Janet (album)

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Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates {{safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst-infobox||$params=italic_title,name,type,longtype,artist,cover,border,alt,caption,released,recorded,venue,studio,genre,length,language,label,director,producer,compiler,chronology,prev_title,prev_year,year,next_title,next_year,misc|$extra=italic_title,longtype,border,caption,language,director,compiler,chronology,year,misc|$aliases=italic title>italic_title,Italic title>italic_title,Name>name,Type>type,image>cover,Cover>cover,Border>border,Alt>alt,Caption>caption,Longtype>longtype,Artist>artist,Released>released,Recorded>recorded,Venue>venue,Studio>studio,Genre>genre,Length>length,Language>language,Label>label,Director>director,Producer>producer,Compiler>compiler,Chronology>chronology,Misc>misc|$flags=override|$B={{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Is infobox in lead|main|[Ii]nfobox [Aa]lbum}}|true|{{#if:Template:Has short description | |{{#if: Template:Start date | Template:Short description}}}}}}{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Category handlerTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox album with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|italic_title |type |name |image |cover |border |alt |caption |longtype |artist |released |recorded |venue |studio |genre |length |language |label |director |producer |compiler |prev_title|prev_year|next_title|next_year|chronology|year|misc}}{{#if:{{#invoke:String|match|error_category=Music infoboxes with Module:String errors|A|1=Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 18141989Janet Remixed1995studioJanetJanetperiod1993.pngJanet JacksonTemplate:Start dateSeptember 1992 – February 1993Flyte Tyme (Edina, Minnesota)R&BTemplate:DurationVirgin* Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis

Janet (stylized as janet.) is the fifth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on May 18, 1993, by Virgin Records America. Prior to its release, Jackson was at the center of a high-profile bidding war over her recording contract. In 1991, her original label A&M sought to renew her contract, while others, such as Atlantic, Capitol, and Virgin all vied to sign her. After meeting with Virgin owner Richard Branson, she signed with the label. The contract was worth an estimated $40 million, making her the world's then-highest paid musical act. Janet marks Jackson's second eponymous record after her debut studio album, Janet Jackson (1982).

Its title, "janet.", consisting of just her first name followed by a full stop, suggests a disassociation of her public image from the Jackson family, showing her standing by herself.<ref name="USA Today"/> An R&B record, Janet incorporated pop, hip hop, soul, funk, rock, house, jazz, and opera, eliminating the rigid, industrial sound of her previous records. Lyrically, the theme of Janet is sexual intimacy—an abrupt departure from her conservative image.

In the United States, Janet became the singer's third consecutive album to top the Billboard 200 and her first to debut at number one. Selling 350,000 copies in its first week, it set a record for the highest first week sales for a female artist at that time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Certified sixfold platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), it has sold over seven million copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan. Internationally, Janet topped the record charts in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom, and has sold an estimated 14 million copies worldwide.

Janet remains one of only seven albums in history to produce six top-ten hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, including the number-one singles "That's the Way Love Goes" and "Again". The MTV-sponsored Janet World Tour supporting the album received critical acclaim for Jackson's elaborate stage performances, reinforcing her reputation as one of the preeminent artists of the MTV generation. Janet cemented her as an international icon and sex symbol, and is listed by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 200 Definitive Albums of All Time. Academics argued the erotic imagery in her music videos have contributed to a higher degree of sexual freedom among women.

Background

Rumors of a multimillion-dollar bidding war over Jackson's recording contract began to circulate in spring 1991. Jet magazine reported: "A recording company has offered in excess of $50 million to sign superstar Janet Jackson to a recording contract, making the 24-year-old singer/songwriter/dancer/actress the key player in one of the hottest bidding wars among today's major record companies."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Reports indicated that Capitol, Virgin and Atlantic were all bidding for Jackson's contract, as her ties to A&M would soon expire; by March, she had signed with Virgin. The New York Times declared "Janet Jackson has signed what is believed to be the most lucrative contract in the history of recording. The 24-year-old singer, songwriter and actress signed an exclusive contract with Virgin Records it was announced yesterday."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Her new contract guaranteed a twenty-two percent royalty payment, in addition to her then-historic signing bonus.<ref name="virgin contract">Template:Citation</ref> Chuck Philips of the Los Angeles Times reported that it had been the largest bidding war in recent memory and that "[o]ne reason the bidding was so heavy, various industry observers have noted, was that Jackson-at just 24-is still a relatively fresh face on the pop scene and that her dance-pop style is ideal for today's pop/video climate."<ref name="Chuck">Template:Citation</ref> In addition, her potential as an international superstar proved to be the primary motivation for the label's investment. Jeff Ayeroff, co-managing director of Virgin in the US stated: "Janet is a world-class artist and we expect her growth to be enormous."<ref name="Chuck" /> Chairman Richard Branson spoke with Jackson privately to seal the deal. He commented: "A Rembrandt rarely becomes available... When it does, there are many people who are determined to get it. I was determined."<ref name="Chuck" />

