List of Chinese monarchs

illustration of Qin Shi Huang

Imagined depiction of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of a unified China, (made during the Qing dynasty)

The Chinese monarchs were the rulers of China during Ancient and Imperial periods.Template:Efn The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang (Template:Circa) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning king.Template:Sfn China was fully united for the first time by Qin Shi Huang (Template:Reign259–210 BCE), who established the first Imperial dynasty, adopting the title Huangdi ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's fall in 1912.Template:Sfn

At no point during Ancient or Imperial China was there a formalized means to confer legitimate succession between rulers.Template:Sfn From the Zhou dynasty onwards, monarchs justified their reigns by claiming the Mandate of Heaven ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Tiānmìng).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn The mandate held that a ruler and their successors had permission from the heavens to rule as long as they did so effectively.Template:Sfn It also declared a ruler the Son of Heaven ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Tiānzǐ), giving them the right to rule "all under heaven" ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Tiānxià).Template:Sfn Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession.Template:Sfn This ranged from military enforcement, political patronage, establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and historical revisionism to legitimize the dissolution of previous dynasties and their own succession.Template:Sfn For most of Imperial China, the wuxing ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; "Five Elements") philosophical scheme was also central to justify dynastic succession.Template:Sfn

Most Chinese monarchs had many names. They were given a personal name ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Míngzi) at birth, but later referred to by a posthumous name ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Shìhào)—which memorialized their accomplishments or character—due to a cultural naming taboo.Template:Sfn Most emperors of the Imperial period also received a temple name ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Miàohào), used to venerate them in ancestor worship.Template:Sfn From the rule of Emperor Wu of Han (Template:Reign141–87 BCE) onwards,Template:Efn emperors also adopted one or several era names ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}; Niánhào), or "reign mottos",Template:Sfn to divide their rule by important events or accomplishments.Template:Sfn Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) rulers are referred to solely by their era names, of which they only had one.Template:Sfn

Apart from ethnic Han rulers, China was also ruled by various non-Han monarchs, including Jurchen, Khitan, Manchu, Mongol and Tangut and many others.Template:Sfn To justify their reign, non-Han rulers sometimes aligned themselves with the Confucian sages or the Chakravarti of Chinese Buddhism.Template:Sfn There are numerous lengthy periods where many competing kingdoms claimed the throne, many of whose legitimacy are still debated by scholars.Template:Sfn

Ancient China

Mythological rulers

In traditional Chinese historiography, various models of mythological founding rulers exist.Template:Sfn The relevancy of these figures to the earliest Chinese people is unknown, since most accounts of them were written from the Warring States period (Template:Circa BCE) onwards.Template:Sfnm The sinologist Kwang-chih Chang has generalized the typical stages: "the first period was populated by gods, the second by demigods/culture hero, and the third by the legendary kings."Template:Sfn The primordial god Pangu is given by many texts as the earliest figure and is credited with forming the world by separating heaven and earth.Template:Sfnm Other gods include Nüwa, who repaired heaven; Hou Yi, a mythical archer; and Gonggong, a serpent-like water deity.Template:Sfn

Demigod and hero rulers from hero myths—the largest group Chinese myths—are attributed the invention of specific items, practices or traditions.Template:Sfn Among the more important of them are Fuxi, the inventor of hunting; Suiren, who invented fire; and Shennong, who invented both agriculture and medicine.Template:Sfn The subsequent legendary kings began with the Yellow Emperor ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), known as Huangdi, a major culture hero of Chinese civilization whose reign was considered exemplary.Template:Sfn Succeeding rulers include some combination of Shaohao, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun.Template:Sfn Since the late Warring States onwards, early Chinese monarchs have traditionally been ground into the concept of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors;Template:Sfn however, the chosen figures of this grouping varies considerably between sources.Template:Sfn Generally, most accounts include at least Fuxi and Shennong among the Three Sovereigns as well as the Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun among the Five Emperors.Template:Sfn

Xia dynasty

Template:Further The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period was followed by the Xia dynasty in traditional historiography.Template:Sfn Founded by Yu the Great, both the dynasty and its rulers are of highly uncertain and controversial historicity.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Xia dynasty (夏朝)

