Kappa
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Kappa (Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:OED</ref> uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive Template:Not a typo; Template:Langx, káppa) is the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless velar plosive Template:IPA sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, Template:Lang has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph 
. Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. The uppercase form is identical to the Latin K.
Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. All formal modern romanizations of Greek now use the letter "k", however.Template:Citation needed
Template:Anchor The cursive form Template:Lang is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but it is encoded separately in Unicode for occasions where it is used as a separate symbol in math and science. In mathematics, the kappa curve is named after this letter; the tangents of this curve were first calculated by Isaac Barrow in the 17th century.
Symbol
Lowercase (κ)
- Mathematics and statistics
- In graph theory, the connectivity of a graph is given by κ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In differential geometry, the curvature of a curve is given by κ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In linear algebra, the condition number of a matrix is given by κ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The kappa curve, also known as Gutschoven's curve, is a curve whose shape resembles the letter κ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Kappa statistics such as Cohen's kappa<ref name="Mary2012">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Fleiss' kappa are methods for calculating inter-rater reliability.
- Physics
- In cosmology, the Einstein gravitational constant is denoted by κ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In physics, the torsional constant of an oscillator is given by κ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In physics, the coupling coefficient in magnetostatics is represented by κ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In physics, the dielectric coefficient is represented by κ.
- In fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant is represented by κ.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- thermal conductivity<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- In thermodynamics, the compressibility of a compound is given by κ.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Engineering
- In structural engineering, κ is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical elastic moment of an unbraced steel member.
- In electrical engineering, κ is the multiplication factor, a function of the R/X ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. κ is also used to denote conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, rho.
- Biology and biomedical science
- In biology, kappa and kappa prime are important nucleotide motifs for a tertiary interaction of group II introns.
- In biology, kappa designates a subtype of an antibody component.
- In pharmacology, kappa represents a type of opioid receptor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Psychology and psychiatry
- In psychology and psychiatry, kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Economics
- In macroeconomics, kappa represents the capital-utilization rate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Chemistry
- In chemistry, kappa is used to denote the denticity of the compound.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Uppercase (Κ)
- History
- In textual criticism, the Byzantine text-type (from Κοινη, Koine, the common text).
- Mathematics and statistics
- In set theory, kappa is often used to denote an ordinal that is also a cardinal.
- Chemistry
- In pulping, the kappa number represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.
Unicode
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