Stephen Holden of The New York Times criticized the contract amount, considering it a gamble for Virgin. He stated that Jackson "is a producer-dependent artist—i.e., someone who relies on others to make her sound interesting and trendy. She also lacks a sharply defined personality, both as an artist and celebrity. Where singers like Ms. Houston and Mariah Carey have commanding vocal power, Ms. Jackson's is a relatively indistinguishable studio voice."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Richard Branson rebutted this argument stating "Ms. Jackson has met with great success working with the production team of Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, just as her brother Michael Jackson has experienced his greatest successes with the producer Quincy Jones. It is interesting that Mr. Holden doesn't mention this similar 'liability' when discussing Michael Jackson. To say that Ms. Jackson is 'dependent' on her producer is a shortsighted observation. She is a formidable talent who stands on her own."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Michael Jackson would break his sister's record only days later, when he signed a $60 million contract with Sony Music Entertainment. Both sibling's contracts garnered considerable criticism. Los Angeles Times reported that "A&M Records President Al Cafaro, whose company lost the fierce bidding battle over Janet Jackson to Virgin Records, said record companies may be vesting too much importance in individual performers" as the funds used as advances to the Jacksons could have launched recording careers for numerous unknown talents.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Cliff Burnstein of Q-Prime management commented that recording artists demands for advances upon signing would begin to escalate from that point forward.<ref name="virgin contract" />

Prior to her first release with Virgin, Jackson was asked by Jam and Lewis to record a song for the soundtrack to the feature film Mo' Money, released in 1992 by their label Perspective Records. Jon Bream of the Star Tribune reported: "For most movie soundtracks, producers negotiate with record companies, managers and lawyers for the services of big-name singers. Like the Hollywood outsiders that they are, Edina-based Jam and Lewis went directly to such stars as Janet Jackson, Luther Vandross, Bell Biv DeVoe, Color Me Badd and Johnny Gill."<ref name="Bream">Template:Citation</ref> Jackson and Vandross recorded the duet "The Best Things in Life Are Free" featuring Bell Biv DeVoe and Ralph Tresvant, which peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot R&B Singles chart.Template:Cref Shortly afterward, Jackson began filming for her first feature length role in John Singleton's Poetic Justice. Although she was encouraged by a major studio executive to take on a film in which she could portray a singer, she insisted on finding a different role. She explained: "About that same time John Singleton asked me to read his new script. John and I became buddies—I loved Boyz n the Hood—so I thought he was just asking my advice. I was shocked and honored to learn the screenplay had been written with me in mind. 'Would you play Justice?' he wanted to know. Yes! I'd finally found a role—a dramatic nonsinging role—that was right."<ref name="Justice">Template:Citation</ref> Released in July 1993, Poetic Justice debuted at number one at the box office, grossing $11,728,455; it grossed a grand total of $27,515,786.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Conception and titling

Template:Quote box After writing songs with themes of independence for Control and social injustice for Rhythm Nation 1814, Jackson desired to devote her new album to love and relationships, describing the theme of her new album as "intimacy" and that "[s]exual communication is the name of the game."<ref name="Sexual Healing">Template:Citation</ref> She stated in an interview with David Wild for Rolling Stone that "[w]hile I was doing Rhythm Nation, I was thinking about how things were so hard, so regimented and so black and white ... I thought I'd do something on the sexy side—which is hard for me since I grew up as a tomboy and don't really think of myself that way. But I think this album is more on the feminine tip."<ref name="double">Template:Citation</ref> She also commented on how her experience acting in Poetic Justice played a role in taking a new direction with her music. Speaking with biographer David Ritz, she stated that "Rhythm Nation was a heavy record, and Poetic Justice was a heavy movie. I wanted to do something lighter but also daring ... When I wrote the album, I was still in a poetic frame of mind, inspired by Maya's beautiful language. You can hear that inspiration or the interludes and especially on the song 'New Agenda'. This time I felt much freer expressing myself."<ref name="Sexual Healing" />

