Ivan Bilibin

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Template:Short description Template:Family name hatnote Template:Infobox artist

Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin (Template:Langx, Template:IPA; Template:OldStyleDate – 7 February 1942) was a Russian illustrator and stage designer who took part in the Mir iskusstva ("World of Art"), contributed to the Ballets Russes, co-founded the Union of Russian Artists, and from 1937 was a member of the Artists' Union of the USSR. Ivan Bilibin gained popularity with his illustrations of Russian folk tales and Slavic folklore. Throughout his career he was inspired by the art and culture of medieval Russia.<ref name="textualities.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Biography

Early life

Ivan Bilibin was born on Template:OldStyleDate in Tarkhovka, Saint Petersburg. He was born to Yakov Ivanovich Bilibin, assistant chief physician at the Saint Petersburg Naval Hospital, and Vavara Alexandrova Bilibina (Template:Née Bubnova).<ref name="Golynets">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1890, Bilibin was accepted into the First Saint Petersburg Gymnasium. He graduated from the Gymnasium with a silver medal in 1896. From 1895 to the spring of 1898, he studied at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1896 Bilibin began studying at the law faculty of the University of Saint Petersburg, and he completed his course there in 1900. Bilibin received a lawyer's diploma in the same year from the Law Faculty of Novorossiysk University.<ref name="Golynets"/>

In 1898 he studied at Anton Ažbe's Art School in Munich, where he was heavily influenced by Art Nouveau and the German satirical journal Simplicissimus,<ref>Jose Alainz, Komiks: Comic Art in Russia, 2010, p.26</ref> and then under Ilya Repin at Princess Maria Tenisheva's School in Saint Petersburg from 1898 to 1900.<ref name="orlov">Janina Orlov, 'Ivan Bilibin' in Donald Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: A-F, p. 121</ref><ref name="Golynets"/>

Bilibin gained some success as early as 1899, when he first released illustrations for Russian fairy tales. The same year, after the formation of the artists' association Mir Iskusstva, in which Bilibin was an active member, his career as an illustrator of books and magazines began with a commission for its magazine Mir Iskusstva. He later also contributed essays on Russian folk art.<ref>Richard Taruskin, 'From Subject to Style: Stravinsky and the Painters' in Jann Pasler, Confronting Stravinsky: Man, Musician, and Modernist, 1986, p. 26</ref> Artistic designs for other magazines such as Dog Rose (Шиповник) and productions of a Moscow publishing house followed.

After graduating in May 1901, Bilibin went to Munich, where he completed his training with the painter Anton Ažbe.Template:Citation needed

In the period 1902 to 1904,Template:Citation needed working under the Russian Museum (Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III) Bilibin traveled to the Vologda, Olonetsk, and Arkhangelsk Governorates, performing ethnographic research and studying examples of Russian wooden architecture.<ref name="rb1">Template:Citation</ref> In 1904 he published his findings in the monograph Folk Arts of the Russian North. Old Russian art had a great influence on his work. Another influence on his art was traditional Japanese prints and Renaissance woodcuts.<ref>Maria Peitcheva, Ivan Bilibin: Drawings Colour Plates, 2016, p. 1</ref><ref name="textualities.net"/> On 16 December 1903 Bilibin became one of the founding members of the Union of Russian Artists.<ref name="Golynets"/>

During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Bilibin drew revolutionary cartoons, especially for the magazine Zhupel (Жупелъ), which in 1906 was banned because of his illustration depicting the emperor as a donkey.<ref name="Golynets"/><ref name="Solanus 3">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1909 Bilibin served as the designer for the first stage production of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's The Golden Cockerel.