Name	Speculative reign lengthTemplate:Efn		Traditional succession	CapitalTemplate:Sfn	Purported life details
	Template:Abbr	Template:AbbrTemplate:Sfn
Yu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	45	7	Chosen by the mythical Emperor Shun	Ji	Awarded the throne after his institution of flood control. He is often known as "Yu the Great" and his passing of the throne to his son marked the beginning of China's hereditary successionTemplate:Sfnm
Qi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	10	8	Son of Yu	Xiayi	Prevented a rebellion led by his son WuguanTemplate:Sfnm
(Tai) Kang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	29	28	Son of Qi	Zhenxun	Traditionally considered an ineffective king, either due to tyranny or incompetence. May have been briefly dethroned by the mythical hero Han Zhuo and later murdered by Han's son AoTemplate:Sfnm
(Zhong) Kang (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	13	13	Son of Qi	Zhenxun	May not have ruled as his existence is sometimes absent from Xia king listsTemplate:Sfnm
Xiang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	28	28	Son of (Zhong) Kang	Shang, then Zhenxun	Killed by a son of Han ZhuoTemplate:Sfnm
Interregnum, ruled by Han Zhuo
(Shao) Kang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	21	21	Son of Xiang	Yuan	Restored the dynasty after killing Han Zhuo and his sonsTemplate:Sfnm
Zhu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	17	16	Son of (Shao) Kang	Yuan, then Laoqiu	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfnm
Huai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	26	25	Son of Zhu	–	Little is known of his reign; may have ruled up to 40 yearsTemplate:Sfn
Mang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	18	17	Son of Huai	–	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Xie {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	16	15	Son of Mang	–	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfnm
(Bu) Jiang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	59	58	Son of Xie	–	Little is known of his reign; campaigned against the northwestern Template:Ill peoplesTemplate:Sfn
Jiong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	21	20	Son of Xie	–	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Jin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	21	20	Son of Jiong	Xihe	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Kong Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	31	30	Son of (Bu) Jiang	Xihe	His reign inaugurated the Xia's gradual declineTemplate:Sfn
Gao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	11	10	Son of Kong Jia	–	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Fa {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	11	20?	Son of Gao	–	May have only reigned 7 years. His reign saw the earliest recorded earthquake, identified with the Mount Tai earthquake.Template:Sfn
Jie {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	52	52	Son of Fa	Zhenxun, then Henan	Traditionally considered a cruel and oppressive ruler. Fled the empire after losing the Battle of Mingtiao to the state of ShangTemplate:Sfnm

Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)

Template:Further Unlike the Xia, the Shang dynasty's historicity is firmly established, due to written records on divination objects known as Oracle bones. The oldest such oracle bones date to the Late Shang (Template:Circa), during the reign of Wu Ding (1250–1192), putting the exact details of earlier rulers into doubt.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Shang dynasty (商朝; c. 1600–1046/c. 1570—1045 BCE)

