John R. McKernan Jr.

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Born in Bangor, Maine, McKernan attended Dartmouth College and then the University of Maine School of Law. A Republican, McKernan was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives before becoming governor. He also served in the state house from 1973 to 1977 and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1976 and 1984.

Early life and education

McKernan was born in Bangor, Maine, on May 20, 1948, the son of Barbara Guild McKernan and John R. McKernan Sr. He was raised in Bangor, where he attended the public schools and graduated from Bangor High School in 1966. After graduating, McKernan attended Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1970.

He then returned to Maine and joined the Maine Army National Guard, serving from 1970 until 1973.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During this time, he moved to Portland, Maine, to pursue studies at the University of Maine School of Law. He completed his Juris Doctor degree in 1974, while already serving in the Maine House of Representatives.

Career

Maine House of Representatives

McKernan's first entry into politics was being elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1972. He did so as one of the youngest ever to serve in that capacity, being only 24 years old.

He was later elected to a second term, where his colleagues selected him as assistant Republican floor leader.

He left the state legislature in 1976 to begin practicing law at a Portland law firm.

U.S. Representative

McKernan was twice elected to the United States House of Representatives, in 1982 and 1984. He narrowly defeated Democrat John M. Kerry by a 50.4–47.9 margin in 1982, but won a landslide re-election in 1984, defeating Democrat Barry Hobbins by a 63.5–36.5 margin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While he served in the House, he had the unusual distinction of dating the other member of Maine's House delegation – Olympia Snowe. The two had met while they had earlier served in the Maine House of Representatives, and began dating in 1978. During their time together in Congress, McKernan and Snowe had nearly identical voting records. Their similar feelings on issues even translated into reversals of opinion — for example, they both switched from opposing aid to the Nicaraguan rebels to later supporting such aid.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While their relationship was widely known, it was not reported much by the Maine press.

McKernan retired from Congress to run for governor in 1986, and was sworn in as governor in January 1987.

GovTrack analysis of McKernan's voting record found McKernan to be the fifth-most moderate Republican in terms of voting record during his tenure, slightly more moderate than Snowe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1986, towards the end of his final term in the House, a Congressional Quarterly study found that McKernan had opposed Ronald Reagan's stated position 52 percent of the time, 13th-most among House Republicans, and that Snowe had opposed Reagan's position 53 percent of the time, 12th-most among House Republicans.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

Governor of Maine

1986 election and first term

McKernan as Maine governor in the late 1980s

Before the 1986 election, no Republican had occupied the Blaine House in two decades. Incumbent governor Joseph E. Brennan was term limited and could not run again. McKernan declared his intention to run for governor in the fall of 1985, and Brennan declared his candidacy for McKernan's old congressional seat in the first district (which Brennan would eventually win).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

McKernan's opponent in the GOP primary, conservative activist Porter Leighton, characterized McKernan as "a very pleasant young man" who "votes more often with the other party than his own."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> McKernan had cut out a very moderate reputation in Congress, and one study released shortly before the 1986 general election found that McKernan had voted against president the stated position of President Ronald Reagan — a fellow Republican — 52% of the time.<ref name=":0" /> McKernan, however, easily dispatched Leighton, receiving over 68% of the vote in the GOP primary.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the general election, McKernan's Democratic opponent was James E. Tierney, former Majority Leader of the Maine House and state Attorney General — though he did also face two independent candidates, Sherry Huber (a former Republican who lost the 1982 GOP nomination for governor) and John Menario.

McKernan based his campaign on better schools and better jobs, believing them to be the keys to making Maine (in his words) "the very best place in America to live, to work and to raise a family." He pledged to pursue both goals without a major tax increase. Additionally, he focused on economic development, claiming that Maine could become what he dubbed "the opportunity state".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After a spirited campaign, McKernan emerged on top, besting Tierney by a nine-point margin. However, McKernan received only 39% of the vote in a divided four-way race.

McKernan, just 38 years old on inauguration day, was welcomed with a $46-million surplus. That good financial news would be short-lived, however, as the state would face a number of fiscal challenges in the coming years.

