Kelvinator

Kelvinator was an American home appliance manufacturer and a line of refrigerators that was the company's namesake. The name is from William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who developed the concept of absolute zero, for whom the Kelvin temperature scale is named. The name was thought appropriate for a company that manufactured ice-boxes and refrigerators.

The company has changed ownership over the years, and the brand name has been licensed or sold in several nations. In the United States, Kelvinator Commercial, producing and servicing food service refrigerator and freezer products for commercial applications, is a part of the Electrolux Professional Group.<ref name="kelvinatorcommercial">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

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Kelvinator ad from 1920

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Kelvinator refrigerator, c. 1926

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Kelvinator refrigerator ad from 1948

The enterprise was established on September 18, 1914, in Detroit, Michigan, United States, by engineer Nathaniel B. Wales, who introduced his idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit for the home to Edmund Copeland and Arnold Goss.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Wales, a young inventor, secured financial backing from Arnold Goss, then secretary of the Buick Automobile company, to develop the first household mechanical refrigerators to be marketed under the name "Electro-Automatic Refrigerating Company".<ref name="hubbert">Template:Cite web</ref> After producing many experimental models, Wales selected one for manufacturing.

In February 1916, the name of the business was changed to "Kelvinator Company" in honor of the Irish-Scottish physicist, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin), the discoverer of absolute zero. Kelvinator was among two dozen home refrigerators introduced to the U.S. market in 1916. In 1918, Kelvinator introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Frustrated by ice-boxes, the Grand Rapids Refrigerator Company introduced a porcelain-lined "Leonard Cleanable" ice cabinet.<ref name="Beld">Template:Cite book</ref> Kelvinator began buying Leonard's boxes for its electric refrigerated models. By 1923, the Kelvinator Company held 80% of the American market for electric refrigerators.<ref name="hubbert"/>

On July 3, 1925, Kelvinator bought Nizer Corporation in a tri-party merger valued at $20 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1926, the company acquired Leonard, which had been founded in 1881. Kelvinator concentrated its entire appliance production at the Grand Rapids factory in 1928.<ref name="Beld"/> That year, George W. Mason assumed control of Kelvinator. Under his leadership, the company lowered its costs while increasing market share through 1936.

In 1936, Kelvinator introduced the "Kelvin Home", one of the earliest attempts to market in-home central air conditioning and heating to ordinary consumers. Customers could choose from several different home designs, all of which were equipped with climate control systems and the latest electric appliances, and were advertised to cost about $7,500 ($151,523 in 2022) <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> for a six-room house.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first Kelvin Home shown to the public was located in Livonia, Michigan and attracted thousands of visitors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several surviving homes are registered historic properties, including some in the Rosedale Gardens Historic District in Livonia<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and the Kelvinator House in Albuquerque, New Mexico.<ref name=abqjournal38>Template:Cite news</ref>

British operations

In 1926, Kelvinator Limited, England, was started in London. From simple merchandising of the products of the American factories, it grew until it was producing much of its own equipment for the British market. In 1946, it was considered that the time was ripe for this unit to expand and be self-contained in its manufacture of Kelvinator Equipment, and the London manufacturing activities were moved to Crewe and greatly expanded with a further Template:Convert of floor space. The Crewe factory was shared with Rolls-Royce Motors, but burned down in the 1950s and was replaced by a new facility in Bromborough, Cheshire.

Italian manufacturer Candy bought the operation in 1979 together with the use of the Kelvinator brand name in the UK and produced both Candy and Kelvinator products until it closed around 2000.

Merger with Nash Motors

On October 27, 1936, it was announced that Nash Motors and Kelvinator Corp. were merging.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The merger took effect on January 4, 1937, to form Nash-Kelvinator Corporation as part of a deal that placed George W. Mason at the helm of the combined company.

In 1952, it acquired the Altorfer Bros. Company, which made home laundry equipment under the ABC brand name.

