John H. Reagan

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Redirect Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder John Henninger Reagan (October 8, 1818Template:Spaced ndashMarch 6, 1905) was an American politician from Texas. A Democrat, Reagan resigned from the U.S. House of Representatives when Texas declared secession from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America. He served in the cabinet of Jefferson Davis as Postmaster General.

After the Confederate defeat and his release from prison after the war, Reagan called for cooperation by the Southern states with the U.S. government, an unpopular position among most conservative whites. He was elected to Congress in 1874<ref name="REAGAN, John Henninger, (1818 - 1905)">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/> and was elected in 1886 by the state legislature as a Democrat from Texas to the U.S. Senate, where he served one term from 1887 to 1891. He resigned from the seat when appointed by the governor as chairman of the Texas Railroad Commission. He was among the founders of the Texas State Historical Association.

He was the only former Confederate cabinet member to be sat in the U.S. Senate after the Civil War. Alexander H. Stephens, the only Confederate vice president, was also elected in 1866 to represent Georgia, but was refused to be seated to the Senate due to his war history. Elected as the representative of the Democratic Party for the state of Texas, he sat in the Senate for just one term; he was one of just three former Confederate cabinet members to take major political offices after the war.

Early life

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Reagan as a freshman congressman

John Henninger Reagan was born in 1818 in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, to Timothy Richard and Elizabeth (Lusk) Reagan. His parents were primarily of Irish, English and Scottish descent; his middle name was for his Irish ancestors.

He left Tennessee at age nineteen and traveled to the Republic of Texas, which had become independent from Mexico the year before in 1836. Reagan worked as a surveyor from 1839 to 1843. He bought a property and farmed in Kaufman County until 1851. During the time he worked as a surveyor, he also served as a private tutor to the children of John Marie Durst.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Reagan read the law, served as an apprentice in an established firm, and was licensed to practice in 1846. He opened an office in Buffalo and the same year was elected a probate judge in Henderson County. In 1847 he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives but was defeated for a second term in 1849. He was admitted to the bar in 1848 and practiced in both Buffalo and Palestine, Texas.<ref name="REAGAN, John Henninger, (1818 - 1905)"/>

Reagan was elected as a district judge in Palestine, serving from 1852 to 1857. His efforts to defeat the American Party (Know-Nothings) resulted in his election to Congress as a Democrat in 1857 from Texas's 1st congressional district.

Reagan was a staunch supporter of slavery. He believed abolition would cause such social problems as to require Southern whites "exterminate the greater portion of the [black] race."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He also believed in the federal protections of slavery under the U.S. Constitution as extensions of private property rights, therefore he supported the United States. But when it became clear that Texas would secede, Reagan resigned from Congress on January 15, 1861, and returned home to the state to participate in the rebellion.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/>

He participated in the secession convention at Austin, Texas on January 31, 1861. Chosen as a member of the Provisional Confederate Congress, President Jefferson Davis appointed Reagan to his cabinet as Postmaster General within a month.

Civil War

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The original Confederate Cabinet. L-R: Judah P. Benjamin, Stephen Mallory, Christopher Memminger, Alexander Stephens, LeRoy Pope Walker, Jefferson Davis, John H. Reagan and Robert Toombs.

Despite the hostilities, the United States Post Office Department continued operations in the Confederacy until June 1, 1861, when the Confederate service took over its functions.<ref name="Confederate Postal Service in West Virginia">Template:Cite web</ref>

Reagan sent an agent to Washington, D.C., with letters asking the heads of the United States Post Office Department's various bureaus to work for him. Nearly all did so and brought copies of their records, contracts, account books, etc. "Reagan in effect had stolen the U.S. Post Office," historian William C. Davis later wrote.Template:Citation needed

Reagan cut expenses by eliminating costly and little-used routes and forcing railroads that carried the mail to reduce their rates. Despite the problems the war caused, his department managed to turn a profit, "the only post office department in American history to pay its own way," wrote William C. Davis.Template:Citation needed Reagan was the only member of the cabinet to oppose Robert E. Lee's offensive into Pennsylvania in June–July 1863. He instead supported a proposal to detach the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia to reinforce Joseph E. Johnston in Mississippi, to break the Siege of Vicksburg. Historian Shelby Foote noted that, as the only Cabinet member from west of the Mississippi, Reagan was acutely aware of the critical consequences of Vicksburg's capture and control of the river by U.S. forces.

