Jewish humor

Template:Jewish arts Jewish humor dates back to the compilation of Talmud and Midrash.<ref>Humor in the Talmud and Midrash </ref> In the Jewish community of the Holy Roman Empire, theological satire was a traditional way to clandestinely express opposition to Christianization.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

During the nineteenth century, modern Jewish humor emerged among German-speaking Jewish proponents of the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment), it matured in the shtetls of the Russian Empire, and then, it flourished in twentieth-century America, arriving with the millions of Jews who emigrated from Eastern Europe between the 1880s and the early 1920s. Beginning on vaudeville and continuing on radio, stand-up, film, and television, a disproportionately high percentage of American comedians have been Jewish.<ref>While numbers are inevitably fuzzy, Paul Chance, reviewing Lawrence Epstein's The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America (Psychology Today, Jan-Feb, 2002) wrote, "While Jews make up only about 3 percent of the U.S. population, 80 percent of professional comics are Jewish." Accessed online Template:Webarchive 25 March 2007. Comedian Mark Schiff, reviewing the same book on Jewlarious.com Template:Webarchive, writes, "Most of the comedians that made us all laugh in the 1950s, '60s and '70s were Jewish." Similarly, Drew Friedman (author of Old Jewish Comedians), in a March 22, 2007 interview on Fridays with Mr. Media Template:Webarchive: "Somebody said, 'You could do an Old Protestant Comedian book,' and I said, 'Well, that would be a pamphlet, wouldn't it?'"</ref> Time estimated in 1978 that 80 percent of professional American comics were Jewish.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Jewish humor is diverse, but most frequently, it consists of wordplay, irony, and satire, and the themes of it are highly anti-authoritarian, mocking religious and secular life alike.<ref name="Attardo2014">Template:Cite book</ref> Sigmund Freud considered Jewish humor unique in that its humor is primarily derived from mocking the in-group (Jews) rather than the "other". However, rather than simply being self-deprecating, it also contains an element of self-praise.

History

Jewish humor is rooted in several traditions. Jewish humor can be found in one of history's earliest recorded documents, the Hebrew Bible, as well as the Talmud.<ref>Hershey H. Friedman and Linda Weiser Friedman, God Laughed: Sources of Jewish Humor, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers 2014.</ref> In particular, the intellectual and legal methods of the Talmud, which uses elaborate legal arguments and situations often seen as so absurd as to be humorous, in order to tease out the meaning of religious law.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> For example: Template:Blockquote

A Sephardic tradition is centered on a Nasreddin-derived folk character who is known as Djoha.<ref>Fazıla Derya AGİŞ, Judeo-Spanish and Turkish Proverbs and Idioms with Djoha and HodjaNasrettin: Questioning Wittiness via Conceptual Metaphors</ref>

A more recent tradition which originated in the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe is an egalitarian tradition in which the powerful were frequently mocked subtly, rather than attacked overtly—as Saul Bellow once put it, "Oppressed people tend to be witty." Jesters known as badchens used to poke fun at prominent members of the community during weddings, creating a good-natured tradition of humor as a levelling device. Rabbi Moshe Waldoks, a scholar of Jewish humor, argued:

After Jews began to migrate to America in large numbers, they, like other minority groups, found it difficult to gain mainstream acceptance and obtain upward mobility. The development of the entertainment industry, combined with the tradition of Jewish humor, provided a potential route where Jews could succeed. One of the first successful radio "sitcoms", The Goldbergs, featured a Jewish family. As radio and television matured, many of its most famous comedians, including Eddie Cantor, Jack Benny, George Burns, Henny Youngman, Milton Berle, Jack Carter, Sid Caesar, Jerry Lewis, and Joan Rivers, were Jewish. The Jewish comedy tradition continues today, with Jewish humor much entwined with mainstream humor, as comedies like Seinfeld, Curb Your Enthusiasm,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Woody Allen films indicate.Template:Citation needed. The series Difficult People, starring Jewish comedians Julie Klausner and Billy Eichner, incorporates elements of Jewish humor, as does Emma Seligman’s 2020 film Shiva Baby.

