Kansai International Airport
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Kansai International Airport (Template:Langx) (Template:Airport codes), commonly known as Kankū (Template:Langx), is located on an artificial island and serves as the primary international airport in the Greater Osaka Area of Japan and the closest international airport to the cities of Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe. It is located on an artificial island, Template:Nihongo, in the middle of Osaka Bay off the Honshu shore, Template:Convert southwest of Ōsaka Station,<ref name="AIP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> located within three municipalities, including Izumisano (north),<ref name="Nikko">Home Template:Webarchive. Hotel Nikko Kansai Airport. Retrieved on 23 July 2011. "Hotel Nikko Kansai Airport 1, Senshu-kuko Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, 549-0001, Japan "</ref> Sennan (south),<ref name="JALCargo">"OSAKA KANSAI (Kansai International Airport)." JAL Cargo. Retrieved on 23 July 2011. "Departure JAL Export Cargo Bldg. 1 Senshu Airport Minami, Sennan, Osaka Arrival JALKAS Import Cargo Bldg. 1 Senshu Airport Minami, Sennan, Osaka"</ref> and Tajiri (central),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in Osaka Prefecture. The airport's first airport island covers approximately Template:Convert and the second covers approximately Template:Convert, for a total of Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Kansai opened on 4 September 1994 to relieve overcrowding at Osaka International Airport, also called Itami Airport, which is closer to Osaka. It consists of two terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano, is the longest airport terminal in the world with a length of Template:Convert. The airport serves as an international hub for All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines and as a hub for Peach, the first international low-cost carrier in Japan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is also the north Pacific hub for FedEx Express, which obtained fifth freedom rights under the 1998 U.S. and Japan air agreement and established the hub in 2014.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="fedhub"/>
In 2019, 31.9 million passengers used the airport, making it the third busiest in Japan. The freight volume was 802,162 tonnes total: 757,414 t international (18th in the world) and 44,748 t domestic.<ref name="kiac-stats">Kansai International Airport Statistics Template:Webarchive – Kansai International Airport Co., Ltd.</ref> The Template:Convert second runway was opened on 2 August 2007. Template:As of, Kansai Airport has become an Asian hub, with 780 weekly flights to Asia and Australasia (including 119 freight), 59 weekly flights to Europe and the Middle East (5 freight), and 80 weekly flights to North America (42 freight).<ref>Kansai International Airport 2014 summer Flight Schedules – Kansai International Airport Co., Ltd.</ref>
In 2020, Kansai was ranked the tenth-best airport in the world by Skytrax and received its awards for Best Airport Staff in Asia, World's Best Airport Staff, and World's Best Airport for Baggage Delivery.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
History
In the 1960s, when the Kansai region was rapidly losing trade to Tokyo, planners proposed a new airport near Kobe and Osaka. The city's original international airport, Itami Airport, located in the densely populated suburbs of Itami and Toyonaka, was surrounded by buildings; it could not be expanded, and many of its neighbours had filed complaints because of noise pollution problems.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The demand of expansion also limited by the geographical factor where the area around Itami airport is surrounded by the mountainous area, forcing the only choice viable in that time is to build it offshore.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After the protests surrounding New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport), which was built with expropriated land in a rural part of Chiba Prefecture, planners decided to build the airport offshore. The new airport was part of a number of new developments to revitalize Osaka, which had been losing economic and cultural ground to Tokyo for most of the century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Initially, the airport was planned to be built near Kobe, but the city of Kobe refused the plan, so the airport was moved to a more southerly location on Osaka Bay.<ref name="noairport">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There it could be open 24 hours per day, unlike its predecessor in the city.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Construction
An artificial island, Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt wide, was proposed. Engineers needed to overcome the extremely high risks of earthquakes and typhoons (with storm surges of up to Template:Cvt). The water depth is Template:Convert on top of Template:Convert of soft Holocene clay which holds 70% water.<ref name=rice>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=mesri>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=settle1>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=settle2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay.<ref name=settle1/><ref name=settle2/>
Construction started in 1987. The sea wall was finished in 1989 (made of rock and 48,000 tetrapods).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three mountains were excavated<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> for Template:Convert,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Template:Convert was used to construct island 1.<ref name=mesri/> Over three years, 10,000 workers using 80 ships took 10 million man-hours to complete the Template:Convert<ref name=mesri/> layer of earth over the sea floor and inside the sea wall. In 1990, a Template:Convert bridge was completed to connect the island to the mainland at Rinku Town, at a cost of $1 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Completion of the artificial island increased the area of Osaka Prefecture just enough so that it is no longer the smallest prefecture in Japan (Kagawa Prefecture is now the smallest).<ref name="small">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The bidding and construction of the airport was a source of international trade friction during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone responded to American concerns, particularly from Senator Frank Murkowski, that bids would be rigged in Japanese companies' favour by providing special offices for prospective international contractors,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which ultimately did little to ease the participation of foreign contractors in the bidding process.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later, foreign airlines complained that two-thirds of the departure hall counter space had been allocated to Japanese carriers, disproportionately to the actual carriage of passengers through the airport.<ref>Osaka Notebook, International Herald Tribune, 24 August 1992.</ref>
