J. Cleaveland Cady
Template:Good article Template:Short description Template:Infobox architect Josiah Cleaveland Cady (January 1837 – April 17, 1919) was an American architect known for his Romanesque Revival designs. He was also a founder of the American Institute of Architects.
Cady started his career as a draftsman for Town & Davis in New York City. He opened his Manhattan practice, J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect, in 1864. The firm became J. C. Cady & Company in 1882 and Cady, Berg & See in 1890. Cady's work was diverse, including residences, churches, colleges, libraries, museums, and railroad depots. His first major project was designing the Brooklyn Art Association's Brooklyn Academy of Design in 1869, with architect Henry M. Cougdon.
Cady designed the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Opera House, and fifteen buildings at Yale University. Although much of his work centered around New York and New England, he also was the main architectural advisor for Berea College in Kentucky. Cady's designs include one National Historic Landmark and twelve buildings that are individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Early life
Cady was born in Providence, Rhode Island in January 1837, to Lydia Smith Platner and Josiah Cady, a deacon who was president of the Rhode Island State Anti-Slavery Society.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":25">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Josiah Cady died in 1853.<ref name=":25" />
Cady attended Bacon Academy and Plainfield Academy, both in Connecticut.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Rp He attended Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut for one year in 1857, and took additional classes in 1860.<ref name=":44">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp At Trinity, he was a member of the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).<ref>Meyer, H. L. G. Catalog of the Members of the Fraternity of Delta Psi Revised and Corrected to July 1906. New York: Fraternity of Delta Psi, 1906. p. 120. via Internet Archive</ref> However, he did not officially graduate.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Between 1857 and 1864, Cady pursued his studies in architecture in New York with an unknown German professor of architecture.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp He also studied watercolor painting with Alfred Fredericks.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Career
Cady worked as a draftsman for Town & Davis in New York City.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp In 1857, he helped found the American Institute of Architects (AIA), although he did not join at the time. He became a member when he started working professionally in 1864.<ref name=":29">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp He was made an AIA Fellow in 1865.<ref name=":3" /> Cady gave a presentation on old Dutch farmhouses of colonial New Jersey to the AIA New York City chapter.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He also published a paper on opera houses in the AIA journal.<ref name=":29" />
By 1864, he opened his practice, J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite news</ref> He advertised that he could provide designs and plans for churches, cottages, public buildings, residences, schools, stores, and warehouses.<ref name=":15" /> The Brooklyn Union described Cady as "a young man of fine talents, of refined and cultivated taste, and profoundly zealous in his profession".<ref name=":16" />
From 1864 to 1881, his offices were in the Trinity Building at 111 Broadway in Manhattan which served as a studio for dozens of architects, providing opportunities for many collaborations.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp In 1864, he worked with associates Rider & Alden in Hartford, Connecticut.<ref name=":15" /> In May 1869, he was associated with architect Henry M. Cougdon.<ref name=":16">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1871, Milton See (1854–1920) joined his practice, followed by Louis DeCoppet Berg (1856–1945) in 1873.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Both were just seventeen years old when they began working with Cady.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp In 1872, Bradford L. Gilbert began training under Cady; he later formed a successful national practice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1880, Cady designed an elegant Old English double house at 1826 Massachusetts Avenue in the Northwest neighborhood of the District of Columbia for sisters Mrs. Katherine Miller and Mrs. Charlotte E. Hopkins. The Hopkins-Miller House was named after their husbands, Colonel Hopkins and Lieutenant Miller. The double house had the appearance of a single large mansion from the outside. It faced Pacific Circle (later Dupont Circle).<ref>[chrome-extension://bdfcnmeidppjeaggnmidamkiddifkdib/viewer.html?file=https://dcpreservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Massachusetts_Ave_Brochure_0.pdf Massachusetts Avenue Brochure]</ref><ref>Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1884-85)</ref>
