Keihanshin

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox settlement Template:Nihongo is a metropolitan region in the Kansai region of Japan encompassing the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture, Osaka in Osaka Prefecture and Kobe in Hyōgo Prefecture. The entire region has a population (Template:As of) of 19,302,746 over an area of Template:Convert.<ref name=mma>Japan Statistics Bureau - "2015 Census", retrieved June 27, 2021</ref> It is the second-most-populated urban region in Japan (after the Greater Tokyo Area), containing approximately 15% of Japan's population.

The GDP in Osaka–Kobe is $681 billion as measured by PPP Template:As of, making it one of the world's most productive regions, a match with Paris and London.<ref>Brookings Institution report 2015, retrieved August 23, 2015</ref> MasterCard Worldwide reported that Osaka is the 19th ranking city of the world's leading global cities and has an instrumental role in driving the global economy.<ref>Mastercard Worldwide - "Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index 2008" page 8 and 22, retrieved June 11, 2008</ref> If Keihanshin were a country, it would be the 16th-largest economy in the world, with a GDP of nearly $953.9 billion in 2012.<ref name="nationmaster.com">NationMaster.com</ref>

Prefecture Gross prefecture product
(in billion JP¥, 2021) <ref name="esri.cao.go.jp">Template:Cite web</ref> 		Gross prefecture product
(in billion US$, 2021)
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Keihanshin Template:Center Template:Center

Name

The name Keihanshin is constructed by extracting a representative kanji from Kyoto Template:Nihongo, Osaka Template:Nihongo, and Kobe Template:Nihongo. For the characters taken from Osaka and Kobe, the Chinese reading is used instead of the corresponding native reading. For the character taken from Kyoto, the Kan-on Chinese reading is used instead of the usual Go-on Chinese reading.

Definitions

File:Wfm kansai overview.jpg
Osaka Bay

Major Metropolitan Area

File:Ufoto-wiki-01 Osaka-Skyline May2014.jpg
Osaka
File:Keihanshin Major Metropolitan Area 2015.png
Keihanshin MMA Template:As of with core cities in dark blue: Osaka, Sakai, Kyoto, Kobe

The Japan Statistics Bureau defines a Major Metropolitan Area or MMA (Template:Lang) as a set of municipalities where at least 1.5% of the resident population aged 15 and above commute to school or work in a designated city (defined as the core area).<ref>Japan Statistics Bureau - Definition of Major Metropolitan Area</ref> If multiple designated cities are close enough to have overlapping outlying areas, they are combined into a single multi-core area. In the 2005 census, the designated cities used to define the Keihanshin MMA were Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Sakai has subsequently become a designated city.

This region consists of the combination of the metropolitan areas of Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, and Himeji, and additionally includes several periurban areas (particularly in eastern Shiga Prefecture) that are not part of the four metropolitan areas.

Template:As of, the entire Keihanshin region had a population of 19,302,746 over an area of Template:Convert.<ref name=mma/> Template:Clear left

Range of distance

The Japan Statistics Bureau defines the set of municipalities that are entirely or mostly within Template:Convert of the Municipal Office of Osaka as one measure of the metropolitan area. Template:As of, the population for this region was 16,260,117.<ref>Japan Statistics Bureau - Basic Figures for Range of Distance</ref>

Urban Employment Area

File:Keihanshin MEAs 2015.png
Keihanshin map with Osaka, Kobe, and Kyoto Urban Employment Areas as of 2015.

The Urban Employment Area is a metropolitan area definition developed at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Tokyo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This definition is comparable to the Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States. The basic building blocks are municipalities.

The core area is the set of municipalities that contain a densely inhabited district (DID) with a population of 10,000 or more. The Urban Employment Area is called Metropolitan Employment Area, when its core area has 50,000 DID population or more. Otherwise, the area is called Micropolitan Employment Area. A DID is a group of census enumeration districts inhabited at densities of 4,000 or more persons per km2. Outlying areas are those municipalities where 10% or more of the employed population work in the core area or in another outlying area. Overlaps are not allowed and an outlying area is assigned to the core area where it has the highest commuter ratio.