In his essay, Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious, Sigmund Freud analyzes the nature of Jewish jokes, among other things.

Types

Religious humor

Because religion was such an important part of life in Jewish communities, much of the humor which was developed in them is centered on the relationship between Judaism, the individual Jew and the Jewish community as a whole.

The part left out is the fact that it was traditional to go to services, regardless of what one believed, and the rabbi was merely following that tradition. This is like the story of the boy who tells his rabbi he can't daven (pray), because he no longer believes in God. The rabbi merely tells him, "Yes God, no God: doesn't matter! Three times a day, you DAVEN!"

Assimilation

The American Jewish community has been lamenting the rate of assimilation among its children and it has also been lamenting the absence of them as they grow into adulthood.

Self-deprecating

Jews often mock their own negative stereotypes.

Wit

In the tradition of the legal arguments of the Talmud, one prominent type of Jewish humor involves clever, often legalistic, solutions to Talmudic problems, such as:

Tales of the Rebbes

Some jokes make fun of the "Rebbe miracle stories" and involve different Hasidim bragging about their teachers' miraculous abilities: Template:Blockquote

Or: Template:Blockquote

Eastern European Jewish humor

A number of traditions in Jewish humor date back to stories and anecdotes from the 19th century.

Chełm

Jewish folklore makes fun of the Jewish residents of Chełm (Yiddish: כעלעם, Hebrew: חלם; often transcribed as Helm) in eastern Poland for their foolishness. These stories often center on the "wise" men and their silly decisions, similarly to the English Wise Men of Gotham or the German Schildbürger. The jokes were almost always about silly solutions to problems. Some of these solutions display "foolish wisdom" (reaching the correct answer by the wrong train of reasoning), while others are simply wrong.<ref name="Gottesman2003">Template:Cite book</ref>

Many of these stories have become well-known thanks to storytellers and writers such as Isaac Bashevis Singer, a Nobel Prize-winning Jewish writer in the Yiddish language, who wrote The Fools of Chełm and Their History (published in English translation in 1973), and the great Soviet Yiddish poet Template:Ill who wrote stories in verse. The latter achieved great popularity in the Soviet Union in Russian and Ukrainian translations, and were made into several animated films.

Other notable adaptations of folklore Chełm stories into the mainstream culture are the comedy Chelmer Chachomim ("The Wise Men of Chelm") by Aaron Zeitlin, The Heroes of Chelm (1942) by Shlomo Simon, published in English translation as The Wise Men of Helm (Solomon Simon, 1945) and More Wise Men of Helm (Solomon Simon, 1965), and the book Chelmer Chachomim by Y. Y. Trunk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The animated short film comedy Village of Idiots also recounts Chełm tales.

Allen Mandelbaum's "Chelmaxioms : The Maxims, Axioms, Maxioms of Chelm" (David R. Godine, 1978) treats the wise men less as fools than as an "echt Chelm" of true scholars who in their narrow specialized knowledge are nonetheless knowledgeable but lacking sense. The poetry of [Chelmaxioms] is supposedly the discovered lost manuscripts of the wise men of Chelm.

Here are a few examples of a Chełm tale:Template:Citation needed

Hershele Ostropoler

Hershele Ostropoler, also known as Hershel of Ostropol, was a legendary prankster who was based on a historic figure. Thought to have come from Ukraine, he lived in the small village of Ostropol, working as shochet, a ritual slaughterer. According to legend he lost his job because of his constant joking, which offended the leaders of the village.

In his subsequent wanderings throughout Ukraine, he became a familiar figure at restaurants and inns.