In 1882, Cady formed the firm J. C. Cady & Company.<ref name=":2" /> In 1890, the firm became known as Cady, Berg & See.<ref name=":2" /> With formal training in Germany, Prussia, and Switzerland, Berg was probably the firm's structural and mechanical engineer.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp See was the chief technician, while Cady was the chief designer. Their offices were located at 31 East 17th Street in New York City.<ref name=":2" /> They were joined by student draftsman William S. Gregory (1865–1945) in 1892.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The firm dissolved in 1909.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Cady and Gregory formed a partnership known as Cady & Gregory in 1909.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp They had offices at 6 West 23rd Street in New York City in 1913 and at 40 West 32nd Street in 1919.<ref name=newsnewark>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":33">Template:Cite news</ref> When Cady died, he left his share of the business to Gregory.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1920, Alexander Dana Noyes wrote, "In his professional career, J. Cleveland Cady was perhaps the embodiment of the effort of American architecture, fifty years ago, to find itself while cutting loose from the false and meretricious standards of the Second Empire."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Honors
Trinity College presented Cady with an honorary M.A. in 1880, followed by an honorary LL.D. in 1905.<ref name=":44" /> Cady's architectural library of more than 400 volumes is housed in Watkinson Library at Trinity College.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":44" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp This is "one of the few intact architectural libraries of nineteenth-century America, allowing a rare glimpse into the working method of one of the era's major architectural firms.'<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp In 1993 Trinity College hosted the exhibition "Forgotten Architect of the Gilded Age: Josiah Cleaveland Cady's Legacy" with a catalog by Kathleen A. Curran<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Projects
Cultural buildings
Brooklyn Academy of Design
Cady's first important commission was to build the Brooklyn Art Association's Brooklyn Academy of Design in 1889.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp For this project, he worked with architect Henry M. Cougdon, but there is no evidence that they worked together on other projects.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp They executed the stone building in high Victorian Gothic style in tones of brown, grey, and pink.<ref name=":30" /><ref>"Tudor City Historic District Designation Report". New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 1988. p. 12. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</ref> Opening in 1872, the Brooklyn Academy of Design included exhibition space and studios for artists.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
The building was pictured in The American Architect and Building News in January 1876.<ref name=":30">Template:Cite journal</ref> Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler said that Cady's Brooklyn Academy of Design was one of few successful examples of secular Gothic design.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Peabody Museum
Cady designed the original Peabody Museum of Natural History to house Yale University's mineral collection, fossils, and exhibits on zoology and geology.<ref name=":26" /> The Gothic style building was constructed between 1873 and 1876 from brown and Nova Scotia stone, as well as Philadelphia-pressed brick.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":27">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, only a portion of Cady's design was ever constructed.<ref name=":27" /> The museum was located at the corner of Elm and High Streets but was demolished in 1917.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Barron Library
Cady designed the Barron Library in Middlesex, New Jersey in 1877.<ref name=":12">Bischoff, C. Gerald (April 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Barron Library". National Park Service. pp. 1-3</ref> This brownstone in Richardson Romanesque style has a Roman arch, a three-story tower, and stained-glass windows.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This was likely the first time Cady used Richardson Romanesque style and is a restrained attempt because he wanted to blend the library into its rural background.<ref name=":12" />
Metropolitan Opera House
