Point Hope and Kivalina. He marries Aivayuaq. They had eleven children. Six of them are alive. One of the children is Qiñuġana.

Vocabulary comparison

The comparison of various vocabulary in four different dialects:

North Slope Iñupiaq<ref name="Interactive IñupiaQ Dictionary">Template:Cite web</ref>	Northwest Alaska Iñupiaq<ref name="Interactive IñupiaQ Dictionary"/> (Kobuk Malimiut)	King Island Iñupiaq<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Qawiaraq dialect<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	English
atausiq	atausriq	atausiq	atauchiq	1
malġuk	malġuk	maġluuk	malġuk	2
piŋasut	piñasrut	piŋasut	piŋachut	3
sisamat	sisamat	sitamat	chitamat	4
tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	tallimat	5
itchaksrat	itchaksrat	aġvinikłit	alvinilġit	6
tallimat malġuk	tallimat malġuk	tallimat maġluuk	mulġunilġit	7
tallimat piŋasut	tallimat piñasrut	tallimat piŋasut	piŋachuŋilgit	8
quliŋuġutaiḷaq	quliŋŋuutaiḷaq	qulinŋutailat	quluŋŋuġutailat	9
qulit	qulit	qulit	qulit	10
qulit atausiq	qulit atausriq	qulit atausiq	qulit atauchiq	11
akimiaġutaiḷaq	akimiaŋŋutaiḷaq	agimiaġutailaq	—	14
akimiaq	akimiaq	agimiaq	akimiaq	15
iñuiññaŋŋutaiḷaq	iñuiñaġutaiḷaq	inuinaġutailat	—	19
iñuiññaq	iñuiñaq	inuinnaq	—	20
iñuiññaq qulit	iñuiñaq qulit	inuinaq qulit	—	30
malġukipiaq	malġukipiaq	maġluutiviaq	—	40
tallimakipiaq	tallimakipiaq	tallimativiaq	—	100
kavluutit, malġuagliaq qulikipiaq	kavluutit	kabluutit	—	1000
nanuq	nanuq	taġukaq	nanuq	polar bear
ilisaurri	ilisautri	iskuuqti	ilichausrirri	teacher
miŋuaqtuġvik	aglagvik	iskuuġvik	naaqiwik	school
aġnaq	aġnaq	aġnaq	aŋnaq	woman
aŋun	aŋun	aŋun	aŋun	man
aġnaiyaaq	aġnauraq	niaqsaaġruk	niaqchiġruk	girl
aŋutaiyaaq	aŋugauraq	ilagaaġruk	ilagaaġruk	boy
Tanik	Naluaġmiu	Naluaġmiu	Naluaŋmiu	white person
ui	ui	ui	ui	husband
nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	nuliaq	wife
panik	panik	panik	panik	daughter
iġñiq	iġñiq	qituġnaq	—	son
iglu	tupiq	ini	ini	house
tupiq	palapkaaq	palatkaaq, tuviq	tupiq	tent
qimmiq	qipmiq	qimugin	qimmuqti	dog
qavvik	qapvik	qappik	qaffik	wolverine
tuttu	tuttu	tuttu	tuttupiaq	caribou
tuttuvak	tiniikaq	tuttuvak, muusaq	—	moose
tulugaq	tulugaq	tiŋmiaġruaq	anaqtuyuuq	raven
ukpik	ukpik	ukpik	ukpik	snowy owl
tatqiq	tatqiq	taqqiq	taqqiq	moon/month
uvluġiaq	uvluġiaq	ubluġiaq	ubluġiaq	star
siqiñiq	siqiñiq	mazaq	machaq	sun
niġġivik	tiivlu, niġġivik	tiivuq, niġġuik	niġġiwik	table
uqautitaun	uqaqsiun	qaniqsuun	qaniqchuun	telephone
mitchaaġvik	mirvik	mizrvik	mirvik	airport
tiŋŋun	tiŋmisuun	silakuaqsuun	chilakuaqchuun	airplane
qai-	mauŋaq-	qai-	qai-	to come
pisuaq-	pisruk-	aġui-	aġui-	to walk
savak-	savak-	sawit-	chuli-	to work
nakuu-	nakuu-	naguu-	nakuu-	to be good
maŋaqtaaq	taaqtaaq	taaqtaaq	maŋaqtaaq, taaqtaaq	black
uvaŋa	uvaŋa	uaŋa	uaŋa, waaŋa	I, me
ilviñ	ilvich	iblin	ilvit	you (singular)
kiña	kiña	kina	kina	who
sumi	nani, sumi	nani	chumi	where
qanuq	qanuq	qanuġuuq	—	how
qakugu	qakugu	qagun	—	when (future)
ii	ii	ii'ii	ii, i'i	yes
naumi	naagga	naumi	naumi	no
paniqtaq	paniqtaq	paniqtuq	pipchiraq	dried fish or meat
saiyu	saigu	saayuq	chaiyu	tea
kuuppiaq	kuukpiaq	kuupiaq	kuupiaq	coffee