The island had been predicted to sink Template:Cvt by the most optimistic estimate as the weight of the material used for construction compressed the seabed silts. However, by 1999, the island had sunk Template:Cvt – almost 50% more than predicted. The project became the most expensive civil works project in modern history after twenty years of planning, three years of construction and US$15bn of investment. Much of what was learned went into the successful artificial islands in silt deposits for New Kitakyushu Airport, Kobe Airport, and Chubu Centrair International Airport. The lessons of Kansai Airport were also applied in the construction of Hong Kong International Airport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1991, the terminal construction commenced. To compensate for the sinking of the island, adjustable columns were designed to support the terminal building. These are extended by inserting thick metal plates at their bases. Government officials proposed reducing the length of the terminal to cut costs, but architect Renzo Piano insisted on keeping the terminal at its full planned length.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The airport's opening date was decided by the Ministry of Transportation in 1993, mainly to avoid confusion from airliners and airports who are not used to the airport and the peak July-August travel season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The construction of Kansai International Airport received much attention from local newspapers, particularly Osaka editions of major national newspapers, than those of Tokyo.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Just before the airport was opened, the Ministry of Transportation approved the landing fee for its international flights at 2400 yen a tonne.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The airport was opened on 4 September 1994,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="opens">Template:Cite news</ref> being the first in Japan to operate 24 hours a day.<ref name="and">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="opens"/> Over 31 airlines from 26 countries operate at the new airport.<ref name="and"/>
Within two weeks after its opening, the airport was reported to had a "poor start": travel agencies in Tokyo were not interested in using the airport for their packages as the number of international flights was fewer than at Narita; one member of a travel agency said that the airport had no major advantage over the one in Narita and another said that the airport being "no better than a local airport". The airport also had problems with flight timetables.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 17 January 1995, Japan was struck by the Great Hanshin earthquake, the epicenter of which was about Template:Cvt away from KIX and killed 6,434 people on Japan's main island of Honshū. Its earthquake engineering, particularly the use of sliding joints, allowed the airport to emerge unscathed. Even the glass in the windows remained intact. On 22 September 1998, the airport survived a typhoon with wind speeds over Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>
On 19 April 2001, the airport was one of ten structures given the "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" award by the American Society of Civil Engineers.<ref>U.S. Engineering Society names Kansai International Airport a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium Template:Webarchive – Press release from American Society of Civil Engineers</ref>
Template:As of, the total cost of Kansai Airport was $20 billion including land reclamation, two runways, terminals, and facilities. Most additional costs were initially due to the island's sinking, caused by the soft soils of Osaka Bay, which was anticipated by designers. The sink rate fell from Template:Cvt per year during 1994 to Template:Cvt per year in 2008.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Operation
Opened on 4 September 1994, the airport serves as a hub for several airlines such as All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines. It is the international gateway for Japan's Kansai region, which contains the major cities of Kyoto, Kobe, and Osaka. Other Kansai domestic flights fly from the older but more conveniently located Osaka International Airport in Itami, or from the newer Kobe Airport.<ref name="noairport"/>
The airport had been deeply in debt, losing $560 million in interest every year. Airlines had been kept away by high landing fees (about $7,500 for a Boeing 747), the second most expensive in the world after Narita's. In the early years of the airport's operation, excessive terminal rent and utility bills for on-site concessions also drove up operating costs: some estimates before opening held that a cup of coffee would have to cost US$10.<ref>Will Fees Sink New Osaka Airport?, International Herald Tribune, 5 August 1994.</ref> Osaka business owners pressed the government to take a greater burden of the construction cost to keep the airport attractive to passengers and airlines.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 17 February 2005, Chubu Centrair International Airport opened in Nagoya, just east of Osaka. The opening of the airport was expected to increase competition between Japan's international airports. Despite this, passenger totals were up 11% in 2005 over 2004, and international passengers increased to 3.06 million in 2006, up 10% over 2005. Adding to the competition were the opening of Kobe Airport, less than Template:Convert away, in 2006 and the lengthening of the runway at Tokushima Airport in Shikoku in 2007. The main rationale behind the expansions was to compete with Incheon International Airport and Hong Kong International Airport as a gateway to Asia, as Tokyo area airports were severely congested. Kansai saw a 5% year-on-year increase in international traffic in summer 2013, largely supported by low-cost carrier traffic to Taiwan and Southeast Asia overcoming a decrease in traffic to China and South Korea.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The airport authority was allotted four billion yen in government support for fiscal year 2013, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and the Ministry of Finance agreed to reduce this amount in stages through fiscal year 2015, although local governments in the Kansai region have pressed for continued subsidies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Kansai has been marketed as an alternative to Narita Airport for international travelers from the Greater Tokyo Area. By flying to Kansai from Haneda Airport and connecting to international flights there, travelers can save the additional time required to get to Narita: up to one and a half hours for many residents of Kanagawa Prefecture and southern Tokyo.