Cady was the architect of the original Metropolitan Opera House which opened in October 1883.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref> To get this contract, the firm won a design contest, gaining the advantage because of its functional design, fireproof materials, and low construction costs.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp It also incorporated the newest engineering technologies, including electric lights, elevators, an iron cage for structural support, a sprinkler system for fire suppression, and a simple air conditioning system.<ref name=":18">Korom, Joseph J. American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height. Boston: Branden Books, 2008: 84-86. Accessed December 27, 2023. via Internet Archive</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Architect Joseph J. Korom notes that on this project, Cady was "a true architectural pioneer".<ref name=":18" />
When completed, it seated 3,700 people and was the largest opera house in the world.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Its four-story façade had matching seven-story towers with commercial establishments on the ground level, restaurants and ballrooms above, and apartments for bachelors in the upper levels—Korom calls this "an early and excellent example of a multi-use project".<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Its plans were published in The American Architect, February 16, 1884.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Cady said the Metropolitan Opera House had "a simple dignity that will not be tiresome or uninteresting as the years go by".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Although its yellow brick and terracotta exterior was not particularly noteworthy, the Historic American Buildings Survey noted, "its interior placed it among the great opera houses of the world".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Cady's original auditorium was destroyed by a fire on August 27, 1892; it was rebuilt by the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings and was used until 1966.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp However, in 1939, the New York City Guide by the Federal Writers' Project, noted, "The opera house was designed by J. C. Cady, a prominent architect of the day. That Mr. Cady was without experience in theater construction seemed to matter little; audiences ever since have paid for his mistakes, as but half the stage can be seen from the side seats of the balcony and family circle."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The opera house was razed in January 1967.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
American Museum of Natural History
Cady, Berg & See designed the main building of the American Museum of Natural History (1899) in New York City.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The firm was selected through an invitation-only contest held in 1887.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The museum's Romanesque Revival design was very open because of iron supports beneath the red granite façade.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Running Template:Convert along the museum's West 77th Street entrance, this was the longest public building façade in New York City.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp It included black cherry window frames, elaborate cornices, cartouches, eagles, finials, wreaths, and a Template:Convert wideporte-cochère.<ref name=":19">Bernard, Joan Kelly. (2009-09-01). "Romanesque Revival." Natural History, Vol. 118, Issue 7. Accessed April 18, 2022, via Gale</ref> Joan Kelly Benard says, "the 77th Street façade has been hailed as one of the finest examples of Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City."<ref name=":19" /> Inside, the building reflected a new approach to museum design; it included spaces for public exhibitions and scholarly study.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Colleges
Cady, Berg & See designed buildings for many college including Bellevue Medical School, Berea College, Trinity College, Wesleyan University, Williams College, and Yale University.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Brief Biographies of American Architects Who Died Between 1897 and 1947. Transcribed from the American Art Annual by Earle G. Shettleworth, Jr. Society of Architectural Historians. p. 20.</ref>
Trinity College
At Trinity College, Cady designed Saint Anthony Hall (1878), a chapter house for the Fraternity of Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall).<ref name=":37" /> Robert Habersham Coleman, a former classmate and fraternity brother of Cady, donated the funds to construct the chapter house.<ref name=":37" /> Architectural historian Kathleen A. Curran notes that Cady's Romanesque Revival fraternity house design departed "from the traditional 'tomb-like' structures of fraternities at other schools [and]...was more a cross between a house and fortress."<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in November 1985.<ref name=":37">"Saint Anthony Hall". (May 9, 1985) National Register of Historic Places Digital Archive on NPGallary. Accessed March 15, 2024.</ref>