This definition assigns a Metropolitan Employment Area to the following cities of the Keihanshin region: Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Himeji, and Wakayama. The lists below indicate which cities belong to which metropolitan area. Towns and villages are not listed. Template:Clear

Osaka MEA

Template:Infobox settlement The Osaka Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (Template:As of) of 12,078,820<ref name="UEA code"/> and consists of the following cities:

Kyoto MEA

A map of Kyoto metropolitan area as of 2015
A map of Kyoto metropolitan area as of 2015

The Kyoto Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (Template:As of) of 2,801,044<ref name="UEA code"/> and consists of the following cities:

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Kobe MEA

A map of Kobe metropolitan employment area as of 2015
A map of Kobe metropolitan employment area as of 2015

The Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (Template:As of) of 2,565,501<ref name="UEA code"/> and consists of the following cities:

Template:Clear

Himeji MEA

A map of Himeji metropolitan employment area as of 2010
A map of Himeji metropolitan employment area as of 2010

The Himeji Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (Template:As of) of 773,389<ref name="UEA code"/> and consists of the following cities:

Template:Clear

Wakayama MEA

A map of Wakayama metropolitan employment area as of 2010
A map of Wakayama metropolitan employment area as of 2010

The Wakayama Metropolitan Employment Area has a population (Template:As of) of 569,758<ref name="UEA code"/> and consists of the following cities:

  • Core cities: Wakayama
  • Outlying cities
    • Wakayama Prefecture (northwestern part): Kainan

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Historical demographics of Keihanshin

Per Japanese census data, Keihanshin, also known as Greater Osaka, has had continuous population throughout the 20th century. From 1960 to 2010 the population nearly doubled from 10.6 million to 19.3 million.<ref name="worldpopulationreview"/><ref name="macrotrends"/> Beginning at around 2010, Keihanshin has experienced a small population decline.

Keihanshin<ref name="worldpopulationreview">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="macrotrends">Template:Cite web</ref>
Year Population
1950 7,005,000
1960 10,615,000
1970 15,272,000
1980 17,028,000
1990 18,389,000
2000 18,660,180
2010 19,341,976
2020 19,223,980

Cities

File:Old Sakai Port202002.jpg
Sakai

Core cities

The core cities formed Keihanshin are government ordinance cities. These cities designated the three largest cities as special cities with Tokyo in 1889. Kobe designated the six largest cities as special cities in 1922, and adopted the ward system in 1931. Following World War II, the six largest cities was replaced by the government designated city system in 1956. Afterwards, Sakai became a government designated city in 2006.

The core cities of Keihanshin are:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

  • Osaka (population 2.75 million)
  • Kobe (population 1.53 million)
  • Kyoto (population 1.46 million)
  • Sakai (population 826,447)

Other cities within the area

File:170107 Himeji Station Himeji Hyogo pref Japan06s3.jpg
Himeji
File:Hamamachi - panoramio.jpg
Ōtsu
File:110122 Wakakusayama yamayaki.jpg
Nara
File:View from Wakayama castle 20210724-1.jpg
Wakayama

The other cities in the prefectures of Osaka, Hyōgo, Kyoto and Nara include: Template:Div col

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Additional cities

In the major metropolitan area (MMA) definition used by the Japanese Statistics Bureau, the following cities in the prefectures of Mie, Shiga, Nara, Wakayama are included:

Mie Prefecture

Shiga Prefecture

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Nara Prefecture

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Wakayama Prefecture

Transportation

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File:Kix aerial photo.jpg
Kansai International Airport
File:021 新幹線 N700 Series Shinkansen high speed train arriving at Kyoto Station, Japan.jpg
JR Central Tōkaidō Shinkansen arriving at Kyoto Station
File:Akashi Bridge.JPG
The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge extends from Kobe to Awaji Island.

Air

There are two major airports. The fairly centrally located Osaka International Airport, laid over the border between the cities of Itami and Toyonaka, serves primarily domestic routes.

Kansai International Airport opened in 1994 and is now the main international airport for the region. It sits on an artificial island well off-shore in Osaka Bay towards the Wakayama outlet. Kansai is the geographical term for the area of western Honshū surrounding Osaka. The airport island link to the mainland via the Sky Gate Bridge R, containing a six lane expressway and the Kansai Airport Line, a rail link connecting to the Hanwa Line, which connects Wakayama to Osaka. Limited express trains offer non-stop service to Osaka and onward to Kyoto. Local connections are made to other areas. Highway buses also offer service to many areas.

Kobe Airport, built on a reclaimed island south of Port Island opened in 2006, offering domestic flights.

Rail

Keihanshin has a very extensive network of railway lines, comparable to that of Greater Tokyo. Main rail terminals in the cities include, Umeda/Osaka, Namba, Tennoji, Sannomiya, and Kyoto.

High speed rail

Template:Main Template:See also JR Central and JR West operate high-speed trains on the Tōkaidō-Sanyō Shinkansen line. Shin-Ōsaka Station acts as the Shinkansen terminal station, though the two lines are physically joined, and many trains offer through service. This station is connected to Ōsaka Station at Umeda by the JR Kyoto Line and the subway Midōsuji Line. Shin-Osaka Station is the busiest high-speed station. The smaller stations of Kyoto Station, Shin-Kobe Station, Nishi-Akashi Station, Himeji Station, and Aioi Station also are within the Keihanshin area.