When Davis abandoned Richmond, Virginia on April 2, 1865, shortly before the entry of Army of the Potomac under George G. Meade, Reagan accompanied the president on his flight to the Carolinas. On April 27, Davis made him Secretary of the Treasury after George A. Trenholm's resignation. Reagan served in that capacity until he, Davis, and Texas governor Francis R. Lubbock were captured near Irwinville, Georgia, on May 10.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/>

Reagan was imprisoned with Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens at Fort Warren in Boston, Massachusetts. He was held in solitary confinement for twenty-two weeks. On August 11, he wrote an open letter to his fellow Texans urging cooperation with the United States, renunciation of the secession convention, the abolition of slavery, and letting formerly enslaved people vote. He warned that the U.S. government would be forced to impose military rule to enforce these measures if Texans did not voluntarily adopt them. Abolition was underway, and Reagan knew there was support for granting the vote to freedmen. Texans denounced him. After being released from prison later that year, he returned to his home in Palestine, Texas in December.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/>

Return to public life

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Reagan in his later years

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Reagan historical marker outside the Van Zandt County Courthouse in Canton, Texas

To those who felt that the Reconstruction was unduly harsh, Reagan's prescience was hailed—he became known as the "Old Roman," a Texas Cincinnatus. He was part of the successful effort to remove Republican Edmund J. Davis from the governorship in 1874 after Davis attempted to remain in office illegally after losing the election.

That year, Reagan was elected to the Congressional seat he held before the war, and he served from March 4, 1875 to March 3, 1887. In 1875, he was a delegate to the convention that wrote a new state constitution for Texas. In Congress, he advocated federal regulation of railroads and helped create the Interstate Commerce Commission. He also served as the first chairman of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads.

Elected by the Texas State Legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1887 (serving from March 4, 1887 to June 10, 1891), Reagan resigned to become chair of the Railroad Commission of Texas at the behest of his friend, Governor Jim Hogg. He chaired it until 1903, continuing to serve under governors Charles A. Culberson and Joseph D. Sayers. Hogg had run on a platform of state regulation of railroads.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="REAGAN, John Henninger, (1818 - 1905)"/>

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John H. Reagan State Office Building

Conscious of the importance of recounting and interpreting history, Reagan founded the Texas State Historical Association. He also attended reunions of Confederate veterans in his state. He wrote his Memoirs, With Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War, published in 1905. Later that year, Reagan died of pneumonia at his home in Palestine, the last surviving member of Jefferson Davis' cabinet in the Confederate government. Reagan was buried in East Hill Cemetery in Palestine, Texas.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/> Template:Clear left

Legacy and honors

• Historian Ben H. Procter included Reagan in his list of the "four greatest Texans of the 19th century," along with Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, and James Stephen Hogg.
• Reagan County, Texas, was named in his honor.<ref name="JOHN H. Reagan"/>
• Several schools were named for him, including John H. Reagan Elementary School in Dallas and a Reagan High School in Houston and Austin. Reagan High School in Houston was renamed in 2016 to Heights High School by the Houston Independent School District.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, Reagan Early College High School in Austin was renamed as Northeast Early College High School.<ref name=NewName>AUSTIN'S JOHN REAGAN HIGH SCHOOL DECIDES ON NEW NAMETemplate:Dead link</ref>
• The John H. Reagan State Office Building on the Texas State Capitol grounds was named in his honor.
• Reagan was commemorated by a statue on the University of Texas at Austin campus. On August 21, 2017, Reagan's statue in Austin was removed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Plans were announced to add it to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.<ref name="diversity">Template:Cite web</ref>
• A park in his hometown of Palestine, Texas, was named for him. A statue of Reagan was installed on the grounds.<ref name="diversity"/>

See also

• List of United States senators from Texas

Further reading

• Anderson, John Nathan. "Money or Nothing: Confederate Postal System Collapse during the Civil War," American Journalism, 30 (Winter 2013), 65–86.
• Branner, Peter A. The Organization of the Confederate Postoffice Department at Montgomery. Montgomery, Alabama: The Author, 1960.
• Dietz, August. Confederate States Post-office Department. Richmond, Virginia: Dietz Press, 1962.
• Dietz, August. The Postal Service of the Confederate States of America. Richmond, Virginia: Dietz Printing, 1929.
• Garrison, L. R. “Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, I.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 18#2 (1915), pp. 111–141 online
• Garrison, L. R. “Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, II.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 19#3 (1916), pp. 232–250. online
• McCaleb, Walter Flavius. "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy." American Historical Review 12#1 (1906), pp. 66–74. online
• Ben H. Procter. Not Without Honor. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962.
• Reagan, John Henninger. Memoirs, With Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War. New York: Neale, 1905.
• Wirenga, Theron, editor. Official Documents of the Post-office Department of the Confederate States of America. Holland, Michigan: The Editor, 1979. Two volumes.

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External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Template:Handbook of Texas
• John H. Reagan lineage — Smokykin.com