He also designed the Jarvis Hall of Science (1899) at Trinity, a simple Romaneque-style building with laboratories and classrooms that was demolished in the 1960s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":11">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Yale University
Cady designed more than fifteen buildings for Yale University, including the now demolished Dwight Hall (1885–1886), Berkeley Hall (1893–1894), White Hall (1893–1894), Pierson Hall (1896), Fayerweather Hall (1900–1901), Lampson Hall (1903), and Lyceum Hall (1903).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":26">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
He designed three buildings for Yale's newly organized Scheffield Scientific School—North Sheffield School (1873, demolished 1968), Winchester Hall (1892–1893, demolished 1968), and Sheffield Chemical Laboratory, now called Watson Hall (1894–1895).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":46">Yale University Walking Tour. Yale University. p. 7. Retrieved March 16, 2024.</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:RpCady's brick and masonry Romanesque Revival design for North Sheffield became the template for Winchester and Watson Halls.<ref name=":0" />Template:RpThe scientific school's faculty approved of Cady's reductionalist design.<ref name=":0" />Template:RpGeorge Brush, head of Sheffield's engineering department, praised North Sheffield Hall, saying:
The building is considered a complete success; great surprise is expressed that with so simple an external form—a mere cube—such an admirable architectural effect has been produced, and the interior arrangements are so simple, complete and substantial, that everyone is impressed with the fact, that nothing has been sacrificed to mere decoration, but everything is for use...it is thoroughly well adapted for the uses of our institution.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Cady's design for the Yale Infirmary (1892) departed from his simple institutional buildings and instead looked like a Neocolonial or Georgian revival style mansion to create a refuge for sick students.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp He designed the Renaissance Revival style Hendrie Hall (1894–1900) for Yale's Law School; it now houses the Adams Center for Musical Arts.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":45">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also designed Chittenden Hall (1890) also known as Memorial Library.<ref name=":45" /> Although only part of Cady's design for Chittenden was constructed, Kathleen Curran says it is Cady's "most overtly Richardsonian [Romaneque] building."<ref name=":0" />Template:RpHowever, Curran says Sheffield Chemical Laboratory is "the best remaining example of the craftsmanship of Cady's buildings".<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Williams College
In 1883, Cady designed the Morgan Hall dormitory for Williams College.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp This was followed by a Lasell Gymnasium in 1886.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Both buildings are a mix of Romanesque Revival and Dutch Colonial Revival styles and were executed in Kentucky and Williamstown limestone.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Wesleyan University
Cady's work at Wesleyan University started with a boiler plant in 1891.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp His next commission was Fayerweather Gymnasium in 1889.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Cady's Romanesque interpretation of a gym started a trend of Romanesque Revival style buildings on the Wesleyan campus.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp However, Berg's expertise in engineering was also essential in the wide spans of the gymnasium.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The firm also designed additions to Memorial Chapel in 1898.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp In 1904, construction started on Wilbur Fisk Hall, another of their designs.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Bellevue Medical School
Cady designed the Bellevue Medical School (1897), later known as the New York University Medical School.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":20">Gray, Christopher. "A stroll along Bedpan Alley." New York Times, 6 June 2010, p. 5(L). Gale Academic OneFile, Accessed 18 Apr. 2022.</ref> The Beaux-Arts style building is located at the southwest corner of 26th Street in New York City.<ref name=":20" /> Its first floor has arched windows outlined with wedge-shaped bricks.<ref name=":20" />
Berea College
