List of Canadian federal parliaments

The Parliament of Canada is the legislative body of the government of Canada. The Parliament is composed of the House of Commons (lower house), the Senate (upper house), and the sovereign, represented by the governor general. Most major legislation originates from the Commons, as it is the only body that is directly elected. A new parliament begins after an election of the House of Commons and can sit for up to five years. The number of seats in parliament has varied as new provinces joined the country and as population distribution between the provinces changed; there are currently 343 House MPs and 105 Senators (when there are no vacancies).

Canada uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister, even if the leader is not an elected member of parliament. The leader of the party with the second-most seats in the House becomes the leader of the Official Opposition, and debate (formally called Oral Questions) between the parties is presided over by the speaker of the House. When the party with the most seats has less than half of the total number of seats, it forms a minority government, which can be voted out of power by the other parties. The Canadian Parliament is located at Parliament Hill in the capital city, Ottawa, Ontario.

Parliaments

Diagram<ref group="nb">The diagrams show the composition of each parliament, colour-coded by party (click on an image to see its key) and arranged as the MPs might sit. The speaker of the house is shown on the left hand side, with the governing party on the speaker's right (the bottom of the diagram) and the opposition on the speaker's left (the top).</ref>	Parliament Election<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="PMPoliticalInfo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sessions<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Duration (from return of the writs to dissolution)<ref name="KeyDatesParliament">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Government		Opposition
		Governing Party<ref name=PMPoliticalInfo/><ref name="DurationOfMinistries">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:*Prime Minister<ref name=PMPoliticalInfo/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>—Ministry<ref name=PMPoliticalInfo/><ref name=DurationOfMinistries/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation		CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Official Opposition Party<ref name="OppositionLeader">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:*Leader of the Opposition<ref name=OppositionLeader/>	Third Parties with official party status
	1st Canadian Parliament Elected 1867 5 sessions	Sep 24, 1867 – Jul 8, 1872	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	100 of 180 House seats<ref group="nb">In Canada's early parliaments, many members of the Conservative Party, including the Prime Minister, used other labels for themselves, the most common being "Liberal-Conservative". The seat totals here is the sum of all labels Conservative Party labels.</ref>	none	Liberal Party Anti-Confederation Party
	2nd Canadian Parliament Elected 1872 2 sessions	Sep 3, 1872 – Jan 2, 1874	Conservative Party (1872–1873)Template:Smalldiv	99 of 200 House seats<ref group="nb">There were two Independent Conservatives in the 2nd Parliament, giving the government an effective majority.</ref>	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
			Liberal Party (1873–1874)Template:Smalldiv	95 of 200 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">After the 2nd parliament's Pacific Scandal, the Liberals took power between elections.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref></ref>	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv
	3rd Canadian Parliament Elected 1874 5 sessions	Feb 21, 1874 – Aug 16, 1878	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	129 of 206 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	4th Canadian Parliament Elected 1878 4 sessions	Nov 21, 1878 – May 18, 1882	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	134 of 206 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	5th Canadian Parliament Elected 1882 4 sessions	Aug 7, 1882 – Jan 15, 1887	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	133 of 211 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	6th Canadian Parliament Elected 1887 4 sessions	Apr 13, 1887 – Feb 3, 1891	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	122 of 215 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	7th Canadian Parliament Elected 1891 6 sessions	Apr 7, 1891 – Apr 24, 1896	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv<ref group="nb">After the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament, Mackenzie Bowell stepped down and Sir Charles Tupper became Prime Minister on May 1, 1896. Tupper was the only Prime Minister during the 1896 election campaign, which he lost, so he was never Prime Minister of a sitting parliament and is therefore not included in this list.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref></ref>	117 of 215 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	8th Canadian Parliament Elected 1896 5 sessions	Jul 13, 1896 – Oct 9, 1900	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	117 of 213 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	9th Canadian Parliament Elected 1900 4 sessions	Dec 5, 1900 – Sep 29, 1904	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	128 of 213 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	10th Canadian Parliament Elected 1904 4 sessions	Dec 15, 1904 – Sep 17, 1908	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	137 of 214 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	11th Canadian Parliament Elected 1908 3 sessions	Dec 3, 1908 – Jul 29, 1911	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	133 of 221 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
