John McAuley Palmer (United States Army officer)

Template:Infobox military person John McAuley Palmer (April 23, 1870 – October 26, 1955) was a soldier and administrator in the United States Army.

Early life and start of career

Born in Carlinville, Illinois, he was the son of John and Ellen Palmer, and the grandson and namesake of John McAuley Palmer, a famous American Civil War general and Governor of Illinois. He was educated in Springfield, Illinois, graduated from West Point in 1892, and was appointed a second lieutenant of infantry, initially assigned to the 15th Infantry at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He participated in the suppression of the Chicago railroad riots of 1894, then went to Cuba as an aide to Samuel S. Sumner (1898–1899) during the Spanish–American War.<ref>New York Times, Railroads and "Pacification", December 7, 1902</ref><ref>Anne Venzon, The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, 1995, pages 434 to 435</ref><ref>The Bookman magazine, Chronicle and Comment, Volume 43, 1916, pages 253 to 254</ref>

Following his Cuba service, he became a member of the China Relief Expedition, after which he became an instructor and assistant professor of chemistry at West Point. Following this academic stint, he was then assigned a billet as governor of Lanao District on Mindanao in the Philippines during the Moro Rebellion.<ref>University of Malaya, Tenggara magazine, Issues 36–37, 1996, page 133</ref> Upon return from Far East Service, he was a student at the United States Army Command and General Staff College.<ref>Sam Charles Sarkesian, America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevolutionary Past and Lessons for the Future, 1984, page 129</ref> After graduating he was assigned to the War Department General Staff under the command of the then-Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood in 1908. During this period of service he received recognition as a writer and advocate on military theory.<ref>John Whiteclay Chambers, The Oxford Companion to American Military History, 1999, page 523</ref>

Later career and World War I

In 1910 he rejoined his regiment in Tientsin (Tianjin) China and was promoted to the permanent rank of major. He was then transferred to the 24th Infantry on Corregidor and was instrumental in creating the plans for the defense of the Bataan Peninsula (1914–1916).<ref>Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, Curt Johnson, David L. Bongard, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, 1992, page 570</ref>

Following this assignment, he returned to the General Staff in Washington, D.C. (1916) and on the outbreak of the First World War was instrumental in drafting the Draft Act of 1917 and plans for an American Expeditionary Force (AEF). This work caught the notice of Major General John J. Pershing, who selected Palmer to become his Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, G-3, where he went to France and set up operational plans and staff schools for the American Army. He left the AEF staff due to illness, but recovered in time, as a colonel, to command the 58th Infantry Brigade of the 29th Division in combat against the enemy at Verdun in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive that helped to end World War I.<ref>J.T. White, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1930, page 191</ref><ref>Jorg Muth, Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 1901-1940, 2011, page 26</ref> He received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service in France.<ref>George Washington Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, Volume 6, Part 1, 1920, page 626</ref> The citation for the medal reads:

Template:QuoteAs the principal formulator of military policy following World War I, he was the guiding force in the creation of the National Defense Act of 1920. It was this Act which reaffirmed America's reliance upon the citizen-soldier for her defense and established the "Total Army" composed of the Regular Army, the National Guard, and the Army Reserve. In this work he was strongly influenced<ref>cite web|url=https://clausewitzstudies.org/readings/Bassford/CIE/Chapter18.htm#JMPalmer%7Ctitle=Chapter 18 of Christopher Bassford, Clausewitz in English (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 167-171|</ref> by his reading of Carl von Clausewitz's book On War. For his accomplishments, he was made aide-de-camp to Army Chief of Staff John J. Pershing (1921–1923) and promoted to permanent brigadier general in the Regular Army (1922). He then completed his military career by commanding the 19th Infantry Brigade in Panama (1923–1926).<ref>Russell Frank Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, 1977, pages 221 to 222</ref><ref>Brian McAllister Linn, The Echo of Battle: The Army's Way of War, 2009, page 118</ref>

Retirement and death

In retirement (1926), General Palmer continued to champion the cause of universal military service. He wrote numerous books and articles about military policy. A strong advocate of the role of the citizen-soldier in the army of a democracy, Palmer diverged from the views of Emory Upton, with whom he is often compared as a great philosophical thinker-philosopher of the U.S. Army.<ref>George Q. Flynn, Conscription And Democracy, 2002, page 39</ref>

He was recalled to active duty by Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall (a personal friend and devotee of Palmer's) just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and served as an advisor on military policy to the War Department General Staff throughout World War II. Palmer was the oldest American officer to serve in the military during the war.<ref>Hanson W. Baldwin, "Study of Permanent Selective Service Held Essential to Nation's Planning", New York Times, January 20, 1944</ref><ref>Irving Brinton Holley, General John M. Palmer, Citizen Soldiers, and the Army of a Democracy, 1982, page 291</ref><ref>Society for History Education, The History Teacher, Volume 17, 1983, page 628</ref>

Palmer retired again soon after the end of the Second World War, receiving a second Distinguished Service Medal.<ref>Military Times, Hall of Valor Template:Webarchive, Alphabetical Index of Recipients of Major Military Awards, accessed October 8, 2012</ref>

He lived in Washington, D.C. where he died on October 26, 1955.<ref>Chicago Tribune, Gen. Palmer, 85, a Governor's Grandson, Dies, October 27, 1955</ref> Palmer was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 34, Grave 50-A.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Family

In 1893, Palmer married Maude Laning, and they were the parents of a son, John McAuley Palmer IV, who died at age 6,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and a daughter, Mary Laning Palmer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Mary Palmer was married to Norman B. Chandler,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and after his death during World War II<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> she married George H. Rockwell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mary Palmer was the mother of Army Colonels Norman Palmer Chandler (1924-1997)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and John Palmer Chandler (1926-2015).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Decorations

Brigadier General Palmer's ribbon bar included amongst others :

Template:Ribbon devices	Template:Ribbon devices	Template:Ribbon devices
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Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster			World War I Victory Medal			Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
American Defense Service Medal			American Campaign Medal			World War II Victory Medal

Published works

• An Army of the People (1916)
• Statesmanship or War (1927)
• Washington, Lincoln, Wilson (1930)
• General von Steuben (1937)
• America in Arms (1941).<ref>C. Langston Craig, Michael McElderry, Jewel R. McPherson, Finding Aid, John McAuley Palmer Papers, 2010, page 4</ref>

External links

• Army.mil: John McAuley Palmer
• Generals of World War II