Expansion
The airport was at its limit during peak times, owing especially to freight flights, so a portion of Phase II expansion—the second runway—was made a priority.<ref>The reason for construction of the second runway Template:Webarchive– Kansai International Airport Co., Ltd.</ref> Thus, in 2002, believing that the sinking problem was almost over, the airport operators started to construct a Template:Convert second runway and terminal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The second runway opened on 2 August 2007, but with the originally planned terminal portion postponed. This lowered the project cost to JPY¥910 billion (approx. US$8 billion), saving ¥650 billion from the first estimate.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The additional runway development, which was opened in time for the IAAF World Athletics Championships in Osaka, has expanded the airport size to Template:Convert. The second runway is used for landings and when there are incidents prohibiting takeoff from runway A. The new runway allowed the airport to start 24-hour operations in September 2007.<ref>"Kansai opens its Second Runway", Airports – September/October 2007 (Key Publishing), P7</ref><ref>"24 hours operation from 1 September 2007" from Sankei Newspaper (Japanese) on 24 August 2007.</ref>
A new terminal building opened in late 2012.<ref>KIX Terminal2 Template:Webarchive. Kansai-airport.or.jp (28 October 2012). Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref> There are additional plans for several new aprons, a third runway (06C/24C) with a length of Template:Convert, a new cargo terminal and expanding the airport size to Template:Convert. However, the Japanese government has currently postponed these plans due to funding problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Subscription required</ref>
Relationship with Itami Airport
Then Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto has been a vocal critic of Itami Airport, arguing that the Chuo Shinkansen maglev line will make much of its domestic role irrelevant, and that its domestic functions should be transferred to Kansai Airport in conjunction with upgraded high-speed access to Kansai from central Osaka.<ref>Airport wars roil Kansai region, Japan Times</ref> In 2009, Hashimoto also publicly proposed moving the functions of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Kansai Airport as a possible solution for the political crisis surrounding the base.<ref>Will the U.S. Marines charge ashore at Kansai airport?, Japan Today</ref>
In May 2011, the Diet of Japan passed legislation to form a new Kansai International Airport Corporation using the state's existing equity stake in Kansai Airport and its property holdings at Itami Airport. The move was aimed at offsetting Kansai Airport's debt burden.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The merger of the Itami and Kansai airport authorities was completed in July 2012. Shortly following the merger, Kansai Airport announced a 5% reduction in landing fees effective October 2012, with additional reductions during overnight hours when the airport is underutilized, and further discounts planned for the future, including subsidies for new airlines and routes. Template:As of these moves were intended to bring Kansai's fees closer to the level of Narita International Airport, where landing fees were around 20% lower than Kansai's, and to improve competitiveness with other Asian hubs such as Incheon International Airport in South Korea.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since its formation, the new operating company has also made efforts toward international expansion, bidding for operating concessions at Yangon International Airport and Hanthawaddy International Airport in Myanmar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
KIAC conducted a public tender to sell the operating rights for Kansai and Itami Airport in May 2015. Orix and Vinci Airports were the sole bidders for the 45-year contract, at a price of around $18 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The new operating company, Kansai Airports, took over on 1 April 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is 80% owned by Orix and Vinci, with the remaining 20% owned by Kansai-based enterprises such as Hankyu Hanshin Holdings and Panasonic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Typhoon Jebi
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On 4 September 2018, the airport was hit by Typhoon Jebi. The airport had to pause operations after seawater surges inundated the island; runways were hit, and the water reached up to the engines of some aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The situation was further exacerbated when a large tanker crashed into the bridge that links the airport to the mainland, effectively stranding the people remaining at the airport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> All flights at the airport were canceled until 6 September, at which date Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced the airport would partially resume domestic operations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} (incl. photo of the partially flooded airport)</ref>
Train services to the airport resumed from 18 September 2018 after repair works to the Kansai Airport Line and Nankai Airport Line were completed, and the airport resumed regular operations on 1 October 2018. Repairs to the damaged section of the Sky Gate Bridge R were finally completed on 8 April 2019, restoring traffic both to and from the mainland completely.