	12th Canadian Parliament Elected 1911 7 sessions	Oct 7, 1911 – Oct 6, 1917	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	132 of 221 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
File:Chambre des Communes 1917.png	13th Canadian Parliament Elected 1917 5 sessions	Mar 16, 1918 – Oct 4, 1921	Unionist coalition (1918–1920)Template:Smalldiv	153 of 235 House seats (coalition)<ref group="nb">During the First World War, Borden governed from a united party with a Cabinet of 12 Conservatives, 9 Liberals and Independents, and 1 "Labour" MP. There were, however, still a number of MPs in opposition to him.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref></ref>	Laurier LiberalsTemplate:Smalldiv	none
			National Liberal and Conservative Party (1920–1921)Template:Smalldiv
File:Chambre des Communes 1921.png	14th Canadian Parliament Elected 1921 4 sessions	Jan 15, 1922 – Sep 5, 1925	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	118 of 235 House seats<ref group="nb">In the 14th Parliament, King’s Liberals won exactly enough seats to form a slim majority government, and due to resignations and floor crossing, they shifted back and forth between majority and minority status. However, the government was in little danger of losing a confidence vote because the Progressive party usually allowed free votes among its members, some of whom would always vote with the government.</ref>	Conservative Party<ref group="nb">In the 14th parliament, the new Progressive Party led by Thomas Crerar had the second-most seats, yet Arthur Meighen's Conservatives formed official opposition.</ref>Template:Smalldiv	Progressive Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1925.png	15th Canadian Parliament Elected 1925 1 session	Dec 7, 1925 – Jul 2, 1926	Liberal Party (1925–1926)Template:Smalldiv	100 of 245 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 15th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were initially supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada until one of King's appointees in the Department of Customs and Excise was revealed to have taken bribes.</ref>	Conservative Party (1925–1926)Template:Smalldiv	Progressive Party
			Conservative Party (1926)Template:Smalldiv	115 of 245 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 15th parliament, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives had the most seats, but Mackenzie King formed the government with the support of the Progressive Party. After the King–Byng Affair, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives took power between elections.</ref>	Liberal Party (1926)Template:Smalldiv
File:Chambre des Communes 1926.png	16th Canadian Parliament Elected 1926 4 sessions	Nov 2, 1926 – May 30, 1930	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	116 of 245 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 16th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada, which did not enforce strict party discipline.</ref>	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
File:Chambre des Communes 1930.png	17th Canadian Parliament Elected 1930 6 sessions	Aug 18, 1930 – Aug 14, 1935	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	134 of 245 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
File:Chambre des Communes 1935.png	18th Canadian Parliament Elected 1935 6 sessions	Nov 9, 1935 – Jan 25, 1940	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	173 of 245 House seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Social Credit Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1940.png	19th Canadian Parliament Elected 1940 6 sessions	Apr 17, 1940 – Apr 16, 1945	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	179 of 245 House seats	Conservative Party<ref group="nb">In the 1940 election, Hanson's Conservative's ran under the name "National Government".</ref>Template:Smalldiv	none
File:Chambre des Communes 1945.png	20th Canadian Parliament Elected 1945 5 sessions	Aug 9, 1945 – Apr 30, 1949	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	118 of 245 House seats (minority)	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1949.png	21st Canadian Parliament Elected 1949 7 sessions	Aug 29, 1949 – Jun 13, 1953	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	191 of 262 House seats	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
File:Chambre des Communes 1953.png	22nd Canadian Parliament Elected 1953 5 sessions	Oct 8, 1953 – Apr 12, 1957	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	169 of 265 House seats	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1957.png	23rd Canadian Parliament Elected 1957 1 session	Aug 8, 1957 – Feb 1, 1958	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	111 of 265 House seats (minority)	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1958.png	24th Canadian Parliament Elected 1958 5 sessions	Apr 30, 1958 – Apr 19, 1962	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	208 of 265 House seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	none
File:Chambre des Communes 1962.png	25th Canadian Parliament Elected 1962 1 session	Jul 18, 1962 – Feb 6, 1963	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	116 of 265 House seats (minority)	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Social Credit Party New Democratic Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1963.png	26th Canadian Parliament Elected 1963 3 sessions	May 8, 1963 – Sep 8, 1965	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	128 of 265 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 26th parliament, Pearson's Liberals were initially supported by Tommy Douglas's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition.</ref>	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Social Credit Party New Democratic Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1965.png	27th Canadian Parliament Elected 1965 2 sessions	Dec 9, 1965 – Apr 23, 1968	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	131 of 265 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 27th parliament, Pearson's Liberals relied on the small opposition parties in order to remain in power without forming an official coalition.</ref>	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1968.png	28th Canadian Parliament Elected 1968 4 sessions	Jul 25, 1968 – Sep 1, 1972	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	154 of 264 House seats	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party Ralliement créditiste