Despite the critical and commercial success of her two previous albums, Jackson continued to receive numerous comparisons to her brother Michael, often with doubts that she held staying power in the music industry. When Edna Gundersen of USA Today questioned her about the subject, she responded: "Certain people feel I'm just riding on my last name ... That's why I just put my first name on janet. and why I never asked my brothers to write or produce music for me."<ref name="USA Today">Template:Citation</ref> Virgin Records expressed the album title "punctuates the declaration of strength the singer, songwriter and producer boldly expresses on this moving collection of songs which explore love, sensuality, the power of sisterhood and her own evolving self-identity."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Thomas Harrison, author of Music of the 1990s (2011) wrote that "[t]he conscious decision was made, by the company and/or Jackson, to put her into the same league as other one-named artists, such as Madonna, Bono, Beyoncé and Prince, or at least to put her on the same standing as others in the industry who are often called by one name, such as Whitney, Mariah, Britney, Diana, Dolly, and Garth among others. Jackson could now, in a sense, stand on her own and not be seen as a product of the family entertainment machine."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine recounted the title of the album ultimately "announced the singer as completely independent of her male-dominated family [and] it positioned her as the person in charge of her sound."<ref name="Recordings View">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Password-protected</ref><ref name="Slant review">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Production

The album was recorded at Flyte Tyme Studios in Edina, Minnesota, from September 1992 to February 1993.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Songs on the album, with the exception of "What'll I Do", were written by Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and mixed by Steve Hodge and Dave Rideau; "What'll I Do" was written and produced by Jackson and Jellybean Johnson. Jackson took a larger role in songwriting and production than she did on her previous albums. She explained that "[a]ll my records are personal, and janet, is the most personal of them all. That's why this time around it was important for me to write all the lyrics and half of the melodies."<ref name="Sexual Healing" /> Jam described the record as being "a more mature album musically."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> David Ritz noted that Jackson and her producers took risks by experimenting with musical influences that had not appeared in their previous work. He explained: "She asked Kathleen Battle and Public Enemy's Chuck D to contribute—an opera diva and a hardcore rapper, two artists one would not associate with Janet—and somehow pulled it off. Beyond Jam and Lewis, there's now a recognizable Janet Jackson production style that's gutsy and, in some cases, even eccentric."<ref name="Sexual Healing" />

"That's The Way Love Goes" contains a sample loop of "Papa Don't Take No Mess" written by James Brown, Fred Wesley, Charles Bobbit, and John Starks.<ref name="Jacksons Number Ones">Template:Cite book</ref> The song "Again", was originally just an experimental sound the production duo was considering.<ref name="The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits">Template:Cite book</ref> While Jackson found its melody compelling, the trio did not give the song serious contemplation until the film producers from Poetic Justice requested a ballad for the film's soundtrack.<ref name="The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits" /> Jackson subsequently wrote the lyrics for "Again" and adapted them to Jam's melody.<ref name="The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits" /> The song was arranged by Lee Blaskey and accompanied by members of the Minnesota Orchestra and the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra.<ref name="The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits" />

janet. features eclectic production choices. The record incorporates R&B ("That's the Way Love Goes", "Where Are You Now", "The Body That Loves You", "Any Time, Any Place"), new jack swing ("You Want This", "Because of Love"), rock ("If", "What'll I Do"), opera ("This Time"), house ("Throb"), jazz ("Funky Big Band"), hip hop ("New Agenda"), and pop ("Again", "Whoops Now").<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album expanded Jackson's musical endeavors from the more electronic-based soundscapes of her prior albums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Like its immediate predecessor, janet. also features a number of interludes between songs that vary from short conversations, instrumentals, and ambient-based tracks.

Release and promotion

Rolling Stone cover

In September 1993, Jackson appeared topless on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine with the hands of her then-husband René Elizondo Jr. covering her breasts. The photograph is the original full-length version of the cropped image used on the cover of the Janet album, shot by Patrick Demarchelier.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the cover story, "Sexual Healing" by David Ritz, Jackson explained, "sex has been an important part of me for several years. But it just hasn't blossomed publicly until now. I've had to go through some changes and shed some old attitudes before feeling completely comfortable with my body. Listening to my new record, people intuitively understand the change in me".<ref name="Sexual Healing" /> Ritz likened Jackson's transformation to Marvin Gaye as he stated, "just as Gaye moved from What's Going On to Let's Get It On, from the austere to the ecstatic, Janet, every bit as serious-minded as Marvin, moved from Rhythm Nation to Janet, her statement of sexual liberation".<ref name="Sexual Healing" />

The image was cropped to show only Jackson's face on the album cover, and midriff in the interior booklet. The full version appears as the cover of the limited edition double-disc edition of the album, as well as the video compilation Janet released later that year. Sonia Murray of the Vancouver Sun later reported, "Jackson, 27, remains clearly established as both role model and sex symbol; the Rolling Stone photo of Jackson ... became one of the most recognizable, and most lampooned, magazine covers of the year".<ref name="Sonia Murry">Template:Cite news</ref>

Singles

File:Janet Jackson Tour 2011 (5548040182).jpg
Jackson performing the album's third single, "Again", during her Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour (2011).