Terminals
Terminal 1
The main KIX passenger terminal, Terminal 1, is a single four-storey building designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop (Renzo Piano and Noriaki Okabe), and has a gross floor space of Template:Convert. Template:As of, at a total length of Template:Convert from end to end, Terminal 1 is the longest airport terminal in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has a sophisticated people mover system called the Wing Shuttle, which moves passengers from one end of the pier to the other.
The terminal's roof is shaped like an airfoil. This shape is used to promote air circulation through the building: giant air conditioning ducts blow air upwards at one side of the terminal, circulate the air across the curvature of the ceiling, and collect the air through intakes at the other side. Mobiles are suspended in the ticketing hall to take advantage of the flowing air.
The ticketing hall overlooks the international departures concourse, and the two are separated by a glass partition. During Kansai's early days, visitors were known to throw objects over the partition to friends in the corridor below. The partition was eventually modified to halt this practice.
On 23 June 2017, at the terminal's promotion space, a game experience area known as "Nintendo Check In" opened. In this game experience area, guests arriving at Terminal 1 can play Nintendo Switch games free of charge. There is a statue of Mario at the experience area, along with Super Mario Cappy caps from Super Mario Odyssey for passengers to take photos with. There also Amiibo figurines on display there. In the northern and southern arrival routes of Terminal 1, there are decorations of Nintendo characters like Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and others welcoming arriving passengers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Terminal 2
Terminal 2 is a low-cost carrier (LCC) terminal designed to attract more LCCs by providing lower landing fees than Terminal 1. It is exclusively occupied by Peach, Spring Airlines, and Jeju Air. Other LCCs serving Kansai, such as Jetstar, Jetstar Japan, and Cebu Pacific, use the main Terminal 1.<ref>Commercial offer to the fore as Kansai opens budget terminal. TheMoodieReport.com. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref>
Peach requested that Terminal 2 have a simplified design in order to minimize operating costs.<ref>Kansai Airport opens new terminal for low-cost carriers – AJW by The Asahi Shimbun Template:Webarchive. Ajw.asahi.com. Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref> The terminal is a single-story building, thus eliminating the cost of elevators. Passageways to aircraft have no air conditioning.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The terminal also has no jet bridges, having one boarding gate for domestic departures and one boarding gate for international departures. In case of rain, passengers are lent umbrellas to use as they walk to the aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Terminal 2 is not directly connected to Terminal 1 or to Kansai Airport Station. Free shuttle buses run between the two terminals, and between Terminal 2 and the railway and ferry stations. It is also possible to walk between the terminals through the KIX Sora Park, a four-hectare park located adjacent to Terminal 2.<ref>Large "Ecopark" Outside Kansai Terminal 2 with Fields, "Ecofarm" and More – Airport News Japan Template:Webarchive. En.airportnews.jp (25 October 2012). Retrieved on 16 August 2013.</ref>
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
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Ground transportation
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Rail
Kansai International Airport is connected only by the Sky Gate Bridge R, a combined road and railroad bridge, to Rinku Town and the mainland. The lower level of the bridge is used by two railroad operators: JR West and Nankai Electric Railway.
JR West operates the Haruka limited express train services from Kansai Airport Station to Tennōji, Ōsaka, Shin-Ōsaka, and Kyoto Station, with Template:Ill services available from Kansai Airport Station to Ōsaka, Kyōbashi and several stations on the way. Connecting train service to Wakayama is available at Hineno Station. Various connections, such as buses, subways, trams, and other railroads, are available at each station.