Cady was the main architectural advisor for the Berea College Square.<ref name=":34">Template:Cite web</ref> He was also the uncle of William Goodell Frost, president of Berea College.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":36">Adams, John D. "The Berea College Mission to the Mountains: Teacher Training, the Normal Department, and Rural Community Development." The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 110, no. 1 (2012): 45-47.</ref> Cady, along with landscape architect John Charles Olmsted, convinced Frost to select Colonial Revival style for the campus' architectural theme, rather than the obvious choice of rustic style for Appalachia.<ref name=":34" /> In 1906, Cady wrote to Frost:
Such buildings would be proper for the forest reserves, farms, and farm laborers and even some men's dormitories, but not on the main campus...If the College's buildings seem merely to repeat the student's old mountain environments, they will not be in line with the work their studies are doing for them. As they acquire education and a knowledge of the world, though they live in the mountains, they will hardly be content to live in the same cabins, and their regard and veneration for the College that helped them, will not likely be increased by the recollection of it as mainly a cluster of cabins... A College of log cabins would be a nightmare!<ref>Kennedy, Rachel M.; Conn, Bobi (July 15, 2020). "Berea College Square Commercial Historic District: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". Kentucky Heritage Council. p. 49-50.</ref>
Cady designed Fairfield Hall (1873), also known as Ladies Hall, which was the first brick building on campus.<ref name=":35">Template:Cite web</ref> Its eclectic design combines Italianate and Second Empire styles in a three-story structure.<ref name=":35" /> He also designed the brick and wood Berea College Hospital (1908, razed 1954) which was turned into a dormitory called Morningside Cottage in 1925.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cady designed the Colonial Revival style Boone Tavern in 1909 as a hotel for Berea College.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> Around 1912, Frost asked his uncle to design a new teacher education building.<ref name=":36" /> As a gift to the college, Cady donated much of his time working on the project.<ref name=":36" /> Knapp Hall was dedicated on December 16, 1913.<ref name=":36" /> The small building housed 200 students, but Cady had designed it to use every space efficiently.<ref name=":36" /> To give the classrooms the best light possible, he extended the windows to the ceiling and placed the building on a true north axis.<ref name=":36" /> He also developed adjacent playgrounds.<ref name=":36" />
Churches
Cady is credited with designing 25 church buildings using a variety of styles.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp A Presbyterian, Cady avoided the traditional Anglican and Catholic cruciform plan but instead used the English "dissenting chapel" arrangement.<ref name=":40">Template:Cite book</ref> Schuyler was complimentary of "the dignity and churchliness" of Cady's churches.<ref name=":40" />
He designed two churches in Norwood, New Jersey in the Gothic revival style: the Alpine Community Church (1867) and the Church of the Holy Communion (1886-88).<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp He used Stick style or Carpenter Gothic style for the First Presbyterian Church of Oyster Bay (1873) in Oyster Bay, New York and the Plantsville Congregational Church (1866) in Southington, Connecticut.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":42" /> St. William's Catholic Church (1890) in Long Lake, New York was designed by Cady in the shingle style.<ref name=":31">Template:Cite web</ref>
Cady used a traditional Byzantine church plan for the First Presbyterian Church (1889) in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and the Hampton Memorial Church (1886) at the Hampton Institute in Hampton, Virginia.<ref name=":32">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The latter features a square tower that is Template:Convert tall and has a clock on all four sides.<ref name=":32" /> Inside, the wood trim is adorned with carved African American faces, and the yellow pine pews were built by students from the Hampton trade school.<ref name=":32" />
Cady's preferred style for churches was Romanesque Revival, including the Church of the Redeemer in Paterson, New Jersey; First Church Congregational in Fairfield, Connecticut; First Presbyterian Church (1882–1884) in Albany, New York; First Presbyterian Church (1901) in Ithaca, New York; Good Shepherd–Faith Presbyterian Church (1887–1893) in New York City; Presbyterian Church in Greenwich, Connecticut; South Street Presbyterian Church (1878) of Morristown, New Jersey; and the Webb Memorial Church in Madison, New Jersey.<ref name=":11" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":38">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":40" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Some of his many churches in New York City include the Broome Street Tabernacle (1884–1885), First Presbyterian Church on Brownell Street, Forsyth Street Synagogue (1890) which is now the Seventh Day Adventist Church, Grace Methodist Episcopal Church (1895; demolished), Gustavus Adolphus Swedish Lutheran Church (1887), New York Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church (1889–92) which is now Union United Methodist Church, Olivet Memorial Church, the Pilgrim Chapel for the Church of the Pilgrims (1878), the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant at the Mission (1871), St. Andrew's Methodist Church (1889–90) which is now West Side Institutional Synagogue, and St. Paul's German Lutheran Church of Williamsburgh.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