"That's the Way Love Goes", the album's lead single entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number fourteen and peaked at number one.<ref>Template:Cite magazineTemplate:Password-protected</ref><ref name="billboard singles">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The single was certified gold by the RIAA on November 12, 1993.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Virgin Records intended for "If" to be the lead single for the album, but Jackson, Jam and Lewis disagreed.<ref name="Jacksons Number Ones" /> "That's the Way Love Goes" remained at number one for eight weeks—the most successful chart performance of any member of the Jackson family.<ref name="Jacksons Number Ones" /> The single earned a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "If" was released as the album's second single and peaked at number four on the Hot 100, receiving gold certification on September 28, 1993.<ref name="billboard singles" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To promote the album, Jackson performed a medley of the first two singles at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards. "Again", peaked at number one on the Hot 100 on December 11, 1993, and topped the chart for two weeks.<ref name="The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits" /><ref name="billboard singles" /> The single was certified gold and then doubled to platinum by the RIAA on December 17, 1993.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The single earned a nomination at the 66th Academy Awards for Best Original Song, and she also performed the track at the ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> "Because of Love" reached number ten, but was not certified by the RIAA.<ref name="billboard singles" /> "Any Time, Any Place" peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and was certified gold on July 11, 1994.<ref name="billboard singles" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "You Want This", the album's final commercial single for the United States, peaked at number eight on the Hot 100 and was awarded gold certification on December 6, 1994.<ref name="billboard singles" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album's hidden track "Whoops Now" was released as a single in selected territories in 1995.

The album's massive popularity at the time of its release made it one of the first instances in which an album's songs would chart prior to them being released as proper singles. "Throb", which would eventually be released as a B-side to "Any Time, Any Place" in June 1994, charted an entire year before due to unsolicited radio airplay, reaching number 66 on the Radio Songs Chart. Similarly, the album cut "Where Are You Now" reached number 30 on the same chart, being present on the chart for 37 weeks.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bonus track "One More Chance" also received unsolicited airplay toward the end of the album's rollout.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jackson's music video for "If" was staged as a futuristic Asian nightclub, with spy cameras monitoring the intimate interactions of patrons within their private boudoirs.<ref name="Robert Hilburn">Template:Cite news</ref> The video is an elaborate metaphor for the single's message of sexual fantasy, desire and voyeurism.<ref name="Robert Hilburn" /> The video was directed by Dominic Sena, who previously worked with Jackson on music videos for Rhythm Nation 1814. René Elizondo Jr. directed the videos for "That's The Way Love Goes", and "Again". Videos for "Any Time, Any Place" and "You Want This" were directed by Keir McFarlane.

A video compilation was released on VHS and LaserDisc on November 3, 1994, which includes the videos and its alternate cuts for "That's the Way Love Goes", "If", "Again", "Any Time, Any Place" and "You Want This".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="video">Template:Cite AV media notes</ref>

Janet World Tour

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File:Janet Tour.jpg
Jackson performing during one of the dates of the Janet World Tour

Jackson embarked on her second world tour in support of her debut album with the Virgin Records label. Costumes and wardrobe for the tour were designed by stylist Tanya Gill, with outfits "rang[ing] from pipebone vests with high-heeled moccasin boots to zoot suits top-hats to circus-ringmaster bustiers."<ref name="wardrobe">Template:Cite news</ref> With a show encompassing over 100 costumes, a team of over 50 costume makers was led by wardrobe supervisor, Helen Hiatt.<ref name="wardrobe" /> The tour's debut concert was held on November 24, 1993, in Cincinnati, Ohio.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Jackson held a four show engagement at Madison Square Garden which began on December 17, 1993, with the final performance held on New Year's Eve.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Michael Snyder of the San Francisco Chronicle described Jackson's stage performance at the San Jose Arena in February 1994, as what erased the line between "stadium-size pop music concerts and full-scale theatrical extravaganzas".<ref name="Michael Snyder">Template:Cite news</ref>

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Her performances also garnered criticism. Renee Graham of The Boston Globe commented that her stage show at Great Woods Center for the Performing Arts on June 20, 1994, proved her limited vocal range as "[t]he numerous costume changes, pyrotechnics and the dancing all but overshadowed her razor-sharp seven-piece band and three back-up singers", asserting Jackson was a better performer and entertainer than she was a vocalist.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the St. Louis Post-DispatchTemplate:'s Steve Pick observed Jackson's stage show at the Riverport Amphitheatre on July 12, 1994, made the Janet album's numerous hit singles more effective with her "larger-than-life stage persona".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Critical reception