World War II

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Sikorsky R-6A Hoverfly II helicopter

Between 1939 and 1945, the complete manufacturing facilities of the factories' group were turned over to the manufacturing of military supplies. With the exception of one-ton, two-wheeled truck cargo trailers and some refrigerators, Nash-Kelvinator did not manufacture products related to its pre-war operations.<ref name="Jackson">Template:Cite web</ref> It became the largest producer of helicopters in the U.S. during the war by making the A Hoverfly II, the most advanced helicopter design of the war.<ref name="Jackson"/> Other wartime products included three- and four-blade propellers, optical equipment and binoculars as well as Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial aircraft engines.<ref name="Jackson"/> The Kelvinator refrigerator facility in Grand Rapids, Michigan, had up to 5,000 employees when it produced airplane propellers and engine parts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nash-Kelvinator placed 27th in the value of World War II production contracts that were awarded to U.S. firms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In Britain, Kelvinator of London contributed to the field of testing airplane components at ultra-low temperatures and instruments under high altitude conditions, research that was credited as saving the lives of many Allied aircrews.

The company pledged to introduce the scientific discoveries gained during the war production into its appliances to make them more useful and efficient.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Integration into American Motors

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Collection of Kelvinator appliances at the Rambler Ranch

Nash-Kelvinator became a division of American Motors (AMC) when Nash merged with Hudson in 1954. Kelvinator introduced the first auto-defrost models.<ref name="Seideman">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Kelvinator refrigerators included shelves on the inside of their doors and special compartments for frozen juice containers in the freezer.<ref name="Seideman"/> It also pioneered the side-by-side refrigerator freezer, the Foodarama series, in the mid-1950s.<ref name="Seideman"/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In the 1960s, Kelvinator refrigerators introduced "picture frame" doors on some models allowing owners to decorate their appliance to match décor of their kitchens.

Under the leadership of Roy D. Chapin Jr., AMC sold off its Kelvinator operations in 1968 to focus on automobiles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> AMC then purchased the Jeep brand from Kaiser Industries in 1970.

Ownership

Kelvinator was bought by White Consolidated Industries, which later acquired the rights to Frigidaire (originally owned by General Motors), Gibson, and White-Westinghouse product lines.

Electrolux of Sweden acquired White Consolidated Industries in 1986, and combined WCI brands with Electrolux-owned Tappan to become WCI Major Appliances Group. In the early 1990s, the name of the Dublin, Ohio-based holding company changed to Frigidaire Company.

In 1997, it was reorganized into Electrolux North America Products. The brand is focused on commercial food service products under Kelvinator Commercial. Its products include bar equipment, chest freezers and reach-ins, glass door merchandisers, as well as food preparation and dipping cabinets.<ref name="kelvinatorcommercial"/>

Legacy

In North America, Electrolux continues to sell (under the Kelvinator Commercial brand) a range of commercial refrigeration equipment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Kelvinator brand is used in Argentina for a wide variety of appliances marketed by Radio Victoria Fueguina in Tierra del Fuego.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The factory is in this province.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the Philippines, the Kelvinator brand was licensed in 1977 to Concepcion Industries (now Concepcion Industrial Corporation). The firm continues to sell major appliances under this brand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In Australia, Kelvinator Australia Ltd was formed in 1934, and manufactured and distributed products under licence from several US companies, including Kelvinator. The managing director was William Queale, while his father-in-law, F.H. Griffiths, was a co-director.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1980, they became part of the Australian-owned Email Limited group of companies, whose appliance division was subsequently sold to the Swedish-owned Electrolux Group in 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Refrigerators and air conditioners continue to be sold under the Kelvinator brand by the Electrolux Group.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

As late as 2014, residents of Robeson County, North Carolina, used "Kelvinator" to generically refer to refrigerators, due to the former presence of a Kelvinator factory in their county.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In India, the Kelvinator brand was revived in 2019, when the retail arm of Reliance Retail signed a licensing, manufacturing, marketing and distribution deal with Electrolux.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They marketed a range of appliances and major appliances under the Kelvinator brand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, Reliance Retail bought the Kelvinator brand in India from Sweden's Electrolux to strengthen its position in the consumer durables marketplace.<ref name="Reliance2025"/> The terms of the sale were not disclosed, but an Electrolux reported a gain of 180 million Swedish crowns (US$18.5 million) from these of the brand in India.<ref name="Reliance2025">Template:Cite web</ref>