Posthumous nameTemplate:Sfn	Personal nameTemplate:Sfn	Tentative reign (BCE)Template:Efn		Traditional successionTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn	ResidenceTemplate:Sfn	Purported life details
		XSZ ProjectTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn	Template:AbbrTemplate:Sfn
Early Shang
Tang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Da Yi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	Template:Floruit	Template:FloruitTemplate:Sfn	Defeated the purportedly tyrannous Jie of Xia at the Battle of Mingtiao and established the Shang dynasty	Bo, then Shangyi	Traditionally considered a noble and virtuous rulerTemplate:Sfn
Da Ding (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Tai Ding (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	unknown	–	–	Son of Tang	–	Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his fatherTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Wai Bing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tang	Bo	—Template:Sfn
Zhong Ren (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tang	Bo	Not listed in the oracle bones inscriptionsTemplate:Sfn
Tai Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Da Ding	Bo	Traditionally considered an autocratic and cruel rulerTemplate:Sfn
Wo Ding (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Qiang Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Jia	Bo	His name is not found in oracle bone inscriptions, making his certainty as a ruler less secure.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Tai Geng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Da Geng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Jia	Bo	–Template:Sfn
Xiao Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Geng	Bo	–Template:Sfn
Yong Ji {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Geng	Bo	May have reigned after Tai WuTemplate:Sfn
Tai Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Da Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Geng	Bo	Said to have had a particularly long reign; one source records 75 years. The astronomer Wuxian was active under himTemplate:Sfn
Zhong Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Wu	Ao	May have succeeded Yong JiTemplate:Sfn
Wai Ren {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Wu	Ao	–Template:Sfn
He Dan Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Tai Wu	Xiang	lang}}) and engaged in military campaignsTemplate:Sfn
Zu Yi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Zhong Ding	Geng	The dynasty flourished particularly during his reignTemplate:Sfn
Zu Xin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Zu Yi	Bi	–Template:Sfn
Wo Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Qiang Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Zu Yi	Bi	–Template:Sfn
Zu Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Zu Xin	Bi	–Template:Sfn
Nan Geng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Wo Jia	Bi, then Yan	lang}}) to Yan ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})Template:Sfn
Yang Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	—	—	Son of Zu Ding	Yan	His reign marked the decline of the ShangTemplate:Sfn
Pan Geng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1300–1251 (Template:Age in years years)	—	Son of Zu Ding	Yan, then Yin	lang}}) to Yin ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})Template:Sfn Led a prosperous reignTemplate:Sfn
Xiao Xin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}		—	Son of Zu Ding	Yin	His reign saw the continuation of the Shang's declineTemplate:Sfn
Xiao Yi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}		—	Son of Zu Ding	Yin	–Template:Sfn
Late Shang
Wu Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1250–1192 (Template:Age in years years)	?–1189	Son of Xiao Yi	Yin	A powerful king with a lengthy reign. Made his wife Fu Hao the a military general and is purportedly defeated the mostly-unknown Guifang people.Template:Sfn The first ruler whose name is included in oracle bones which date to his reign.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Zu Geng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1191–1148 (Template:Age in years years)	1188–1178 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wu Ding	Yin	Possibly commissioned the Houmuwu ding in memory of his mother Fu JingTemplate:SfnpTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn
Zu Jia {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}		1177–1158 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wu Ding	Yin	Reformed the ritual and calendar systems, as recording in the Book of DocumentsTemplate:Sfn
Lin Xin (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1157–1149 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Zu Jia	Yin	Due to inconsistencies in the oracle bone inscriptions, it is possible he did not reign.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Geng Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Kang Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1148–1132 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Zu Jia	Yin	His reign accelerated the dynasty's declineTemplate:Sfn
Wu Yi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1147–1131 (Template:Age in years years)	1131–1117 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Geng Ding	Yin, Hebei, then Mo	Engaged in numerous military campaigns, including against the state of Yiqu. Traditionally held to have been killed by a lightning strike, considered a bad omenTemplate:Sfn
Wen Wu Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Wen Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1112–1102 (Template:Age in years years)	1116–1106 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wu Yi	Yin	The Predynastic Zhou rose in power during his reign, led by Ji, King of ZhouTemplate:Sfn
Di Yi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1101–1076 (Template:Age in years years)	1105–1087 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wen Wu Ding	Yin	Supposedly married his daughter to King Wen of Zhou,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or married his sister to Ji, King of ZhouTemplate:Sfn
Di Xin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1075–1046 (Template:Age in years years)	1086–1045 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Di Yi	Yin	Killed by Ji Fa during the Battle of MuyeTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)

Zhou dynasty (周; c. 1046–256 BCE)

