Sheffield Scientific School

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#if:Sheffield-Scientific-School-1898.jpg|Template:Main other }}{{#if:|Template:Main other }}{{#if:|Template:Main other }}{{#invoke:check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox university with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|mapframe_args=y | academic_affiliation | academic_affiliations | academic_staff | accreditation | address | administrative_staff | affiliation | affiliations | athletics_affiliations | athletics_nickname | athletics_nicknames | budget | campus | campus_type | campus_size | canton | caption | chair | chairman | chairperson | chancellor | city | closed | colors | colours | coor | coordinates | country | dean | director | doctoral | embedded | endowment | enrollment | established | faculty | footnotes | former_name | former_names | founder | founders | free | free1 | free2 | free_label | free_label1 | free_label2 | head | head_label | image | image_alt | image_name | image_size | image_upright | language | latin_name | location | logo | logo_alt | logo_size | logo_upright | map_size | mascot | mascots | module | motto | mottoeng | motto_lang | mottoeng | name | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nrhp | officer_in_charge | other | other_name | other_names | other_students | parent | postalcode | postcode | postgrad | prefecture | president | principal | province | provost | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_caption | rector | region | religious_affiliation | sporting_affiliations | sports_free | sports_free1 | sports_free2 | sports_free3 | sports_free_label | sports_free_label1 | sports_free_label2 | sports_free_label3 | sports_nickname | sports_nicknames | state | students | superintendent | top_free | top_free1 | top_free2 | top_free_label | top_free_label1 | top_free_label2 | total_staff | type | undergrad | vice_chancellor | vice-president | vice_president | visitor | website | zipcode }}{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check | template = Infobox university | cat = Template:Main other | image; image_name | other_names; other_name | former_names; former_name | founders; founder | academic_affiliations; academic_affiliation | academic_staff; faculty | campus_type; campus | other_students; other | location; address | location; city | location; address | location; canton | location; prefecture | location; province | location; region | location; state | location; country | location; postalcode | location; postcode | location; zipcode | postalcode; postcode; zipcode | coordinates; coor | colors; colours | free_label; free_label1 | free; free1 | athletics_nicknames; sports_nicknames; athletics_nickname; sports_nickname; nickname | athletics_affiliations; sporting_affiliations | affiliation; affiliations | mascots; mascot | nrhp; embedded; module }} Sheffield Scientific School was founded in 1847 as a school of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, for instruction in science and engineering. Originally named the Yale Scientific School, it was renamed in 1861 in honor of Joseph E. Sheffield, a railroad executive. The school was incorporated in 1871. The Sheffield Scientific School helped establish a model of American higher education which incorporated both the sciences and the liberal arts. Following World War I, its curriculum gradually became completely integrated with Yale College. "The Sheff" ceased to function as a separate entity in 1956.

History

Second President's House, home to the Department of Philosophy and the Arts, 1847–1860

After technological developments in the early nineteenth century, such as the electric telegraph, an interest was fostered in teaching applied science at universities. Harvard established the Lawrence Scientific School in 1846 and Dartmouth began the Chandler Scientific School in 1852. The stage was set at Yale for the transition in education beginning in 1846, when professorships of agricultural chemistry (John Pitkin Norton) and practical chemistry (Benjamin Silliman Jr.) were established. In 1847, the School of Applied Chemistry became part of a newly created Department of Philosophy and the Arts (later, the Yale Graduate School). Classes and labs were hosted in the Second President's House on Yale's Old Campus until funding and a suitable facility could be found.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Norton died in 1852 and was followed by John Addison Porter. The professorship for applied chemistry was followed in 1852 by one for civil engineering, (William Augustus Norton) establishing a school of engineering. These programs made up the Yale Scientific School.Template:Citation needed

Joseph Earl Sheffield (1793-1882), the school's namesake

In 1853 and 1854, science and engineering courses were listed in the Yale College course catalog as offered by the Yale Scientific School. Porter elicited help from his father-in-law, Joseph Earl Sheffield (1793-1882), and in 1858, Sheffield donated over US$100,000 to purchase the old Medical Department building for the scientific school. This gift included two newly-renovated wings within the building.<ref name="last-dino-hunter" />Template:Rp The old Yale Medical School building on the northeast corner of Grove and Prospect Streets was renovated and renamed (South) Sheffield Hall. (It was demolished in 1931 and was on the current site of Sterling Tower, Sheffield Hall and Strathcona Hall (SSS).) Sheffield's building reinforced the division of Hillhouse Avenue into an upper, residential section, and a lower section devoted to education. In 1861, the school became the Sheffield Scientific School.Template:Citation needed

