Lisianski Island
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Lisianski Island (Hawaiian: PapaTemplate:Okinaāpoho) is one of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a land area of Template:Convert and a maximum elevation of Template:Convert above sea level. It is a low, flat sand and coral island about Template:Convert northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii.<ref name="noaa"/> The island is surrounded by reefs and shoals, including the extensive Neva Shoals. Access to the island is possible only by helicopter or by boat via a narrow sandy inlet on the southeastern side of the island.
Administration
Politically, Lisianski Island is part of the City and County of Honolulu<ref name=bryanp10>Bryan, p. 10.</ref> in the State of Hawaii. However, as part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, it is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It has no resident human population.
Geology and topography
Lisianski Island is made of limestone that caps the submerged summit of an extinct shield volcano<ref name="VolcSea">Template:Cite book</ref> that was active about 20 million years ago. Lisianski Island is undergoing the slow process of erosion, and features a depression between two tall sand dunes, that is thought to once have been a lagoon like the one on Laysan, its nearest neighbor. For this reason, the island's selected Hawaiian name, Papa‘āpoho, means "island with a depression". Over three-quarters of the Bonin petrels that nest in Hawaii nest here. Recent discovery of subfossils on the island indicate that Laysan duck populations once occurred on the island, possibly inhabiting the former lagoon.
History
Lisianski Island is named after Yuri Lisyansky, a Russian Imperial explorer and an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy. Lisyansky was the commanding officer of the Russian-American Company's merchant sloop Neva, which was on an exploration mission as part of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world when she ran aground on the island in 1805. Lisyansky reported the island to be of little interest, except insofar as its surrounding reefs and shoals posed a threat to passing vessels.
King Kamehameha IV claimed the island for the Kingdom of Hawaii on 10 May 1857. In 1890, the North Pacific Phosphate and Fertilizer Company acquired a twenty-year lease on the island from the Kingdom of Hawaii.
After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy in 1893, Lisianski Island became part of the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. On August 12, 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii, including Lisianski Island, and Lisianski Island was included in the Territory of Hawaii upon its creation on April 30, 1900. In 1909, Lisianski Island became part of the new Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation — which later became the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge — established by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Prior to this, there had been concern about the poaching of birds on the island.<ref name="noaa">"Lisianski Island and Neva Shoals" Template:Webarchive National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 12-22-2011.</ref><ref name="ref1">Template:Usurped Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Multi-Agency Education Project. Retrieved October 12, 2011</ref>
When Hawaii became a U.S. state in August 1959, Lisianski Island became part of the new State of Hawaii. On June 15, 2006, it was included in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Neva Shoals
Neva Shoals is a shallow reef directly southeast of Lisianski Island covering Template:Convert,<ref name=uh>Template:Usurped, a University of Hawai'i webpage</ref> more than half the size of Oahu. Lisiansky named Neva Shoals after his ship, Neva. The shoal is shallow and makes access to the island difficult. The reef has been described by divers as a "coral garden" [1] because of the great variety of coral. Twenty-four types of coral have been identified at the reefs surrounding Lisianski. Reef fish are abundant, including predators.<ref name=uh/>
See also
Bibliography
- Lisianski Island: Block 1014, Census Tract 114.98, Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States Census Bureau.
- M. Rauzon, Isles of Refuge: Wildlife and History of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu: 2001.
References
External links
- Lisianski Island (Papa‘āpoho)
- Template:Usurped
- Jane's Oceania Home Page – Lisianski
- Quick Facts on Lisianski Island from the PBS Ocean Adventures site
- Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve
- Google Street View
Template:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Template:Hawaiian volcanism Template:Authority control