Posthumous nameTemplate:Sfn	Personal name	Tentative reign (BCE)		Traditional successionTemplate:Sfn	Purported life details
		XSZ ProjectTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn	Template:AbbrTemplate:Sfn
Western Zhou
Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1046–1043 (Template:Age in years years)	1049–1043 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of King Wen	Defeated the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang in the Battle of MuyeTemplate:Sfn
Cheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1042–1021 (Template:Age in years years)	1042–1006 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wu	Most of his reign was controlled by the Duke of Zhou, who suppressed the Rebellion of the Three GuardsTemplate:Sfn
Kang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1020–996 (Template:Age in years years)	1005–978 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Cheng	His accession established Zhou primogeniture. A largely peaceful reignTemplate:Sfn
Zhao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	995–977 (Template:Age in years years)	977–957 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Kang	Lost the Zhou–Chu War, during which he died. His reign marked the Zhou's gradual declineTemplate:Sfn
Mu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	976–922 (Template:Age in years years)	956–918 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Zhao	Engaged in many destabilizing territory conflictsTemplate:Sfn
Gong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	922–900 (Template:Age in years years)	917–900 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Mu	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Yih {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	899–892 (Template:Age in years years)	899–873 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Gong	Little is known of his reign; may have been removed from power by XiaoTemplate:Sfn
Xiao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	891–886 (Template:Age in years years)	872–866 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Mu	Little is known of his reignTemplate:Sfn
Yí {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	885–878 (Template:Age in years years)	865–858 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Yih	Continued decline of the ZhouTemplate:Sfn
Li {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	877–841 (Template:Age in years years)	857–842 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Yí	Traditionally considered a corrupt and cruel ruler. Exiled amid a peasant rebellionTemplate:Sfn
Gonghe Regency (共和; 841–828)Template:Sfn
Xuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	827–782		Son of Li	Had military successes, aiming to restore Zhou authorityTemplate:Sfn
You {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	781–771 (Template:Age in years years)	782–771 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Xuan	Numerous natural disasters occurred, after which Quanrong him and overran the capitalTemplate:Sfn
Eastern Zhou
Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代; 770–476 BCE)
Ping {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	770–720 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of You	Moved the capital to LuoyangTemplate:Sfn
Huan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	719–697 (Template:Age in years years)		Grandson of Ping	Defeated by the Duke of Zheng at the Battle of Xuge, accelerating the Zhou dynasty's decline in powerTemplate:Sfn
Zhuang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	696–682 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Huan	Royal court's authority began decliningTemplate:Sfn
Xi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	681–677 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Zhuang	Briefly reigned as the Duke Huan led the Qi to surpass the Zhou in powerTemplate:Sfn
Hui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	676–652 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Xi	Slowed the Chu state's riseTemplate:Sfn
Xiang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	651–619 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Hui	Briefly deposed by his brother, but reinstated by Duke WenTemplate:Sfn
Qing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	618–613 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Xiang	Briefly reignedTemplate:Sfn
Kuang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	612–607 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Qing	Increasing fighting between surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn
Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	606–586 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Qing	Continued fighting of surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn
Jian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	585–572 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Ding	Continued fighting of surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn
Ling {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	571–545 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Jian	Weakened relations with surrounding kingdomsTemplate:Sfn
Jing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	544–521 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Ling	Died without an heir, causing a power struggle and rebellionTemplate:Sfn
Dao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	520 (less than a year)		Son of Jing (544–521)	Briefly ruled before being murdered by his brotherTemplate:Sfn
Jing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	519–476 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Jing (544–521)	Briefly exiled during a revolt. Ruled during the lifetime of ConfuciusTemplate:Sfn
Warring States period (戰國時代; 475–221 BCE)
Yuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	475–469 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Jing (519–476)	Decline in Zhou's powerTemplate:Sfn
Zhending {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	468–442 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Yuan	Continued decline of ZhouTemplate:Sfn
Ai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	441 (less than a year)		Son of Zhending	Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by SiTemplate:Sfn
Si {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	441 (less than a year)		Son of Zhending	Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by KaoTemplate:Sfn
Kao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	440–426 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Zhending	–Template:Sfn
Weilie {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	425–402 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Kao	–Template:Sfn
An {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	401–376 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Weilie	Wei increased in powerTemplate:Sfn
Lie {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	375–369 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of An	–Template:Sfn
Xian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	368–321 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of An	Qin began to rise in powerTemplate:Sfn
Shenjing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	320–315 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Xian	Qin's power grew significantly during his reignTemplate:Sfn
Nan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	314–256 (Template:Age in years years)		Son of Shenjing	Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by King Zhaoxiang of QinTemplate:Sfn

Early imperial China

Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE)