Template:Music ratings Template:Music ratings

Rolling Stone magazine declared "[a]s princess of America's black royal family, everything Janet Jackson does is important. Whether proclaiming herself in charge of her life, as she did on Control (1986), or commander in chief of a rhythm army dancing to fight society's problems (Rhythm Nation 1814, from 1989), she's influential. And when she announces her sexual maturity, as she does on her new album, Janet, it's a cultural moment."<ref name="RS">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Claiming the album should bring her critical praise, the magazine concludes its review with the statement "[t]he princess of America's black royal family has announced herself sexually mature and surrendered none of her crown's luster in the process. Black women and their friends, lovers and children have a victory in Janet."<ref name="RS" /> Robert Christgau originally gave the album an "honorable mention" in his consumer guide for The Village Voice, wherein he complimented its erotic songs and cited "Funky Big Band", "Throb", and "Be a Good Boy" as highlights.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Billboard magazine gave a positive review, stating "[d]estined to be an instant smash, Ms. Jackson's latest is a glamorous assortment of styles—pop, dance, R&B, rock, jazz, rap—each delivered with consummate skill and passion.<ref name="Billboard review">Template:Citation</ref> Janet is described as "a career-defining record earning Janet the right to operate on a first-name basis."<ref name="Billboard review" />

Michael Snyder of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the album's content, stating "[t]his 75-minute opus, her first effort under a megabuck contract with the Virgin label, could be the make-out album of the '90s ... a silken soul odyssey, charting one woman's journey to emotional and sexual fulfillment through 10 songs and a series of spoken-word and ambient snippets."<ref name="SFC">Template:Citation</ref> Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian declared the album's "luxuriant collection of house, soul and pop is her best yet. Cod-Madonna throwaways like 'Throb' aside, there are surprises all over the place. Public Enemy's Chuck D counterweights Jackson's sugared vocal to stunning effect on a black-pride anthem, 'New Agenda'; soprano Kathleen Battle turns the heavyweight funk of 'This Time' into something eerie and beautiful."<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Robert Johnson of San Antonio Express-News praised Jackson and her producers for taking a chance on a new sound. He wrote: "Under the enormous pressure of her $40 million deal with Virgin Records, Jackson had to deliver something big enough to put her on a first-name basis with the world ... janet. isn't perfect, but it should be enough to make her the Queen of Pop."<ref name="SAEN">Template:Citation</ref> "Dammit, Janet!", marveled Melody Maker. "The last Jackson hero(ine) has carried peacock feathers to the dance. Holier than Mahalia."<ref>Melody Maker, 1993</ref> "Janet will please most people," remarked The Daily Telegraph, "because it is crammed with the sort of tender, joyous pop music that lingers long after smarter records have been forgotten."<ref>The Daily Telegraph, 1993</ref>

Steve Pick of St. Louis Post-Dispatch stated that although Jackson may not be the greatest singer or songwriter, but she has nonetheless "created and projected a persona that is irresistible. Part of it is a sexual allure, but more of it is the way she demands and receives attention."<ref name="St. Louis">Template:Citation</ref> John Mackie with the Vancouver Sun reported the album gives Jackson an "incredible style", proclaiming Janet as "the best commercial album so far this year, an album that could well vault her past the stumbling Madonna as Queen of the charts. Heck, she might even outsell Michael with this one."<ref name="VS">Template:Citation</ref> "While her brother loops the loop on Planet Pepsi, it's hard to imagine the spotlight ever shifting to his sassy sis," remarked NME, "but this modern hunk of an album should redress some of the balance."<ref name="nme" />

Jay Cocks of Time magazine offered a mixed review, stating "[f]or all its sass, there is something a little too careful about this album: the rhythms are too studied and studiobound, the sexiness slightly forced. It's as if Jackson, aware that this was her premier effort under a new, $40 million record deal, felt weighed down by the burden of proving herself. When, however, she kicks loose on 'What'll I Do', a nifty, '60s-style soul stirrer, it's clear that Jackson's got nothing to prove to anyone, including herself."<ref name="TM">Template:Citation</ref> Jon Pareles of The New York Times compares Jackson to her brother Michael and Madonna, stating "Jackson's real strength, abetted by Jam and Lewis, is the way she tops dance-club rhythms with pop melodies. Less up-to-the-second than Madonna but still effective, the Jackson team has obviously been listening to the competition. Madonna's 'Justify My Love' echoes in 'That's the Way Love Goes', and 'If' resembles Michael Jackson's 'Why You Wanna Trip on Me', starting with screaming guitar and a chanted verse, rising to a sweet melody."<ref name="NYT">Template:Citation</ref> He also comments that despite its shortcomings, "[t]he album's not about being real; it's about seamlessness and ingenuity, about giving the public something it can use. For a superstar, Jackson is downright selfless, but she gets the job done."<ref name="NYT" />

Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times gave an unfavorable review. Although sex in popular music is considered a standard concept, Willman states the only reason the album would cause a reaction is because of Jackson's well-known conservative nature. He comments: "So be it. Jackson's first album in four years is destined for a long ride at No. 1, not because it's any great piece of work, but largely for its aphrodisiacal aspirations."<ref name="LAT">Template:Cite news</ref> David Browne of Entertainment Weekly stated that "[i]f musical variety and daring lyrics were all that mattered, Janet would make the grade. But the album has a lot to prove. It is the first delivery under her $40 million contract with Virgin, and its title—which translates as 'Janet, period'—is meant as a declaration of independence from her oddball siblings ... She still sounds like a young woman from a male-dominated family who is searching for her identity and voice. Mostly, though, Janet sounds like a mess—period."<ref name="EW">Template:Cite magazine</ref> David Sinclair of The Times wrote: "In the steamy, post-Madonna climate of the 1990s, Jackson is not about to let thoughts of love get in the way of the mechanics of lust, and like many of her superstar contemporaries she tends to confuse sex with soul."<ref name="TT">Template:Citation</ref>

Accolades

Jackson received five nominations for the 1994 American Music Awards: Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist, Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist, Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Album for Janet, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "That's the Way Love Goes" but lost all the awards to Whitney Houston for The Bodyguard soundtrack.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The same year she received two Grammy Award nominations—Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female and Best R&B Song for "That's The Way Love Goes"—winning Best R&B Song. Several critics asserted she was unjustly overlooked in the Grammy's three major categories: Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Album of the Year.<ref>As always, the nominations were as notable for those overlooked. Among eligible artists snubbed from the major categories—best song, best album, best record—were U2, Soul Asylum, Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson and Nirvana. Template:Citation</ref> Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune stated, "Jackson again was denied a nomination for album of the year, even though janet (Virgin) has remained in the Top 10 since its release last summer and has been critically acclaimed."<ref name="Kot">Template:Citation</ref> He adds that "the oversight is doubly vexing, because [Jackson]—in a songwriting and production partnership with Jimmy Jam (aka James Harris III) and Terry Lewis—is not just a multiplatinum pop act but an artist who has reshaped the sound and image of rhythm and blues over the last decade."<ref name="Kot" /> Kot laid blame to the oversight on the fact that many believed her to be a producer-dependent artist—an opinion he found to be in error. Similarly, producer Jimmy Jam stated: "It's easy to say that the two albums she did before she met us weren't successful and when she got with us she became successful ... Control was the first album she actually had input. I think that's just as significant as the fact we (Jam and Lewis) did the record."<ref name="Kot" />

Organization Country Accolade Year
Grammy Awards United States Grammy Award for Best R&B Song ("That's The Way Love Goes") 1994<ref name="Kot" />
Billboard Awards United States Dance Clip of the Year ("If") 1994<ref name="Kot" />
MTV Video Music Awards United States Best Female Video ("If") 1994<ref name="Kot" />
Soul Train Music Awards United States Video of the Year ("If") 1994<ref name="Kot" />
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States "The Definitive 200: Top 200 Albums of All-Time" (ranked 86) 2007<ref name="RRHF">Template:Citation</ref>
Rolling Stone United States "100 Greatest Albums of the Nineties" (ranked 58) 2010<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Slant Magazine United States "Best Albums of the '90s" (ranked 78) 2011<ref name="SM90s">Template:Citation</ref>
Spin United States "The 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years (1985–2014)" (ranked 164) 2014<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Pitchfork United States The 150 Best Albums of the 1990s (ranked 38) 2022<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

Retrospective reviews

Later reviews were generally positive. In a retrospective review, Christgau gave Janet an "A−" and said that although the costly production by Jam and Lewis makes the music sound "more pornographic than obscene", "this achievement is Janet's, period ... Better nose than Michael, better navel than Madonna, better sex than either."<ref name="CG90s">Template:Cite book</ref> Laura Sinagra wrote in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) that with janet, Jackson "took more risks" lyrically than on her previous albums.<ref name="RSguide">Template:Cite book</ref> Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes that the album "was at the forefront of the increasingly popular sampling trend in the '90s, with one song even employing three different samples as its foundation. Some make perfect sense on a thematic as well as sonic level, like Kool & the Gang's 'Kool It (Here Comes the Fuzz)' and Stevie Wonder's 'Superwoman, Where Were You When I Needed You' on 'New Agenda', or the orchestral flourish from Diana Ross & the Supremes' 'Someday We'll Be Together' on 'If', which seems to exist for the sole purpose of providing the impetus behind one of the greatest dance-break routines in music video history."<ref name="Slant">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Commenting on the album's broad range, he states: "The mother of eclectic, genre-hopping records by Christina Aguilera, Gwen Stefani, and Fergie, janet. incorporates new jack swing, house, pop, rock, hip-hop, jazz, and even opera, but the album's range of styles isn't jarring in the least ... Janet has never been one thing and janet. is a feminist statement, to be sure."<ref name="Slant" /> Alex Henderson of AllMusic offered a positive review, saying "[a]nyone who expected Jackson to top Rhythm Nation—her crowning achievement and an incredibly tough act to follow—was being unrealistic. But with janet., she delivered a respectable offering that, although not as strong as either Control or Nation, has many strong points."<ref name="Allmusic">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Commercial performance