Sheffield was one of Yale's greatest benefactors and continued to support the school throughout his life, giving a total of about US$500,000. Yale also received US$591,000 from his will as well as his house, the Sheffield mansion, designed and originally owned by Ithiel Town (demolished in 1957).<ref name="havemeyer">Loomis Havemeyer, Samuel Dudley, The Engineering Heritage at Yale, 1852-1957, 1959.</ref> The school also benefited from the Morrill Act starting in 1863 and an agricultural course was begun. Land grant status, however, was transferred to the Storrs Agricultural School in 1893 after arguments by the state grange that the school was not a proper "farm school".<ref name="uconn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Education and student life

The Sheffield School innovated with an undergraduate course offering science and mathematics as well as economics, English, geography, history, modern languages, philology and political science. Sheffield also pioneered graduate education in the United States, granting the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 as well as the first engineering Ph.D. to Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1863, and the first geology Ph.D. to William North Rice in 1867.Template:Citation needed

Unlike Yale College students at the time, Sheffield students had "no dorms, no required chapel, no disciplinary marks and no proctors".<ref name="kelly">Kelly, Brooks Mather, Yale: A History, Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1974.</ref> The Academical Department of Yale (Ac) and Sheffield (Sheff) became rivals. Loomis Havemeyer, alumnus and registrar at Sheffield, stated: "During the second half of the nineteenth century Yale College and Sheffield Scientific School, separated by only a few streets, were two separate countries on the same planet." The Ac students studied liberal arts and would look down on the practical Sheff students.Template:Citation needed

Sheffield had its own student secret societies, including the Colony Club, 1848 (now Berzelius), the Cloister, 1863 (now Book and Snake), St. Anthony Hall, 1867 (now a 3-year society, also called Delta Psi), St. Elmo, 1889 (also a senior society), as well as Franklin Hall, 1865 (Theta Xi), York Hall, 1877 (Chi Phi), Sachem Hall, 1893 (Phi Sigma Kappa), and Vernon Hall, 1908 (now Myth and Sword). The Yale Scientific magazine was founded at Sheffield in 1894, the first student magazine devoted to the sciences.Template:Citation needed

Other buildings

In 1872–73, Sheffield Scientific School's first new building, North Sheffield Hall was built, designed by Josiah Cleaveland Cady, on what had been the gardens of the Town-Sheffield mansion. This was followed by Winchester Hall (1892) and Sheffield Chemical (1894-5, J. Cleaveland Cady). Of these, only the latter, Sheffield Chemical, is still standing, renovated and renamed Arthur K. Watson Hall. Becton Laboratory (designed by Marcel Breuer, 1970) now stands on the site of North Sheffield and Winchester Halls (demolished in 1967). Further expansion brought Kirtland Hall (1902, Kirtland Cutter), Hammond Laboratory (1904, W. Gedney Beatty), Leet Oliver Hall (1908, Charles C. Haight), Mason Laboratory (1911, Charles C. Haight) and Dunham Laboratory (1912, Henry Morse; addition 1958, Douglas Orr), all still standing except Hammond which was razed in 2009 to make way for two new residential colleges.<ref>Cross-Campus, Nov. 2, 2009, Yale Daily News</ref>

Reorganization

Plaque commemorating Sheffield Hall

During the 1918-1919 reorganization of the educational structure of Yale University, the three years "select" course at Sheffield Scientific School was eliminated and a four-year course of study for those studying "professional science" and "engineering" was approved, while graduate courses were transferred to the Graduate School, leaving only undergraduate courses taught at Sheffield Scientific School from 1919 to 1945, coexisting with Yale College's science programs. The centennial was celebrated in 1947 with the Silliman lectures given by Ernest O. Lawrence, Linus Pauling, W. M. Stanley and George Wells Beadle.<ref>George Alfred Baitsell (ed), The Centennial of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University Press, 1950.</ref>

The first degree of Bachelor of Science was awarded in 1922 to the graduating class of the Sheffield Scientific School. In 1932, the School of Engineering was reestablished and Sheffield Scientific School engineering classes were transferred to the new school. In 1945, the Sheffield Scientific School resumed its original function of graduate level instruction in science. Undergraduate courses for the Bachelor of Science degree were transferred to Yale College, and undergraduate courses for a Bachelor of Science in industrial administration were transferred to the School of Engineering.Template:Citation needed