Qin dynasty (秦朝; 221–207 BCE)Template:Sfnm

Dynastic name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Qin Shi HuangTemplate:Efn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Zhao Zheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	221Template:Efn – July 210 BCETemplate:Efn (11 years)	Son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. As King Zheng of Qin, he conquered the six other states during the Warring States period and proclaimed himself Emperor (皇帝; Huangdi).Template:Sfn	259 – July 210 BCE (Template:Age in years years) Instilled a Legalist philosophy, combined preexisting walls into the Great Wall of China, and built the Lingqu canal and the Terracotta Army. Died of sudden illness,Template:Sfn possibly alchemical elixir poisoningTemplate:Sfn
Qin Er ShiTemplate:Efn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	210Template:Efn – October 207 BCE (3 years)	Second son of Qin Shi Huang. Put on the throne by Li Si and Zhao Gao, who forced the appointed heir Fusu to commit suicide.Template:Sfn	231/222 – October 207 BCE (Template:Age in years/Template:Age in years years) His reign was completely dominated by Zhao Gao. Forced by Zhao to commit suicideTemplate:Sfn
As the Qin dynasty greatly weakened in power, the Chu–Han Contention began in 206 BCE and ended with Liu Bang inaugurating the Han dynasty in 202 BCETemplate:Efn

Han and Xin dynasties (202 BCE – 220 CE)

Han (漢朝; 202 BCE – 9 CE; 25–220 CE) and Xin (新; 9–23 CE) dynasties

Posthumous name	Personal name	ReignTemplate:Sfnm	Succession	Life details
Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)
Gaozu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Gao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	28 February 202Template:Efn– 1 June 195 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Unified China and proclaimed himself Emperor after victory in the Chu–Han Contention	256 – 1 June 195 BCE (aged 61) Among the most revered Chinese emperors. Died from an arrow injury in a campaign against Ying BuTemplate:Sfnm
Hui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	23 June 195 – 26 September 188 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Son of Gao	210 – 26 September 188 BCE (aged 22) His reign was largely dominated by his mother Empress Lü. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
QianshaoTemplate:Efn (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	19 October 188 – 15 June 184 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Purportedly a son of HuiTemplate:Efn	? – after 184 BCE An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Deposed and put under house arrest; unknown date of death after 184Template:Sfnm
HoushaoTemplate:Efn (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Liu Hong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	15 June 184 – 15 August 180 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Purportedly a son of HuiTemplate:Efn	? – 14 November 180 An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by Empress Lü. Put to death by the House of LüTemplate:Sfnm
Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	14 November 180 – 6 July 157 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gao	203/202 – 6 July 157 BCE (aged 46) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Jing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	14 July 157 – 10 March 141 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wen	188 – 10 March 141 BCE (aged 47) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	10 March 141 – 29 March 87 BCETemplate:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Jing	157/156 – 29 March 87 BCETemplate:Efn (aged 69) Among the longest reigning and highly regarded Chinese emperors. Expanded the Han dynasty considerably. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Zhao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	30 March 87 – 5 June 74 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wu	94 – 5 June 74 BCE (aged 20) Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, known as Marquis of Haihun (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	18 July – 14 August 74 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Grandson of Wu	92–59 BCE (aged 32–33) Briefly installed by Huo Guang and not often considered legitimate. Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Xuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Liu Xun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	10 September 74 – 10 January 48 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson Wu	91 – 10 January 48 BCE (aged 43) His reign is sometimes considered a cultural and political 'renaissance'. Died from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Yuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	29 January 48 – 3 July 33 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuan	75 – 8 July 33 BCE (aged 42) Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Cheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	4 August 33 – 17 April 7 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuan	51 – 17 April 7 BCE (aged 44) Died from a stroke or possibly complications from an aphrodisiac overdoseTemplate:Sfnm
Ai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	7 May 7 – 15 August 1 BCE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Yuan	27 – 15 August 1 BCE (aged 26) Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Ping {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	17 October 1 BCE – 3 February 6 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Yuan	9 BCE – 3 February 6 CE (aged 14) His reign was dominated by Wang Zhengjun and Wang Mang. He was murdered, possibly by orders from the latter.Template:Sfnm
None, known as Ruzi Ying (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	17 April 6 – 10 January 9 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Cousin-once-removed of Ping	5 – 25 CE (aged 20) A child puppet of Wang Mang; often not considered legitimate. He later attempted to succeed the Gengshi Emperor, but was killed by himTemplate:Sfnm
Xin dynasty (9–23 CE)
—	Wang Mang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	10 January 9 – 6 October 23 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	After dominating the reign of Emperor Ping, Wang Mang overthrew him and established the short-lived Xin dynasty	46 BCE – 6 October 23 CE (aged 68) Established the Xin dynasty, but his drastic reforms incited the Red Eyebrows and Lulin peasant rebellions which collapsed the dynasty.Template:Sfnm
Gengshi Emperor (23–25 CE)
None, known by his era: Gengshi (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	11 March 23 – November 25 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Descendant of Jing	? – November 25 CE Strangled on the orders of Template:Ill, a leader of the Red Eyebrows. Sometimes considered a pretender and illegitimateTemplate:Sfn
Eastern Han (25–220 CE)
Guangwu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	5 August 25 – 29 March 57 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Descendant of Jing	15 January 5 BCE – 29 March 57 CE (aged 62) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Ming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Liu Zhuang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	29 March 57 – 5 September 75 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Guangwu	28 – 5 September 75 CE (aged 48) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	5 September 75 – 9 April 88 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Ming	56 – 9 April 88 CE (aged 32) His reign marked the beginning of the Han's decline. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
He {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	9 April 88 – 13 February 106 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhang	79 – 13 February 106 (aged 27) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Shang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	13 February – 21 September 106 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of He	105 – 21 September 106 (aged 4) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
An {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Liu You {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	23 September 106 – 30 April 125 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Zhang	94 – 30 April 125 (aged 32) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, known as Marquess of Beixiang (Template:Hash-tag) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	18 May – 10 December 125 CETemplate:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days)	Grandson of Emperor Zhang	?–125 CE Briefly reigned, probably as a child; often not considered legitimate. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
Shun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	16 December 125 – 20 September 144 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of An	115 – 20 September 144 CE (aged 29) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Chong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	20 September 144 – 15 February 145 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shun	143 – 15 February 145 CE (aged 2) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Zhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	6 March 145 – 26 July 146 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Cousin of Chong and great-grandson of Emperor Zhang	138 – 26 July 146 CE (aged 7–8) His reign was dominated by Liang Ji, who may have poisoned him. Otherwise he died from food poisoningTemplate:Sfnm
Huan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1 August 146 – 25 January 168 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson of Zhang	132 – 25 January 168 CE (aged 36) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Ling {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	17 February 168 – 13 May 189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-great-grandson of Zhang	156 – 13 May 189 CE (aged 32–33) Died of an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Prince of Hongnong (Template:Hash-tag)   {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	15 May – 28 September 189 CE (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Ling	173/176 – 22 March 190 CE (aged 13–14) Briefly reigned as a child; often not considered legitimate. Poisoned by Dong ZhuoTemplate:Sfn
Xian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	28 September 189 – 11 December 220Template:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Ling	2 April 181 – 21 April 234 (aged 53) A puppet of Dong Zhuo and later Cao Cao. Forced to abdicate by Cao Pi, but spared. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Cao Cao is defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs by Sun Quan and Liu Bei, preventing him from uniting seceded southern Han territory. The region becomes split into three competing powers: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.Template:Sfnm