Janet debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. It was the first time a female artist debuted at number one since the start of the SoundScan era; with the largest first week sales in history for a female artist at the time with 350,000 units sold in its first week. The album also earned worldwide success, debuting at number one in the United Kingdom,<ref name="UK Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> New Zealand,<ref name="New Zealand Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Australia.<ref name="Australia Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It also debuted in the top 10 in Sweden,<ref name="Swedish Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Netherlands,<ref name="Dutch Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Debut in Canada">Template:Citation</ref><ref name="Canadian Chart">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Switzerland.<ref name="Swiss Charts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Germany the album peaked at number five and charted for 49 total weeks, becoming Jackson's longest charting album.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Janet was first certified gold by the RIAA on August 8, 1993, denoting 500,000 units shipped within the United States.<ref name="album certification">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The same day, the album's certification was raised to 3× platinum, denoting 3,000,000 units shipped.<ref name="album certification" /> On November 17, 1993, Janet received 4× platinum certification and was later awarded 5× platinum on December 17, 1993.<ref name="album certification" /> The following year on April 12, 1994, the album was certified 6× platinum.<ref name="album certification" /> It was the second best selling album of 1993 in United States with 4.3 million copies sold, behind The Bodyguard soundtrack and was the biggest selling album by a solo artist.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Within seven months of release the album had sold over ten million copies worldwide.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Other certifications include a Double Gold certification in France,<ref name="SNEP" /> a 2× Platinum certification in the UK And Australia,<ref name="Kent2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="UK Certification">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a Platinum in New Zealand<ref name="Dean">Template:Cite book</ref> and a Gold certification in Norway.<ref name="Norway Certification" />

According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold 7,035,000 million copies in the United States since its release,<ref name="music.yahoo.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and also sold an additional 860,000 copies through BMG Music Club.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With estimated worldwide sales of over 14 million copies, it is Jackson's best selling album.<ref name="wwsales">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Legacy

File:JanetJacksonUnbreak 1807 (23119827586).jpg
Jackson performing "That's the Way Love Goes" on her Unbreakable World Tour (2015–16).

Although Jackson had reached superstar status in the United States, she had yet to achieve the same level of response internationally. According to Nacy Berry, vice chairman of Virgin Records, Janet marked the first time the label "had centrally coordinated and strategized a campaign on a worldwide basis" which ultimately brought her to a plateau of global recognition.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Her historic multimillion-dollar contract made her the highest-paid artist in history, until brother Michael renegotiated his contract with Sony Music Entertainment only days later. Sonia Murry noted that she remained "the highest-paid female in pop ... a whirlwind of fashion, personality and slick musical packaging rivaled only by Madonna and Whitney Houston in today's pop pantheon."<ref name="Sonia Murry" /> James Robert Parish, author of Today's Black Hollywood (1995) wrote: "She confirmed her status as today's Queen of Pop when, not long ago, she signed a $35-$40 million recording contract with Virgin Records."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Music critic Nelson George noted that while surpassing Michael would be next to impossible, Janet had assuredly reached iconic status. He explained: "What worked for Michael 10 years ago is working for her now ... Michael was clearly the voice of the '80s, those that grew up with him since Motown. And with the themes (independence, social consciousness and up-front yet responsible sexuality) that she's addressing in her albums and the popularity she's enjoying, she could very well be the voice of the '90s."<ref name="Sonia Murry" />

Rolling Stone's The '90s: The Inside Stories from the Decade That Rocked (2010) documented that she had achieved some level of growth with each of her records, and that with Janet, "[u]sing soul, rock and dance elements, as well as opera diva Kathleen Battle, [she] unleashed her most musically ambitious record, guided as always, by producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis."<ref name="90s">Template:Citation</ref> Richard J. Ripani author of The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999 (2006) noted that she had led the incorporation of rap into mainstream R&B with a select group of artists, in that "rap music no longer sounded so musically distant to many R&B listeners because many of its traits were commonly heard in songs by mainstream artists such as Janet Jackson, Mary J. Blige, Keith Sweat, and others."<ref name="The New Blue Music">Template:Citation</ref> Vibe magazine observed that "R&B was omnipresent in 1993. It was a year in which Janet Jackson, at 27, topped the Billboard pop album charts for six straight summer weeks, with her critically lauded, six-times-platinum Janet"<ref>Template:Citation</ref> It became one of only five albums in the history of the Billboard 200—along with Whitney Houston's Whitney (1987), Norah Jones' Feels Like Home (2004), Taylor Swift's Fearless (2008), and Susan Boyle's I Dreamed a Dream (2009)—to debut at number one and remain at the top of the chart for a minimum of six consecutive weeks.<ref name="6weeks">Template:Citation</ref> It is also only one of seven albums—including Michael Jackson's Thriller (1982) and Bad (1987), Bruce Springsteen's Born in the U.S.A. (1984), George Michael's Faith (1987), Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989), Taylor Swift's Midnights (2022), and Katy Perry's Teenage Dream (2010) to yield a minimum of six top ten hit singles on the Hot 100.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