This transition occurred gradually, through the influence of "aggressive, powerful alumni" (including Edwin Oviatt, editor of the Yale Alumni Weekly) who "took control out of President Hadley's hands and forced a radical reorganization of Yale".<ref name="kelly"/> In 1956, the Sheffield Scientific School was terminated as an active school. The Board of Trustees still exists to oversee the Sheffield Scientific School property and meet legal requirements. The school's faculty is defined as teachers of science to graduate students under the Division of Science. Engineering teaching and research is now conducted within the School of Engineering & Applied Science.Template:Citation needed

Directors

• George Jarvis Brush (Professor of Mineralogy) from 1872 to 1898.
• Russell Henry Chittenden (Professor of Physiological Chemistry) from 1898 to 1922.
• Charles Hyde Warren (Sterling Professor of Geology) from 1922 to 1945.
• Edmund Ware Sinnott (Sterling Professor of Botany) from 1945 to 1956.

Notable faculty

• Charles Emerson Beecher, paleontologist, member of the governing board<ref name="CharlesBeecherYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• William Henry Brewer, botanist, first chair of agriculture, as well as a graduate from the first class of the school<ref name="WHBYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Daniel Cady Eaton, botanist<ref name="last-dino-hunter" />Template:Rp
• Daniel Coit Gilman, geographer, helped plan and raise funds<ref name="DCGYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Richard F. Humphreys (1911–1968), physicist and author, president of Cooper Union
• Thomas Lounsbury, American literary historian, professor of English and librarian at Sheff<ref name="TRLYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Chester S. Lyman (1814–1890), industrial mechanics; inventor of surveying and astronomical instruments<ref name = Uni>Template:Cite book</ref>
• William Crosby Marshall (1870-1934), Mechanical engineer, Professor of Machine Design and Descriptive Geometry and author.
• Lafayette Mendel, biochemist<ref name="LBMYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Mansfield Merriman (1848–1925), civil engineering; author of "A Treatise on Hydraulics and on the Strength of Materials", 1877<ref name="MMYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• John Pitkin Norton, chemist, faculty member of Yale's department of education in applied science, which gave rise to Sheffield Scientific School.<ref name="Schiff">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• William Augustus Norton, civil engineer, founding faculty member<ref name="WANNASBio">Template:Cite book</ref>
• John Addison Porter, chemist<ref name="JAPYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Charles Brinckerhoff Richards, engineer chair of Mechanical Engineering from 1884–1909<ref name=CBRNYT>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Benjamin Silliman Jr., chemist, founding faculty member<ref name="BSYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• William Petit Trowbridge (1828–1892), mechanical engineering; published the first cantilever bridge design; Member, National Academy of Science<ref name="WPTNASBio">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Addison Emery Verrill, zoologist and geologist<ref name="last-dino-hunter" />Template:Rp
• Francis Amasa Walker, economist, third president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology<ref name=FAW>Template:Citation</ref>
• William Dwight Whitney, organized and taught in the department of modern languages; member of the governing board<ref name=WDW>Template:Cite ANB</ref>