Six Dynasties

Three Kingdoms (220–280)

Cao Wei (220–266)

Cao Wei (曹魏; 220–266)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Cao Pi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	11 December 220 – 29 June 226 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	The eldest surviving son of Cao Cao. Inherited what lands the Eastern Han dynasty still controlled to found the Cao Wei state	187 – 29 June 226 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Cao Rui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	29 June 226 – 22 January 239 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Cao Pi and grandson of Cao Cao	Template:Circa – 22 January 239 (aged 34–35) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Cao Fang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Emperor Fei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	22 January 239 – 16 October 254 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Adopted heir by Cao Rui, who had no sons of his own. He was presumably related to the imperial family in some way	231–274 (aged 42–43) His reign was completely dominated by Cao Shuang, Sima Yi and Sima Shi, the latter of which eventually deposed Cao Fang. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Cao Mao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	2 November 254 – 2 June 260 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	The cousin of Cao Fang and grandson of Cao Pi. Put on the throne by Sima Shi	Template:Circa – 9 July 260 (aged 18–19) His reign was completely dominated by Sima Shi and Sima Zhao. Died in a failed coup to regain power from Sima ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm
Cao Huan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	27 July 260 – 4 February 266 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Cao Cao and the first cousin once-removed of Cao Mao	245–302 (aged 56–57) His reign was completely dominated by Sima Zhao and Sima Yan. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Shu Han (221–263)