File:Chambre des Communes 1972.png	29th Canadian Parliament Elected 1972 2 sessions	Nov 20, 1972 – May 9, 1974	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	109 of 264 House seats (minority)	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party Social Credit Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1974.png	30th Canadian Parliament Elected 1974 4 sessions	Jul 31, 1974 – Mar 26, 1979	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	141 of 264 House seats 76 of 102 Senate seats	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Chambre des Communes 1979.png	31st Canadian Parliament Elected 1979 1 session	Jun 11, 1979 – Dec 14, 1979	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	136 of 282 House seats (minority) 18 of 104 Senate seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Cdn1980.PNG	32nd Canadian Parliament Elected 1980 2 sessions	Mar 10, 1980 – Jul 9, 1984	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	147 of 282 House seats 71 of 104 Senate seats	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Cdn1984.PNG	33rd Canadian Parliament Elected 1984 2 sessions	Sep 24, 1984 – Oct 1, 1988	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	211 of 282 House seats 23 of 104 Senate seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Canada 1988 Federal Election seats.svg	34th Canadian Parliament Elected 1988 3 sessions	Dec 12, 1988 – Sep 8, 1993	Progressive Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	169 of 295 House seats 36 of 104 Senate seats<ref group="nb">In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney used Section 26 of the Constitution, a never-before used clause, to fill the Senate above its regular limit, giving his party 54 of 112 seats.</ref>	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party
File:Canada 1993 Federal Election seats.svg	35th Canadian Parliament Elected 1993 2 sessions	Nov 15, 1993 – Apr 27, 1997	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	177 of 295 House seats 41 of 104 Senate seats	Bloc QuébécoisTemplate:Smalldiv	Reform Party
File:Cdn1997.PNG	36th Canadian Parliament Elected 1997 2 sessions	Jun 23, 1997 – Oct 22, 2000	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	155 of 301 House seats 51 of 104 Senate seats	Reform Party (1997–2000)Template:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party
					Canadian Alliance (2000)Template:Smalldiv
File:Cdn2000.PNG	37th Canadian Parliament Elected 2000 3 sessions	Dec 18, 2000 – May 23, 2004	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	172 of 301 House seats 55 of 105 Senate seats	Canadian Alliance (2000–2004)Template:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party
					Conservative Party (2004)Template:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party
File:Elec2004.PNG	38th Canadian Parliament Elected 2004 1 session	Aug 23, 2004 – Nov 29, 2005	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	135 of 308 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 38th parliament, Martin's Liberals were initially supported by Jack Layton's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition.</ref> 64 of 105 Senate seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party
File:Canada 2006 Federal Election seats.svg	39th Canadian Parliament Elected 2006 2 sessions	Feb 13, 2006 – Sep 7, 2008	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	124 of 308 House seats (minority) 23 of 105 Senate seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party
File:40th Can House.svg	40th Canadian Parliament Elected 2008 3 sessions	Nov 4, 2008 – Mar 26, 2011	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	143 of 308 House seats (minority) 21 of 105 Senate seats	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party
File:41st Can House.svg	41st Canadian Parliament Elected 2011 2 sessions	May 23, 2011 – Aug 2, 2015	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	166 of 308 House seats 52 of 105 Senate seats	New Democratic PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Liberal Party Senate Liberal Caucus
File:Parliament Of Canada Seating Plan 2015 (With Speaker Included).svg	42nd Canadian Parliament Elected 2015 1 session	Dec 3, 2015 – Sep 11, 2019	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	184 of 338 House seats 0 of 105 Senate seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Senate Liberal Caucus
File:Canadian House of Commons 2019 standard.svg	43rd Canadian Parliament Elected 2019 2 sessions	Dec 5, 2019 – Aug 15, 2021	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	157 of 338 House seats (minority) 0 of 105 Senate seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Progressive Senate Group
File:44th Canadian Parliament.svg	44th Canadian Parliament Elected 2021 1 session	Nov 22, 2021 – Mar 23, 2025	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	160 of 338 House seats (minority)<ref group="nb">In the 44th parliament, Trudeau's Liberals were initially supported by Jagmeet Singh's New Democratic Party in a Confidence and supply agreement from March 2022 to September 2024 without forming an official coalition.</ref> 0 of 105 Senate seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Progressive Senate Group
File:45th Canadian Parliament.svg	45th Canadian Parliament Elected 2025 1 session	May 26, 2025 – present	Liberal PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	169 of 343 House seats (minority) 0 of 105 Senate seats	Conservative PartyTemplate:Smalldiv	Bloc Québécois Independent Senators Group Progressive Senate Group