One of his church designs was replicated several times.<ref name=":5">Wessels, William. "The Story of the Twin Churches." Trailmarker, July–August 1962. via Saint Hubert's Isle Church of the Good Shepherd. Accessed March 10, 2024</ref><ref name=":41" /> In 1880, he designed the Church of the Good Shepherd at Raquette Lake, New York.<ref name=":41">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1881, those plans were modified at the request of Harriet Beecher Stowe for the Church of Our Saviour in Mandarin, Florida.<ref name=":41" /><ref name=":5" /> The plans were used again in 1883 for the Church of the Good Shepherd in Beattystown, New Jersey.<ref name=":41" />
Health and welfare
The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor (AICP) hired Cady, Berg & See to design the People's Bath at 9 Centre Market Place on the Lower East Side.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Curran says this became "one of the most successful and well-publicized public baths in nineteenth-century America."<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp As a result, the firm became the official architect for future designs of municipal baths in New York City.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
In 1895, they were asked to submit a design for a grander bath facility for Tompkins Square Park—it was to include baths.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp This was to be the first in a group of five similar bathhouses.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp However, the community protested against having such a facility in their park, and it was never built.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Later, New York City used a reworked version of their design for the Rivington Street Baths.<ref name=":21">Renner, Andrea. "A Nation That Bathes Together: New York City's Progressive Era Public Baths." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 504–31. Template:Doi.</ref> The AICP criticized New York City and the architects for what they called "a pretentious brick structure", finding it too grand, too large, and too expensive for the bathhouse scheme they had in mind.<ref name=":21" />
Cady designed the Hudson Street Hospital (1893), Presbyterian Hospital (1886), and the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital (1898).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp His firm also designed a House of Relief (1894) on Hudson Street near the Hudson Street Hospital, both of which were operated by the New York Hospital.<ref name=":22">Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes/Readers' Questions; The Old U.S. Army Building on Whitehall Street." New York Times, 5 Mar. 1995. Gale Academic OneFile, Accessed 18 Apr. 2022.</ref> This five-story House of Relief with its distinctive twin stairway was used for clinical and emergency services.<ref name=":22" />
Cady, Berg & See also designed the Christian Home for Intemperate Men (1881) on Madison Avenue, a Home for Old Men and Aged Couples (1897, demolished 1973) at Morningside Heights, and the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum (1893) on Manhattan Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Residential
In 1865, Cady designed the Nordhoff estate for Mr. and Mrs. Charles Nordhoff in Alpine, New Jersey.<ref name=":39">Template:Cite book</ref> In the February 1874 edition of The New–York Sketch–Book of Architecture, Cady shared a design for a Country-Home.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite journal</ref> Cady, Berg & See designed around fifteen residential projects in New York City including those at 57–65 East 90th Street in Manhattan which are now in the Carnegie Hill Historic District and 16 and 8–4 Pierrepont Street in the Brooklyn Heights Historic District.<ref>"Tudor City Historic District Designation Report". New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 1988. p. 71. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</ref>
Designed by Cady, the Romanesque Revival style Othniel C. Marsh House was built from 1875 to 1881 in New Haven.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref> At the time, the Marsh House was different from the Queen Anne style that was popular in New Haven.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> The New Haven Preservation Trust says the "fortress-like mansion" merges Jacobean revival style with some Queen Anne details.<ref name=":9" /> A professor of paleontology at Yale, Marsh left his home to the university.<ref name=":4" /> The building is a National Historic Landmark.<ref name=":9" />