In 1910, Bilibin left the Union of Russian Artists, as a result of differences in approach to their creative work.<ref name="Golynets"/>

In 1911, Bilibin was hired by the State Paper Manufacturing Section to illustrate ball programs, exhibition and book posters, postcards for the Red Cross's Society of St. Eugenia, and envelopes and stationery with the Russian Bogatyrs.<ref>Elena Litovchenko, 'Late Nineteenth Century Cover Designs from the Collection of the Research Museum of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts' in Alla Rosenfeld, Defining Russian Graphic Arts: From Diaghilev to Stalin, 1898-1934, pp. 47-48</ref>

In March 1916 Bilibin was elected chairman of the World of Art group.<ref name="Golynets"/>

On 22 September 1917, shortly before the October Revolution, Bilibin left Petrograd for Crimea, where he lived and worked until September 1919. He moved to Rostov-on-Don in October, and Novorossiysk in December 1919.<ref name="Golynets"/>

Egypt

On 13 March 1920, fleeing the Russian Civil War, Bilibin arrived in Alexandria where he spent quarantine, before moving to the Tell El Kebir refugee camp. In May, he settled in Cairo. In Cairo, he painted for the Greek colony, specialising in the Byzantine style art that was in demand by the Greek colony for icons and frescoes. He painted Egyptian landscapes, and studied Egyptian, Coptic and Arab art. He was also enraptured by the architecture of mosques and their "head-spinning ornamentation".<ref name="Golynets"/>

In the Summer on 1924, Bilbin, his wife and step-son travelled to Palestine and Syria, where he painted landscapes.<ref name="Golynets"/>

On his return to Egypt in October 1924, Bilibin settled in Alexandria.<ref name="Golynets"/>

France

In August 1925, Bilibin and his family moved to Paris, where he took to decorating private houses and Orthodox churches.<ref name="orlov"/> The catalyst to the move was to attend the World Exhibition in Paris.<ref name="Golynets"/>

Return to Russia

On 16 September 1936, Bilibin and his family returned to the Soviet Union, arriving in Leningrad. Three days later, Bilibin was appointed professor of graphic art at the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture at the All-Russian Academy of Arts. He remained in position until his death.<ref name="Golynets"/>

On 15 March 1937, Bilibin joined the Artists' Union of the USSR.<ref name="Golynets"/>

On 7 February 1942, Bilibin died during the Siege of Leningrad,<ref name="Golynets"/> starving within the city when he refused to leave,<ref name="rb1"/> and was buried in a collective grave.

File:Билибин 41.jpg
Logo of the magazine and "Sic transit ..." Жупел (журнал) (Bogeyman) (Jupel/Zhupel), 1905

Personal life

On 28 April 1902, Bilibin married his former student and fellow pupil at the Tenisheva studio, Irish-Russian painter and illustrator of children's stories Maria Chambers. They had two sons; Alexander (9 January 1903 – 1972; artist) and Ivan (1908–1993; journalist).<ref name="Golynets"/><ref>Rosalind P. Blakesley, 'The Venerable Artist's Fiery Speeches Ringing in my Soul', in J.B Bullen, Internationalism and the Arts in Britain and Europe at the Fin de Siècle, p.101</ref><ref name="Russia-ic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Leykind 1999">Template:Cite book</ref>

At the end of 1912, Bilibin entered a common law marriage with former student and artist Renée O'Connell (although Bilibin was still legally married to his first wife, Maria Chambers).Template:R<ref name="Konakovo"/><ref name="Egypt">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bilibin was 15 years her senior, and together they travelled around the Crimean peninsula to draw.

The relationship struggled due to Bilibin's drinking. The couple entered an agreement, witnessed by their friend musician Stepan Stepanovich Mitusov, that if Bilibin did not drink for a year, then O'Connell would stay with him. Bilibin did not keep his word, and O'Connell left Bilibin in September 1917, with Bilibin travelling to Crimea alone following the events of the Russian Revolution.Template:R<ref name="Konakovo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Mitusova">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Roerich">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Mitusov wrote a comic poem about the breakdown of the couple's relationship.Template:Efn<ref name="Mitusova"/><ref name="Roerich"/>

Bilibin wrote to Maria Chambers in 1922, asking for a divorce (in order for Bilibin to marry Shchekatikhina), to which she did not respond.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, they were divorced by 1923.<ref name="Leykind 1999">Template:Cite book</ref>

In February 1923 he married the painter Aleksandra Shchekatikhina-Pototskaya, with whom he had a joint exhibition in Amsterdam in 1929.<ref name="Golynets"/>

Publications

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Folktales published by the "Department for the Production of State Documents"
Illustrations of Pushkin's tales
Other

References

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Notes

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