See also

• Inuit languages
• Inuit-Yupik-Unangan languages
• Edna Ahgeak MacLean, a well-known Iñupiaq linguist
• Iñupiat people

References

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OBJ:object INS:instrumental case

<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>

Print resources

• Barnum, Francis. Grammatical Fundamentals of the Innuit Language As Spoken by the Eskimo of the Western Coast of Alaska. Hildesheim: G. Olms, 1970.
• Blatchford, DJ. Just Like That!: Legends and Such, English to Iñupiaq Alphabet. Kasilof, AK: Just Like That!, 2003. Template:ISBN
• Bodfish, Emma, and David Baumgartner. Iñupiat Grammar. Utqiaġvigmi: Utqiaġvium minuaqtuġviata Iñupiatun savagvianni, 1979.
• Kaplan, Lawrence D. Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Iñupiaq. Alaska Native Language Center research papers, no. 6. Fairbanks, Alaska (Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks 99701): Alaska Native Language Center, 1981.
• Kaplan, Lawrence. Iñupiaq Phrases and Conversations. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, 2000. Template:ISBN
• MacLean, Edna Ahgeak. Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, 1980.
• Lanz, Linda A. A Grammar of Iñupiaq Morphosyntax. Houston, Texas: Rice University, 2010.
• MacLean, Edna Ahgeak. Beginning North Slope Iñupiaq Grammar. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, 1979.
• Seiler, Wolf A. Iñupiatun Eskimo Dictionary. Kotzebue, Alaska: NANA Regional Corporation, 2005.
• Seiler, Wolf. The Modalis Case in Iñupiat: (Eskimo of North West Alaska). Giessener Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. 14. Grossen-Linden: Hoffmann, 1978. Template:ISBN
• Webster, Donald Humphry, and Wilfried Zibell. Iñupiat Eskimo Dictionary. 1970.

External links and language resources

Template:InterWikiThere are a number of online resources that can provide a sense of the language and information for second language learners.

• Atchagat Pronunciation Video by Aqukkasuk
• Alaskool Iñupiaq Language Resources
• Animal Names in Brevig Mission Dialect
• Atchagat App by Grant and Reid Magdanz—Allows you to text using Iñupiaq characters. (For all Alaska Native languages, including Iñupiaq, see updated Chert app by the same developers.)
• Dictionary of Iñupiaq, 1970 University of Fairbanks PDF by Webster
• Endangered Alaskan Language Goes Digital from National Public Radio
• Iñupiaq Handbook for Teachers (A story of the Iñupiaq language and further resources)
• University of Alaska Fairbanks Iñupiat Language Community Site
• North Slope Grammar Second Year by Dr. Edna MacLean PDF
• Online Iñupiaq morphological analyser
• Storybook—The Teller Reader, A Collection of Stories in the Brevig Mission Dialect
• Storybook—Quliaqtuat Mumiaksrat by Alaska Native Language Program, UAF and Dr. Edna MacLean
• The dialects of Iñupiaq- From Languagegeek.com, includes Northern Alaskan Consonants (US alphabet), Northern Alaskan Vowels, Seward Peninsula Consonants, Seward Peninsula Vowels
• InupiaqWords YouTube account
• https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/62097/3421210.PDF?sequence=1 — Linda A. Lanz's Grammar of Iñupiaq (Malimiutun) Morphosyntax. The majority of grammar introduced on this Wikipedia page is cited from this grammar. Lanz's explanations are very detailed and thorough—a great source for gaining a more in-depth understanding of Iñupiaq grammar.