In 1876, Cady designed Cliffside, a Dutch Colonial Revival style stone mansion in Palisades, New York, for Lynda and Henry Lawrence.<ref name=":13">"Cliffside". National Register of Historic Places Digital Archive on NPGallery. Accessed March 15, 2024.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He designed the Charles H. Farnam Residence at 28 Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven in 1884 for attorney Charles Henry Farnam.<ref name=":46" /> With arched windows and an octagonal corner tower, Its design is eclectic but has similarities to Dutch Colonial style.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Yale University has owned the Farnam house since 1920 and uses it for the Department of Economics.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
Commercial
In 1872, Cady designed the Demarest Railroad Depot in Bergen County, New Jersey.<ref name=":39" /> In 1878, he designed an office in Dutch Colonial style for Harper Brother's Publishing House.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp American Architect and Building News said, "The whole room is the quaintest of quaint—a place to linger in."<ref name=":17" />
Cady designed four commercial buildings that were considered skyscrapers in their day—the nine-story Gallatin Bank Building (1886, demolished) in New York City, the ten-story Lancashire Fire Insurance Company (1889) in New York City, the twelve-story Shoe and Leather Bank (1893) in New York City, and the Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company (1897, demolished) in Hartford, Connecticut.<ref name=":23">Korom, J. . J. J. (2008). Nineteenth Century Skyscrapers. American Skyscraper, 1850-1940: A Celebration of Height, 494–508. via EBSCO. Accessed April 18, 2022</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp The seven-story retail and residential towers of the Metropolitan Opera House were also considered skyscrapers.<ref name=":23" />
Cady was Richard Morris Hunt's biggest rival for the Tribune Tower competition; although the latter eventually won and designed the building in New York.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp However, Cady published his design in the July 1874 edition of The New–York Sketch–Book of Architecture.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Personal life
In 1859, Cady married Julia Bulkley, daughter of the pioneering dermatologist Dr. Henry D. Bulkley of New York.<ref name=":24">Template:Cite book</ref> They had one daughter, Alice Cleaveland Cady, before Julia died in 1869 from an inflammation of the lungs.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":43">Template:Cite web</ref> In a letter to her parents, his niece Lavinia Goodell wrote, "Poor Cleveland will feel the loss very deeply for he thought everything of her. The babe is only ten months old."<ref name=":43" />
Cady built a summer home in Alpine, New Jersey in 1876.<ref name=":39" /> He married Emma Matilda Bulkley, the sister of his first wife, in 1881.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":43" /> She was a native of Orange, New Jersey, and was the second daughter of Dr. Bulkley.<ref name=":24" /> They had three children, including Julia Bulkley Cady, Cleaveland Cady, and Lyndon Bulkley Cady.<ref name=":24" />
Cady was a devoted Presbyterian who served as head of the Sunday school at the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant for 53 years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> He was president of the National Federation of Churches and a member of the Religious Education Association.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp Cady also ran weekly prayer meetings at the Covenant Mission at the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant.<ref name=":2" /> He was vice–president of the New York City Mission for ten years, serving on the board for seventeen years.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp He was a trustee of Berea College, governor of the Presbyterian Hospital, and president of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> He was a member of the Alpine Club, the Century Association, the Quill Club, and the St. Anthony Club of New York.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":33" />
On April 17, 1919, Cady died in his home at 214 Riverside Drive after two months of illness.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" /> He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York.<ref name=":10" />
Selected projects
Following is a list of some of the surviving buildings that Cady designed. Many of these structures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), are part of a National Register Historic District (NRHD) or a Local Historic District (LHD), or are a National Historic Landmark (NHL).