Eventually he settled down at the court of Rabbi Boruch of Medzhybizh, grandson of the Baal Shem Tov. The rabbi was plagued by frequent depressions, and Hershele served as a sort of court jester, mocking the rabbi and his cronies, to the delight of the common folk.

After his death he was remembered in a series of pamphlets recording his tales and witty remarks.

He was the subject of several epic poems, a novel, a comedy performed in 1930 by the Vilna Troupe, and a U.S. television programme in the 1950s. Two illustrated children's books, The Adventures of Hershel of Ostropol, and Hershel and the Hanukkah Goblins, have been published. Both books were written by Eric Kimmel and illustrated by Trina Schart Hyman. In 2002, a play entitled Hershele the Storyteller was performed in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is also the protagonist in a new series of comics for children with the titles The Adventures of Hershele, Hershele Rescues the Captives, Hershele and the Treasure in Yerushalayim, Hershele makes the Grade, and Hershele Discovers America.

Humor about antisemitism

Much Jewish humor takes the form of self-deprecating comments on Jewish culture, acting as a shield against antisemitic stereotypes by exploiting them first:

Or, on a similar note:

And another example, a direct slice of galgenhumor (gallows humor):

This one combines accusations of the lack of patriotism, and avarice:

American Jewish humor

A 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 42 percent of American Jews rated humor as essential to their Jewish identity.<ref name="USA Today survey">Template:Cite news</ref>

About religion

One common strain of Jewish humor examines the role of religion in contemporary life, often gently mocking the religious hypocrite. For example:

Or, on differences between Orthodox, Conservative and Reform movements:

In particular, Reform Jews may be lampooned for their rejection of traditional Jewish beliefs. An example, from one of Woody Allen's early stand-up routines: Template:Blockquote

Jokes have been made about the shifting of gender roles (in the more traditional Orthodox movement, women marry at a young age and have many children, while the more liberal Conservative and Reform movements make gender roles more egalitarian, even ordaining women as Rabbis). The Reconstructionist movement was the first to ordain homosexuals, all of which leads to this joke:

The following joke refers to Jewish congregational rivalry and splitting.<ref>House Divided, Tablet Magazine, May 03, 2011</ref> Template:Blockquote

About Jews

Jewish humor continues to exploit stereotypes of Jews, both as a sort of "in-joke", and as a form of self-defence. Jewish mothers, "cheapness"/frugality, kvetching, and other stereotyped habits are all common subjects. Frugality has been frequently singled out:

Template:Blockquote Or, Template:Blockquote Or, Template:Blockquote Or, Template:Blockquote Or, Template:Blockquote Or, about traditional roles of men and women in Jewish families: Template:Blockquote Or, Template:Blockquote Or Template:Blockquote Or Template:Blockquote Or, on kvetching (complaining), Template:Blockquote

A version of the following joke is quoted in Born To Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods, by Michael Wex: Template:Blockquote Wex comments:

"It contains virtually every important element of the Yiddish-speaking mind-set in easily accessible form: the constant tension between the Jewish and the non-Jewish; the faux naivete that allows the old man to pretend that he isn't disturbing anyone; the deflation of the other passenger's hopes, the disappointment of all his expectations after he has watered the Jew; and most importantly of all, the underlying assumption, the fundamental idea that kvetching—complaining—is not only a pastime, not only a response to adverse or imperfect circumstance, but a way of life that has nothing to do with the fulfillment or frustration of desire."<ref> Template:Cite book</ref>

About Christianity

Many Jewish jokes involve a rabbi and a Christian clergyman, exploiting different interpretations of a shared environment. Often they start with something like "A rabbi and a priest..." and make fun of either the rabbi's interpretation of Christianity or (seeming) differences between Christian and Jewish interpretation of some areas.

Jewish humor in the Soviet Union

See Russian jokes in general, or more specifically Rabinovich jokes, Russian Jewish jokes, Russian political jokes; also History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union.

