Kalinga-Apayao
Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:Use Philippine English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox Former Subdivision Kalinga-Apayao (Template:IPA) was a province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. It was formed, along with Benguet, Ifugao, and the new Mountain Province, from the earlier Mountain Province, with the passage of Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. The said law was amended by RA No. 7878 in 1995, which partitioned the province into modern Kalinga and Apayao.Template:Republic Act 4695<ref name="ra7878" />
As part of a cult of personality, longtime President Ferdinand Marcos, Sr made gradual changes to the borders of Kalinga-Apayao over the course of his dictatorship, with the aim of making the outline of the province on a map resemble the silhouette of his own head facing towards his own native Ilocos Norte. The “Great Profile” was unfinished when Marcos was overthrown in 1986.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
History
Before Mountain Province
Prior to the establishment of the province, the sub-provinces of Kalinga and Apayao, upon their establishment through Act No. 1642 in 1907, were used to be part of Lepanto-Bontoc (as Kalinga was taken from Cagayan and Isabela) and Cagayan provinces respectively.<ref name="a1642">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="PHLComm08">Template:Cite book</ref> The sub-provinces were annexed into the Mountain Province which was established through Act No. 1876 in 1908.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the early years, the sub-provinces underwent series of territorial changes:<ref name="KAusc">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc (Executive Order 53, 1914); same as part of Apayao to the province of Ilocos Norte (EO 21, 1920).
- 1922: In Apayao, a barrio of municipal district of Bayag (Calanasan) to Namaltugan.
- 1926: In Kalinga, barrios in municipal district of Pinukpuk to Balbalan.
- 1927: Parts of the municipal district of Pinukpuk in Kalinga to Conner in Apayao.
As sub-provinces of Mountain Province
The sub-provinces became part of Kalinga-Apayao which was created along with three other new provinces comprising the old Mountain Province through Republic Act 4695 on June 18, 1966.Template:Republic Act 4695 Those provinces, with Abra, would become part of the Cordillera Administrative Region, created through EO 220 on July 15, 1987.<ref name="KApsa">"1995 Provincial Profile - Kalinga Apayao" (Link for PDF file) Philippine Statistics Authority. 1995. Retrieved July 23, 2022.</ref>
Since the creation of the sub-provinces, Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. In Apayao, its first sub-provincial capital was Tauit until mid-1915, when it was moved to Kabugao via EO 45.<ref name="a1642" /><ref name="PHLComm08" /><ref name="KAusc" /><ref name="Aup">Template:Cite web</ref>
During the Marcos dictatorship
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.<ref name="Robles2016">Template:Cite book</ref> During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused<ref name=Balbosas1992>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Balisacan&Hill2003">Template:Cite book</ref> the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.<ref name="Cororaton1997">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Kessler1989">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Rp<ref name="Celoza1997">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.<ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">Template:Cite book</ref> This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,<ref name="McCoy199909202">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">Template:Cite book</ref> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.<ref name="Rappler">Template:Cite news</ref> The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project,<ref name="Doyo2015">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Cariño1980">Joanna K. Cariño, "The Chico River Basin Development Project: A Case Study in National Development Policy," Aghamtao Vol. III (December 1980): 2, https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Aghamtao/1980/05_The%20Chico%20River%20Basin%20Development%20Project_%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20National%20Development%20Policy.pdf.</ref> which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan, Lubuagan, Pasil, and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga Province, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.<ref name="Asiaweek1980">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.<ref name="Cariño1980"/> Marcos sent three armed brigades<ref name="Cariño1980"/> to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,<ref name="Doyo2015"/> and even a 12-year-old child<ref name="Cariño1980"/> — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.<ref name="Doyo2015"/><ref name="Cariño1980"/>
The April 24, 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under martial law,<ref name="Pressfreedom">Template:Cite book</ref> and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led the Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.<ref name="TauliCorpuz2018">Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.<ref name="sgtravelyahoo">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Jamias, Juan F (1975) Readings in Development Communication. College, Philippines : College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños.</ref>
After the People Power Revolution
After Marcos was finally deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who had sided with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.<ref>Curaming, Rommel and Claudio, Lisandro, A Historicised (Re)Assessment of EDSA 'People Power' (1986) (February 1, 2010). Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 134. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1716572 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716572</ref><ref name="Marchadesch20171124">Template:Cite news</ref> By December 1988, 52% of the barangays in the province were controlled by the New People's Army communist insurgent group while 43% are "under its influence" according to the House of Representatives Committee on National Defense.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,<ref>https://peace.gov.ph/timeline/peace-process-cba-cpla/ Template:Bare URL inline</ref> believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Peace accord and creation of the Cordillera Autonomous Region
In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On November 19, 1986, former KBL assemblyman David Puzon of Kalinga-Apayao was assassinated in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan along with his driver and a business associate by six armed men disguised in women's clothing; Puzon's daughter-in-law Evangeline was injured but managed to survive the incident.<ref name="NM">Template:Cite news</ref> National Democratic Front spokesman Satur Ocampo soon expressed his view that the New People's Army was likely behind the assassination.<ref name="NM"/>
Having later been divided into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao were separately declared insurgency-free in 2010: Apayao in February,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Kalinga in November.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Abolition and partition
By virtue of Republic Act. No 7878, signed on February 14, 1995, the sub-provinces in Kalinga-Apayao were partitioned into two new provinces, Kalinga and Apayao, with their capitals remaining as before.<ref name="ra7878">Template:Cite web</ref> Both comprise the same municipalities formerly part of these sub-provinces.<ref name="KApsa" />
A majority of voters in Kalinga-Apayao ratified the law in a plebiscite on May 8, 1995.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Administrative divisions
| Duration | Kalinga | Apayao |
|---|---|---|
| 1907–1966 Template:Republic Act 4695<ref name="KApsa" /><ref>"Act No. 2711" —Full text from the Official Gazette. Retrieved July 26, 2022. —Digitized copy from the Internet Archive. Retrieved July 28, 2022.</ref> |
Then municipal districts by 1917:
Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: |
Then municipal districts by 1917:
Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: Former municipal districts:
|
| 1966–1995 <ref name="KApsa" /> |
Created: PasilTemplate:Efn
Abolished: QuirinoTemplate:Efn |
Created: Santa MarcelaTemplate:Efn |
| Template:Small | ||
By the time Kalinga-Apayao was established, eight municipalities remained part of the subprovince of Kalinga, six municipalities in the Subprovince of Apayao as well.Template:Republic Act 4695
Within almost three decades, two new municipalities were later created. On the same day of the creation of the province, Pasil in Kalinga was created (RA 4741); also, Santa Marcela in Apayao in 1967 (RA 4974). Meanwhile, the municipality of Quirino in Kalinga, which had established before, was abolished sometime between 1975 and 1980. Before the division in 1995, the province had 15 municipalities and 283 barangays.<ref name="KApsa" />
Notes
References
Template:Philippines former provinces and cities Template:Authority control