| Project | Date | Address | City and state | Firm | Status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantsville Congregational Church | 1866 | 99 Church Street | Southington, Connecticut | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref name=":42">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn |
| Alpine Community Church | 1867–1871 | Alpine, New Jersey | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHD | <ref name=":39" />Template:Efn | |
| Church of the Covenant Chapel | 1871 | 310 E 42nd Street | Manhattan, New York | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | LHD | <ref>"Tudor City Historic District Designation Report". New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. 1988. p. 3. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</ref>Template:Efn |
| Demarest Station | 1872 | 38 Park Street | Demarest, New Jersey | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| First Presbyterian Church of Oyster Bay | 1873 | 60 East Main Street | Oyster Bay, New York | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref name=":7" /> |
| Cliffside | 1876 | Lawrence Lane | Palisades, New York | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref name=":13" /> |
| Church of the Holy Communion | 1877, 1886–1888 | 66 Summit Street | Norwood, New Jersey | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHP | <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> |
| Barron Library | 1878 | 582 Rahway Avenue | Woodbridge Township, New Jersey | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref name=":12" /> |
| Othniel C. Marsh House | 1878 | 360 Prospect Street | New Haven, Connecticut | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NHL | <ref name=":9" /> |
| Saint Anthony Hall | 1878 | 340 Summit Street | Hartford, Connecticut | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHP | <ref name=":37" /> |
| South Street Presbyterian Church | 1878 | 57 East Park Place | Morristown , New Jersey. | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | NRHD | <ref name=":11" /><ref name=":38" />Template:Efn |
| Church of the Good Shepherd | 1880 | St. Hubert's Isle | Raquette Lake, New York | J. Cleaveland Cady, Architect | .<ref name=":41" /> | |
| First Presbyterian Church of Albany | 1882–1884 | Wilett and State Streets | Albany, New York | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHD | <ref name=":11" /><ref name=":40" /> |
| Charles Henry Farnam House | 1884 | 28 Hillhouse Avenue | New Haven, Connecticut | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHD | <ref name=":46" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn |
| Hampton University Memorial Church | 1886 | Hampton University | Hampton, Virginia | J. C. Cady & Company | <ref name=":32" /> | |
| Church of the Good Shepherd | 1887 | 152 West 66th Street | Manhattan, New York | J. C. Cady & Company | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | |
| First Roumanian-American Congregation | 1889–1893 | 89–93 Rivington Street | Manhattan, New York | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHP | <ref>Wolfe, Gerard R. The Synagogues of New York's Lower East Side: A Retrospective and Contemporary View. Fordham University Press, 2013, pp. 161-162.</ref>Template:Efn |
| First Presbyterian Church | 1889 | 97 South Franklin Street | Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHD | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn |
| St. William's Catholic Church | 1890 | Long Point on Raquette Lake | Long Lake, New York | J. C. Cady & Company | NRHP | <ref name=":31" /> |
| Chittenden Hall (aka Memorial Library) | 1889–1890 | Yale University | New Haven, Connecticut | Cady, Berg & See | <ref name=":0" />Template:Rp | |
| Yale Infirmary | 1892 | 276 Prospect Street | New Haven, Connecticut | Cady, Berg & See | <ref name=":0" />Template:Rp | |
| Watson Hall (aka Sheffield Chemical Laboratory) | 1894 | 51 Prospect Street | New Haven, Connecticut | Cady, Berg & See | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":0" />Template:Rp | |
| Hendrie Hall | 1894–1900 | Between Chapel and Grove Streets | New Haven, Connecticut | Cady, Berg & See | <ref name=":45" /> | |
| American Museum of Natural History | 1899 | 200 Central Park West | New York, New York | Cady, Berg & See | NRHP | <ref name=":19" /> |
| First Presbyterian Church of Ithaca | 1901 | 315 North Cayuga Street | Ithaca, New York | Cady, Berg & See | NRHD | <ref name=":8" />Template:Efn |
| Grace Episcopal Church | 1901–1902 | 15515 Jamaica Avenue | Queens, New York | Cady, Berg & See | NRHP | <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> |
| St. George Tucker Hall | 1908–1909 | 350 James Blair Drive | Williamsburg, Virginia | Cady & See | <ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | |
| Boone Tavern | 1909 | 100 Main Street | Berea, Kentucky | Cady & See | NRHP | <ref name=":6" /> |
| Third Presbyterian Church North | 1909 | Ridge Street and Abbington Avenue | Newark, New Jersey | Cady & Gregory | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=newsnewark/> |
Notes
References
Further reading
Schuyler, Montgomery. "The Works of Cady, Berg & See." The Architectural Record VI (July 1896–June 1897): pp. 516–553.
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- 1837 births
- 1919 deaths
- People from Providence, Rhode Island
- American Presbyterians
- Bacon Academy alumni
- Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
- St. Anthony Hall
- 19th-century American architects
- 20th-century American architects
- Architects from New York City
- Architects of Roman Catholic churches
- Architects of Presbyterian churches
- Romanesque Revival architects