Nankai operates the rapi:t, a limited express train service to Namba Station on the southern edge of downtown Osaka. Osaka Metro connections are available at Namba and Tengachaya Station.
Rail connections to and from Kansai Airport are expected to further improve access to and from Umeda with the opening of the Naniwasuji Line in 2031.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref>
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Kansai Airport Limited Express Haruka operated by JR West
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Kansai Airport Rapid Service operated by JR West
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Limited Express rapi:t operated by Nankai
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Airport Express operated by Nankai
Bus
Kansai Airport Transportation Enterprise<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and other bus operators offer scheduled express bus services, called "Airport Limousines", for Kansai International Airport.
Parking
Two six storey parking structures, called P1 and P2, are located above a railroad terminal station, while the other two level parking facilities, called P3 and P4, are situated next to "Aeroplaza", a hotel complex.
The airport is only accessible from the Sky Gate Bridge R, a part of Kansai Airport Expressway. The expressway immediately connects to Hanshin Expressways Route 5, "Wangan Route", and Hanwa Expressway.
Ferry service
In July 2007, high-speed ferry service began. OM Kobe operates "Bay Shuttle" between Kobe Airport and KIX. The journey takes about thirty minutes.
Other facilities
- Template:Nihongo – Houses the Template:Nihongo<ref>090406a.pdf Template:Webarchive. Kansai International Airport Land Development Co., Ltd. Retrieved on 2 November 2011. "Kansai Airport Agency Company Building (4F) 1 Senshu-Kuko Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 549-0001"</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Nihongo
- The head office of the Template:Nihongo is on the fourth floor.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}.</ref>
- The Peach Aviation head office is on the fifth floor.<ref>"Privacy Policy." Peach Aviation. Retrieved on 23 July 2011. "Peach Aviation Limited Kensetsu-to fifth floor, 1-Senshukuko-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan 549-8585" – Japanese: "Template:Nihongo2"</ref><ref>"About Us." Peach. Retrieved on 1 November 2011. "Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan 549-8585" Address in Japanese: "Template:Nihongo2"</ref>
- Template:Nihongo is located on the west side of Kansai Airport Station. It includes a hotel, restaurants, rental car counters, and other businesses<ref>"Airport Facilities Information Template:Webarchive." Kansai International Airport. Retrieved on 23 July 2011.</ref>
- Hotel Nikko Kansai Airport (north portion of Kansai Airport)<ref name="Nikko"/>
- Head office of Peach Aviation was previously located on the third floor (central portion of Kansai Airport)<ref>"Privacy Policy." Peach Aviation. Retrieved on 23 July 2011. "Personal information desk Peach Aviation Limited Aeroplaza 3F, 1 Senshu-kuko-naka, Tajiricho, Sennan-gun, Osaka 549-8585, Japan" – Japanese: "Template:Nihongo2"</ref><ref>"About Us." Peach. Retrieved on 21 July 2011. "Tajiri-cho, Sennangun, Osaka, Japan" Address in Japanese: "Template:Nihongo2"</ref>
- Central power station (KEPCO) energy center, 40 MW
- JAL Cargo import and export facilities (in southern portion)<ref name="JALCargo"/>
- Japan Coast Guard Kansai airport Coast Guard air base
- Japan Coast Guard Special Security Team Base
- Osaka international post office (Template:As of carrying about 19,000 tonnes per year of international postal matter)
- Oil tanker berths (three berths) and Fuel Supply center
- Airport access bridge ("The Sky Gate Bridge R"), which as of 2013 is the longest truss bridge in the world at Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The double-decker bridge consists of a lower deck devoted to rail, with the upper for road.
Statistics
See also
References
Further reading
- Hausler, E. and N. Sitar. "Performance of Soil Improvement Techniques in Earthquakes." (Archive) (Report in Progress) Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California Berkeley.
External links
- Template:Commons and category inline
- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- Template:Official website
- History of KIX at Kansai Airports
- Kansai International Airport Land Co., Ltd.
- Kansai International Airport Project by Focchi Group
Template:Portalbar Template:Japanese airports Template:FedEx Template:Osaka transit Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Kansai International Airport
- 1994 establishments in Japan
- Airports established in 1994
- Airports in Kansai region
- Artificial island airports
- Artificial islands of Japan
- Transport buildings and structures in Osaka Prefecture
- Ove Arup buildings and structures
- Renzo Piano buildings
- Izumisano
- Sennan, Osaka
- Tajiri, Osaka