The release of Janet signaled the singer's transformation from conservative teen role model to adult sex symbol. In You've Come A Long Way, Baby: Women, Politics, and Popular Culture (1996), Lilly J. Goren observed that "[Her] 1993 album Janet moved away from politically driven lyrics to songs about love and sex-lyrics that could capitalize on her new sexy, more scantily clad image in MTV music videos. Jackson's evolution from politically aware musician to sexy diva marked the direction that society and the music industry were encouraging the dance-rock divas to pursue."<ref name="Lilly">Template:Citation</ref> Reporter Edna Gunderson commented: "The woman whose hourglass torso and sensual gyrating have made her MTV's reigning sex kitten is today a vision of wholesome beauty."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Professor and social critic Camille Paglia expressed: "Janet's unique persona combines bold, brash power with quiet sensitively and womanly mystery. Her latest music is lightning and moonglow."<ref name="Sexual Healing" />

Her music videos contributed to a higher degree of sexual freedom among young women, as Jean M. Twenge, author of Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before (2007) wrote: "In Alfred Kinsey's studies in the 1950s, only 3% of the young women had received oral sex from a man. By the mid-1990s, however, 75% of women aged 18-24 had experienced cunnilingus. Music videos by female artists have contributed to the trend, with both Mary J. Blige and Janet Jackson heavily implying male-on-female oral sex in music videos by pushing down on a man's head until he's in exactly the right position."<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Similarly, Paula Kamen in Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution (2000) states that "[i]n the early to mid-1990s, oral sex even reached mainstream music as politically charged demand of truly liberated women," citing TLC, Mary J. Blige and Janet Jackson as examples of female artists simulating cunnilingus in their videos.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Rolling Stone wrote that "she celebrated becoming an erotic being ... [showing] young women a way to have their sexual freedom and their dignity, to have their cake and eat it too."<ref name="90s" /> She was named Best Female Singer and Female Sex Symbol by Rolling Stone for the year 1993 in pop music.<ref>The 1993 awards in the pop music industry are presented. Awards were based on responses of "Rolling Stone" readers, the opinions of music critics and the opinions of pop musicians. Template:Citation</ref> Goren adds that later pop stars such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera and Pink would rely on image, sex appeal and choreography as much as musical talent.<ref name="Lilly" />

Track listing

All tracks written and produced by Janet Jackson, James Harris III and Terry Lewis, except where noted. Template:Track listing Template:Track listing Template:Track listing Template:Track listing Template:Track listing

Notes

Personnel

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Charts

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Weekly charts

Template:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chartTemplate:Album chart
Chart (1993–1995) Peak
position
Belgian Albums (Ultratop)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

6
European Albums (Top 100)<ref name="eu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

3
Finland (Suomen virallinen albumilista)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 7
French Albums (SNEP)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 16
Japanese Albums (Oricon)<ref name="jap">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

5
Spanish Albums (AFYVE)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 47

Template:Col-2

Year-end charts

Chart (1993) Position
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

25
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

9
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

53
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

24
French Albums (SNEP)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

19
Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

27
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

73
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

26
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

37
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

31
UK Albums (OCC) <ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 23
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 4
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 5
Chart (1994) Position
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

74
Canadian Albums Chart<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 54
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 8
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 15
Chart (1995) Position
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

80
citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

45
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 170

Decade-end charts

Chart (1990–1999) Position
US Billboard 200<ref name="1990sbb">Template:Cite magazine</ref> 31

All-time chart

Chart Position
US Billboard 200<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 119

Template:Col-end

Certifications and sales

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See also

Notes

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References

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Further reading

  • Bronson, Fred. The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. Billboard Books, 2003. Template:ISBN
  • Halstead, Craig. Cadman, Chris. Jacksons Number Ones. Authors On Line, 2003. Template:ISBN
  • Ripani, Richard J. The New Blue Music: Changes in Rhythm & Blues, 1950–1999. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2006. Template:ISBN

Template:Janet Jackson Template:Authority control Template:Good article

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