Notable alumni

• Joseph Wright Alsop IV (1876–1953), politician and insurance executive; father of Joseph Alsop<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844–1907), chemist known for his studies of human nutrition and metabolism<ref name="carpenter">Template:Cite conference</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Clifford Whittingham Beers, mental health pioneer<ref name="CWBYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Jules Blankfein, Class of 1921, physician & financier; founder, Physicians' Hospital, New York; uncle of Lloyd Blankfein<ref name="HospitalNYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• William Edward Boeing, aviator<ref name="BoeingNYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• John Vernou Bouvier III, stockbroker and socialite; father of Jackie Kennedy, First Lady<ref name="JVB3NYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Chester Bowles, American politician<ref name="CBBobit">Template:Citation</ref>
• Bradford Brinton, engineer; collector of fine Western art, which eventually resulted in the primary collection of The Brinton Museum<ref name="BBYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• J. Twing Brooks, U. S. congressman<ref name="JTB">Template:Citation</ref>
• Malcolm Greene Chace (1875–1955), class of 1896. One of the founders of the Yale hockey team, American financier, textile industrialist, and tennis champion<ref name="ChaceObit">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="NYTObit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Henry Boardman Conover, ornithologist<ref name="BCYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Arthur Louis Day, geophysicist and volcanologist<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Franklin M. Doolittle (1893–1979), Class of 1915, radio pioneer<ref>Franklin Malcolm Doolittle entry, Twenty-five Year Record of the Grand and Illustrious Class of 1915^s, 1940, page 35.</ref>
• Charles Benjamin Dudley, chemist<ref name="CBDYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Isadore Dyer, physician<ref name="IDYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Lee de Forest, electronics inventor<ref name="LDFNYTObit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Francis I. du Pont, chemist<ref name="FIdPYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Pete Falsey, Major League baseball player<ref>(1920). Alumni Directory of Yale University (graduates and non-graduates) 1920. New Haven: Yale University. 1920. p. 307.</ref>
• Joseph W. Frazer, automobile magnate<ref name="JWFNYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• James Terry Gardiner, surveyor and engineer<ref name="GardinerNYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Josiah Willard Gibbs, mathematical physicist and physical chemist<ref name="JWGYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• T. Keith Glennan, first NASA administrator<ref name="TKG">Template:Citation</ref>
• Harold L. Green, chain store founder<ref name="HLGYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• John Campbell Greenway, American mining and steel executive, General, U.S. Army<ref name="JCGYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Harry Frank Guggenheim, businessman, philanthropist<ref name="HFGNYT">Template:Cite news</ref>
• John Hays Hammond, mining engineer, philanthropist, faculty member. He endowed a program at Sheff in mining and metallurgy and accepted a professorship. He contributed $100,000 for the construction of Hammond Laboratory, which is named for him.<ref name="JHHYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• John Hays Hammond Jr., inventor, “father of radio control’’<ref name="JHHJNYTobit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• John Bell Hatcher, paleontologist<ref name="last-dino-hunter">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
• Daniel Webster Hering, physicist<ref name="DWHYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Robert J. Huber, Michigan politician, businessman<ref name="RJH">Template:Citation</ref>
• Tony Hulman (1924) businessman, owner of Indianapolis Motor Speedway 1945–1977<ref name="Hulman">Template:Citation</ref>
• Edward Hopkins Jenkins (1850–1931), agricultural chemist; director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1900–1923)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Treat Baldwin Johnson, chemist<ref name="TreatBaldwinJohnsonYaleObit">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref>
• Clarence King, American geologist and mountaineer<ref name="CKYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Charles N. Lowrie, American landscape architect<ref name="CNLYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Duane Lyman, architect<ref name="DLyman">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Othniel Charles Marsh, paleontologist<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Champion Mathewson, metallurgist<ref name="CHMObit">Template:Citation</ref>
• Truman Handy Newberry, American businessman and politician<ref name="THNYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Frederick E. Olmsted, forester<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Thomas Wharton Phillips Jr., U. S. Congressman<ref name="TWPJ">Template:Citation</ref>
• William S. Reyburn, U.S. Congressman<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• William North Rice, geologist and theologian<ref name="WNRYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Stanley Pickett Rockwell (1907), metallurgist and co-inventor of the Rockwell hardness test<ref name="SPRYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Pierce Schenck (1878–1930), business executive from Dayton, Ohio<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Open access</ref>
• William Thompson Sedgwick, bacteriologist and public health scientist<ref name="WTSYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• George B. Selden, lawyer and inventor<ref name="GBSObit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Sidney Irving Smith, zoologist<ref name="Coe">Template:Cite book</ref>
• James Graham Phelps Stokes, philanthropist, publicist, and political activist<ref name="JGPSNYTObit">Template:Cite news</ref>
• Zhan Tianyou, Chinese railroad engineer, "father of China's railroad"<ref name="JTYYaleObit">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Juan Trippe, founder and CEO of Pan American World Airways<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
• Yamakawa Kenjirō, Japanese samurai of Aizu Domain, member of Byakkotai, physicist, member of the House of Peers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Thomas Yawkey, owner of the Boston Red Sox for 44 years<ref name="TYObit">Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Austin Cornelius Dunham - major early donor

Further reading

• Cunningham, W. Jack, Engineering at Yale, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, 1992. Template:ISBN
• Pinnell, Patrick L., Yale University: The Campus Guide, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 1999.
• Shimp, Andy, Sheffield Scientific School.
• Chittenden, Russell H., History of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, 1846–1922. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1928.
• Furniss, Edgar S., The Graduate School of Yale: A Brief History. New Haven, Conn.: Purington Rollins, 1965.
• Veysey, Laurence R., The Emergence of the American University. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
• Warren, Charles H. The Sheffield Scientific School from 1847 to 1947. In The Centennial of the Sheffield Scientific School. Edited by George Alfred Baitsell. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1950.

External links

• Yale Engineering through the Centuries