John Knox House

Details of the façade

John Knox House, popularly known as John Knox's House, is a historic house in Edinburgh, Scotland, reputed to have been owned and lived in by Protestant reformer John Knox during the 16th century. Although his name became associated with the house, he appears to have lived in Warriston Close where a plaque indicates the approximate site of his actual residence.

History

John Knox's House, painted by Louise Rayner c. 1861

The house itself was built from 1470, featuring a fine wooden gallery and hand-painted ceiling. It had belonged to Walter Reidpath whose grandson John Arres inherited it and left it to his daughter Mariota Arres in 1556.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She married James Mosman, a goldsmith. Her father-in-law John Mosman, also a goldsmith, had refashioned the crown of Scotland for James V.<ref>James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 278.</ref>

In 1567 James Mosman was converting a piece of Mary, Queen of Scots' jewellery when she was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.<ref>William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 616.</ref> He remained loyal to Mary when she was exiled in England. Mosman worked in Edinburgh Castle with James Cockie making coins for Mary's supporters who held the castle during the 'Lang Siege'. The two goldsmiths valued the jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots which remained in the castle, so they could be used as security for loans.<ref>Bruce Lenman, 'Jacobean Goldsmith-Jewellers as Credit-Creators: The Cases of James Mossman, James Cockie and George Heriot', Scottish Historical Review, 74:198 (1995), pp. 159-177.</ref>

When the Castle surrendered in August 1573, Mosman was charged with counterfeiting, for which he was hanged, quartered and beheaded. The house was forfeit for the treachery, and was given in the name of James VI of Scotland to James Carmichael younger of that ilk.<ref>Thomson, Thomas, ed., Historie and Life of James Sext (Bannatyne Club, 1825), p. 145: Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, vol. 4</ref>

The carvings were discovered behind woodwork in 1849,<ref>Robert Miller, John Knox and the Town Council of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 136.</ref> and restored in 1850 by Alexander Handyside Ritchie.<ref>Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh by Gifford, Mcwilliam and Walker</ref> The building was restored again in 1984.

Over the next few centuries many decorations and paintings were added, and the house and its contents are now a museum. The building is owned by the Church of Scotland and is now administered as part of the new, adjacent Scottish Storytelling Centre.

Association with John Knox

Warriston Close plaque

The visitor's pamphlet states that the house "was Knox's home only for a few months during the siege of Edinburgh Castle, but it is believed that he died here."<ref>"John Knox House at the Scottish Storytelling Centre" (visitor's information pamphlet.)</ref> It appears to have become widely accepted as "John Knox's House" from the mid-19th century onwards after Victorian writers like Robert Chambers and Sir Daniel Wilson had repeated the popular tradition, first recorded c.1800,<ref>Miller, Robert, 'Where did John Knox live in Edinburgh?', in Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland, vol.33 (1899) p.101</ref> of attaching Knox's name to it.<ref>The term appears on the 1852 Ordnance Survey map</ref> The house looked old enough to fit the description, but no research was able to establish the rights or wrongs of the claim. Because of its visual prominence, however, it is almost certain that the building would have been familiar to Knox. The location of his actual residence is marked by a plaque in Warriston Close which lies further up the slope of the High Street. After the Disruption in the Church of Scotland in 1843, the house was bought by the new Free Church, a fact which may have strengthened belief in its association with Knox. It was condemned and due for demolition by the Town Council in 1849 but saved through the efforts of the pioneering urban conservationist Lord Cockburn.<ref>J F Birrell, An Edinburgh Alphabet, Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 1980, p.122, Template:ISBN</ref>

The building immediately adjacent on the west side of the house is Moubray House. Its owner Robert Moubray also happened to be the owner of the house in Warriston's Close where Knox lodged in the 1560s.<ref>Edinburgh City Old Accounts, vol.1 (1899), 477: Miller, Robert, John Knox and the Town Council of Edinburgh, (1898), pp.77-9</ref>

Wellhead

Wellhead

Fountain Well also known Netherbow or Canmore, is located just outside John Knox House.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The street well is one of the last surviving public cisterns built in 1675, supplying drinking water to local inhabitants. It was designed by Sir William Bruce and built by the King’s Master mason, Robert Mylne - it has been rebuilt numerous times, most recently in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Wellhead outside John Knox House

According to Ranger's Impartial List of Ladies of Pleasure, written in 1775 by James Tytler, the wellhead was the territory of two prostitutes: Mrs Dingwell and Lady Agnew.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lady Agnew was the oldest woman featured in the list at 50 years old; she was described as "a disgrace to her relations, who are some of the best in Scotland".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> She was supposedly the daughter of a wealthy Baronet and military General, who entered into sex work aged 13.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Opposite the Wellhead and John Knox House is Fountain Close, where a woman called Miss Beeston plied her trade. Miss Beeston was described in Ranger's List as being a woman of colour. Two other women included in the list are also non-white; Miss Katy Grant who worked in Miss Beeston's establishment, and Miss Betty Forbes who worked alone on Lyon's Close.<ref name=":0" /> The fact that two sex workers of colour worked together suggests the establishment likely catered to a specific clientele.

"Miss MOFFAT, alias BEESTON, Fountain-closs. THIS Lady is tall, black complexion, and about 30 years of age. She is very artful in her amours, and is almost worn out in the service. However, it is said, she does her business extremely well, as she still likes to mumble a piece of gristle."<ref name=":0" />

See also

• Moubray House
• James Tytler
• Ranger's Impartial List of Ladies of Pleasure

References

• Chambers, Robert and William Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, volume VIII nos. 183-200 July-December (1847), 231. Description of John Knox House in 1847.
• Guthrie, Charles John, John Knox and John Knox's House, Constable (1905).
• Guthrie, Charles John, 'Traditional Belief in John Knox's House Vindicated', in Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland, vol.34 (1899), 249-273, (conclusions not now accepted)
• Smith, Donald, John Knox House, Gateway to Edinburgh's Old Town, John Donald (1996) Template:ISBN
• Miller, Robert, John Knox and the Town Council of Edinburgh, Andrew Elliot (1898)
• Miller, Robert, 'Where did John Knox live in Edinburgh?', in Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland, vol.33 (1899) 80-115, (general conclusions widely accepted)

External links

• Scottish Storytelling Centre Template:Webarchive