All trains on the two Shinkansen lines stop at Shin-Ōsaka Station and provide connections to other major cities in Japan. The Tokaido Shinkansen offers service to the east, stopping in such cities as Kyoto, Nagoya, Yokohama and Tokyo. From Tokyo connections can be made to other Shinkansen servicing areas north of Tokyo. The Sanyo Shinkansen offers service to the west, stopping in such cities as Kobe, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka. Through service is also offered to the Kyushu Shinkansen extending service to such cities as Kumamoto and Kagoshima.

There are also numerous Limited Express services which operate on conventional lines, but are designed for comfortable long-distance travel. Many of these trains operate at speeds that most other countries would consider "high-speed". From Osaka and Kyoto, Limited Express services connect most major cities within the Keihanshin area and beyond, and are more popular than the Shinkansen for connections within the area due to service to more areas and more centrally located and well connected stations in areas also serviced by Shinkansen. Lower ticket prices also encourages usage, though they are more expensive than the regular/commuter trains which operate on the same lines.

Commuter rail

Template:See also Both JR West and private lines connect Keihanshin and its suburbs. The commuter rail network of JR West is called the Urban Network. Major stations on the JR Osaka Loop Line include Osaka (Umeda), Tennōji, Tsuruhashi, and Kyōbashi. JR West competes with such private rail operators as Keihan Electric Railway, Hankyu Railway, Hanshin Railway, Kintetsu Railway, and Nankai Electric Railway. The Keihan and Hankyu lines connect Osaka and Kyoto; the Hanshin and Hankyu lines connect Osaka and Kobe; the Kintetsu lines connect to Nara, Yoshino, Ise and Nagoya; and the Nankai lines connect to Osaka's southern suburbs and Kansai International Airport as well as Wakayama and Mt. Koya. Many lines in Keihanshin accept either ICOCA or PiTaPa contactless smart cards for payment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Municipal subway

Template:Main Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe each have municipal subway systems. The Osaka Municipal Subway was privatized in 2018 and is now operated by Osaka Metro.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other rapid transit systems in the region include Kobe New Transit which serves the artificial islands off the coast of Kobe including Kobe Airport, as well as Osaka Monorail that connects municipalities in Osaka Prefecture to Osaka International Airport.

Economy

GDP (purchasing power parity) 2015

File:2018 Umeda Sky Building.jpg
Umeda Sky Building

Compared with other urban regions of the world, the agglomeration of Osaka-Kobe is the ninth largest economy, in terms of gross metropolitan product at purchasing power parity (PPP), in 2015 according to a study by the Brookings Institution.<ref>Redefining Global Cities</ref>

Rank Metro area Country GDP(PPP)
(in billion US$)
1 Tokyo Template:Flag Template:Center
2 New York Template:Flag Template:Center
3 Los Angeles Template:Flag Template:Center
4 Seoul-Incheon Template:Flag Template:Center
5 London Template:Flag Template:Center
6 Paris Template:Flag Template:Center
7 Shanghai Template:Flag Template:Center
8 Moscow Template:Flag Template:Center
9 Osaka-Kobe Template:Flag Template:Center
10 Beijing Template:Flag Template:Center

Metropolitan employment areas

GDP based on PPP (in billion US$)<ref name="UEA">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Conversion rates - Exchange rates - OECD Data</ref>
Area 1980 1985 1990 1995 2010
Osaka MEA 119.5 162.5 235.7 272.2 406.3
Kyoto MEA 23.7 34.0 45.7 53.9 90.6
Kobe MEA 22.0 31.0 44.0 48.7 75.5
Himeji MEA 7.3 10.1 13.7 17.3 26.4
Wakayama MEA 5.7 7.6 8.6 9.7 19.3

Prefectures

File:Night view of Osaka bay.jpg
Osaka Bay at night
Prefecture Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion yen)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 		Gross Prefecture Product
(in billion US$)
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File:Flag of Kyoto Prefecture.svg Kyoto Template:Center Template:Center
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Kansai Region Template:Center Template:Center

GDP (nominal) 2014

Kansai region and Top 20 Countries.<ref>World Economic Outlook Database October 2017</ref>

Rank Country GDP (in US$)
1 Template:Flag Template:Center
2 Template:Flag Template:Center
3 Template:Flag Template:Center
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15 Template:Flag Template:Center
16 Template:Flag Template:Center
17 Template:Flag Template:Center
18 Template:Flag Template:Center
(Kansai Region) Template:Center
19 Template:Flag Template:Center
20 Template:Flag Template:Center

See also

References

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