Template:Blockquote Or, in the last years of the Soviet Union: Template:Blockquote Or Template:Blockquote

Israeli humor

Template:Unreferenced section Israeli humor featured many of the same themes as Jewish humor elsewhere, making fun of the country and its habits, while containing a fair bit of gallows humor as well, as a joke from a 1950 Israeli joke book indicates:

Israelis' view of themselves: Template:Blockquote

Role of Yiddish

File:Gefiltefish.JPG

"Gefilte fish" on a car, a humorous parody of the fish symbol

Some Yiddish words may sound comical to an English speaker.<ref>Leo Rosten, The Joys of Yinglish</ref> Terms like shnook and shmendrik, shlemiel and shlimazel (often considered inherently funny wordsTemplate:Citation needed) were exploited for their humorous sounds, as were "Yinglish" shm-reduplication constructs, such as "fancy-schmancy". Yiddish constructions—such as ending sentences with questions—became part of the verbal word play of Jewish comedians.Template:Citation needed

See also

• Happiness in Judaism
• Ethnic joke
• List of American Jewish comedians
• The Bible and humor
• Holocaust humor
• Category:Purim humor

References

Bibliography

• Sover, Arie. 2021. Jewish Humor: An outcome of Historical Experience, Survival, and Wisdom. London: Cambridge Scholars
• San Diego Jewish Chronicle on Jewish Humor
• Funny People - A Film About Jewish Humor
• Harry Liechter's Jewish Humor site
• William Novak (father of B.J. Novak) & Moshe Waldoks. Big Book of Jewish Humor, originally published by Harper Perennial (1981) Template:ISBN.
• The Jewish jokes of a word in your eye
• Jewish Jokes Comedy Comics and Humor at Oy Vey

Further reading

• Jay Allen (1990). 500 Great Jewish Jokes. Signet. Template:ISBN.
• Morey Amsterdam (1959). Keep Laughing. Citadel.
• Elliot Beier (1968). Wit and Wisdon of Israel. Peter Pauper.
• Noah BenShea (1993). Great Jewish Quotes. Ballantine Books. Template:ISBN.
• Arthur Berger (1997). The Genius of the Jewish Joke. Jason Aronson. Template:ISBN.
• Milton Berle (1996). More of the Best of Milton Berle's Private Joke File. Castle Books. Template:ISBN.
• Milton Berle (1945). Out of my Trunk. Bantam.
• Israel Davidson, (1907, New York) Parody in Jewish literature
• Hillel Halkin, "Why Jews Laugh at Themselves", Commentary Magazine, Vol 121, April 2006, No 4, pp. 47–54
• Sam Hoffman (2010). Old Jews Telling Jokes. Villard.
• David Minkoff (2006). Oy! The Ultimate Book of Jewish Jokes. Thomas Dunne Books. Template:ISBN.
• David Minkoff (2008). Oy! The Great Jewish Joke Book. JR Books. Template:ISBN.
• Elliott Oring (1984). The Jokes of Sigmund Freud. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Template:ISBN.
• Richard Raskin (1992). Life Is Like a Glass of Tea. Studies of Classic Jewish Jokes. Aarhus University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Sandor Schuman (2012). Adirondack Mendel's Aufruf: Welcome to Chelm's Pond. Template:ISBN.
• Joseph Telushkin (1998). Jewish Humor: What the Best Jewish Jokes Say About the Jews. Harper Paperbacks. Template:ISBN.
• Simcha Weinstein (2008). Shtick Shift: Jewish Humor in the 21st Century. Barricade Books. Template:ISBN.
• Ruth R. Wisse (2013). No Joke: Making Jewish Humor. Princeton Univ. Press. Template:ISBN.
• Ralph Woods (1969). The Joy of Jewish Humor. Simon & Schuster. Template:ISBN.
• Alter Druyanov (1969, Tel Aviv). "Sefer Habdikhah ve-hakhidud," 3 vols. ( Template:Ill) - in Hebrew).