In his first tenure in Augusta, McKernan attempted to grow the Maine economy. He helped initiate a $1.35-million fund to create "centers of innovation," designed to position Maine at the cutting edge of the next technological change. He also worked to expand job training programs, structured to enable the state to quickly change the skills being taught to meet the needs of a new employer. An additional $5.9-million state investment in the University of Maine System was also spearheaded by the governor, intended to enhance its educational and research reputation. These efforts were hammered home with the governor's new economic development slogan: "MAINE: We're America's Future Business." The program created "opportunity zones" throughout the state to draw jobs to areas in need of new or additional industry.<ref name="highbeam.com">Article: The Boston Globe Date: May 22, 1988 Author: John Ellement</ref>

In his second year in office, Governor McKernan launched a public-relations campaign intended to enhance the state's image as a place to do business.<ref name="highbeam.com"/>

For all the work to develop Maine's economy, McKernan also faced a number of difficulties which stunted his efforts. Budget shortfalls began to run rampant toward the end of his term, and legislative battles with opposition Democrats became frequent. The relationship between longtime Speaker of the House John L. Martin and McKernan was poisonous, and the two had difficulty resolving differences over the state budget. The Governor crafted a plan to eliminate or reduce welfare and job-training benefits for thousands of low-income Mainers, while Martin and the Democrats fought to keep funding at a higher level.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: December 28, 1990 Author: Associated Press</ref>

The difficult budget fights between the governor and the legislature would prove to be a major issue in McKernan's effort to be re-elected.

1990 election and second term

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} During his announcement for his re-election campaign, McKernan listed as important successes a growth management initiative, a trash reduction and recycling program, and a plan to remove the Kennebec River dam in Augusta by the end of the 1990s. McKernan credited his administration with taking decisive action against illegal drugs, citing the creation of the Bureau of Intergovernmental Drug Enforcement. Troubled by difficult financial issues, McKernan reiterated his claim that Maine had responded to budget difficulties with less impact on taxpayers than other states in the New England region. He pointed out that Maine was the only state in the Northeast that had a balanced budget and that had done it without raising taxes.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: April 24, 1990 Author: Peter Jackson</ref>

Polling in May 1990 showed former governor Joseph Brennan with a nine-point lead over the incumbent governor. McKernan felt that the erosion of his support occurred during the legislative budget battles, and would be reversed in the months before the election, believing that the situation would improve as the state budget continued to hold further into the fiscal year.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: May 31, 1990 Author: Peter Jackson</ref>

The race was so close that the candidates waited until shortly before noon the following day before summoning reporters to make acceptance and concession remarks. Brennan acknowledged that voter margins in his traditional strongholds in southern Maine weren't enough to offset McKernan's strength in rural and northern Maine.

McKernan has characterized his narrow victory as something of a comeback, considering that pollsters showed him 12 points behind Brennan only two months prior. Momentum began to change only in mid-October, McKernan said, when his campaign was able to effectively communicate "not only what we had accomplished but also what was at stake in this election." Brennan said that he saw no fatal flaws in his campaign, but added he was hurt by the long federal budget debate that kept him in Washington when he needed to be campaigning in Maine. "It hurts the dynamic of the campaign when you can't be here," he explained.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: November 8, 1990 Author: Denise Goodman</ref>

McKernan's second term became defined by partisan battles with the state legislature's Democratic majority over fiscal management, given a large budget deficit and a constitution that prohibited borrowing to offset budget gaps. He threatened to invoke a 1976 law permitting the governor to make "fair and equitable" spending reductions to comply with the state's balanced-budget mandate. His specific controversial actions included drafting plans to cut spending unilaterally and rewriting rules to give state agencies more discretion in how they allocate their reduced funds. Democrats objected and took McKernan to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court, but the court upheld the governor's authority to take such action.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: January 6, 1991 Author: Adam Pertman</ref>

McKernan also battled with Democrats about state's workmen's compensation costs, eventually settling with them for a roughly 26% decrease in spending.<ref>Article Template:Dead link Template:Cbignore: National Underwriter Property & Casualty-Risk &Benefits Management Date: July 29, 1991 Author: McGhee, Neil</ref>

Post-government life

Honorary state chairman for John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign in Maine.<ref>Article: Seacoastonline.com Date: July 21, 2008 Author: Unlisted</ref>
Served as outside director of ImmuCell Corporation since 1995.<ref>Article: Allbusiness.com Date: April 20, 1995 Author: Michael F. Brigham</ref>
He became chief executive officer of Education Management Corporation, the parent company of several for-profit colleges, on September 1, 2003, where he served until 2006.<ref>Article: Bangor Daily News: March 11, 2006 Author: Bill Trotter</ref> He subsequently served as executive chairman.<ref>Article Template:Webarchive: EDMC Corporate Website: December 13, 2009 Author: None</ref>

Personal life and family

McKernan has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Files. They had one child together, Peter McKernan. The couple subsequently divorced in 1978. On January 23, 1991, Peter died of a previously undetected heart problem after lying in a coma for nine days. He had collapsed during baseball practice at Dartmouth College. He was 20 years old at the time, played junior varsity baseball at Dartmouth, and had recently joined the school's Beta Theta Pi fraternity.<ref>Article: The Boston Globe Date: January 27, 1991 Author: Adam Pertman</ref>

In 1989, McKernan married eventual U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe after the two had been dating for roughly six years. McKernan and Snowe met while serving in the Maine House of Representatives and again serving together in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1983 to 1987.