Shu Han (蜀漢; 221–263)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Liu Bei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	15 May 221 – 10 June 223 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Claimed to descend from Emperor Jing of Han. Conquered the Yi Province to found the Shu Han state	161 – 10 June 223 (aged 61–62) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Shan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	June 223 – December 263 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	The son of Liu Bei	207–271 (aged 63–64) Abdicated after the fall on the Shu capital of Chengdu in 263.Template:Sfnm

Eastern Wu (222–280)

Eastern Wu (東吳; 222–280)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Sun Quan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	23 May 229 – May 252 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	The son of Sun Jian; inherited the conquests of his brother Sun Ce. Proclaimed "King of Wu" in 221 and later "Emperor" in 229	182–252 (aged 69–70) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Sun Liang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	May 252 – 9 November 258 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Sun Quan	243–260 (aged 16–17) His reign was completely dominated by three successive regents: Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun and Sun Chen. He was later deposed and died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Sun Xiu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	30 November 258 – 3 September 264 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Sun Quan	235–264 (aged 28–29) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Sun Hao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	3 September 264 – 1 May 280 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Sun He, former heir apparent to Sun Quan	241–283 (aged 41–42) Eastern Wu was conquered by Sima Yan in 280. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn

Jin dynasty (266–420)

Jin dynasty (晉朝; 266–420)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Western Jin (266–316)
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	8 February 266 – 16 May 290 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Prince Sima Zhao, proclaimed emperor after the abdication of Cao Huan of Wei. He unified China after conquering Eastern Wu in 280	236–290 (aged 53–54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Hui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	16 May 290 – 8 January 307 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wu, ruled under the regency of his wife, Jia Nanfeng, until her death in 300 CE	259–307 (aged 47–48) Possibly mentally unstable, his reign was marked by the disastrous War of the Eight Princes. He was poisoned by Sima YueTemplate:Sfnm
—	Sima Lun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	3 February – 30 May 301 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Prince of Zhao and son of Sima Yi, briefly usurped power from Emperor Hu	One of the infamous Eight Princes; often seen as an usurper. He was forced to commit suicide by Princes Jiong, Ying and YongTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Huai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	8 January 307 – 14 March 311 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Emperor Hui	284–313 (aged 30–31) His reign, dominated by Sima Yue, saw widespread ethnic rebellions. He was deposed and killed by the Han-ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Min {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	14 March 313 – 7 February 316 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Emperor Huai, proclaimed emperor in Chang'an after the fall of Luoyang to the Five Barbarians.	300 – 7 February 316 (aged 15–16) Killed by Liu Cong of Han-ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm
Eastern Jin (318–420)
Emperor Yuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	26 April 318 – 3 January 323 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson of Sima Yi, proclaimed himself emperor with the help of Wang Dun in Jiankang after the fall of Chang'an.	276 – 323 (aged 47) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Ming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	3 January 323 – 18 October 325 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Yuan	299 – 325 (aged 26) His reign was dominated by Wang Dao and antagonized by Wang Dun. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Cheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	19 October 325 – 26 July 342 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Ming, ruled initially under the regency of Yu Wenjun	321 – 342 (aged 21) Dominated by Yu Liang, he was briefly deposed in 328 by rebel Su Jun. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Kang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	27 July 342 – 17 November 344 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Ming	322 – 344 (aged 22) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Mu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	18 November 344 – 10 July 361 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Kang, "ruled" under the regency of Empress Dowager Chu until 357	343 – 361 (aged 18) The youngest Chinese emperor.Template:Efn Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Ai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	13 July 361 – 30 March 365 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Cheng, reigned alongside Empress Dowager Chu	341 – 365 (aged 24) Died of drug poisoningTemplate:Sfnm
none, known as: Emperor FeiTemplate:Efn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	31 March 365 – 6 January 372 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Cheng	342 – 386 (aged 44) Deposed by Huan Wen, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Jianwen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	6 January – 19 August 372 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Yuan and great-great-grandson of Sima Yi, enthroned by Huan Wen	320 – 372 (aged 52) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaowu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	19 August 372 – 6 November 396 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Jianwen	362 – 396 (aged 34) His army's defeat of the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River led to the eventual collapse of the Former Qin. Killed by a jealous concubineTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor An {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	7 November 396 – 28 January 419 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Xiaowu	382/3 – 419 (aged 36–37) Dominated by Sima Daozi, Huan Xuan and Liu Yu, he was killed by the latterTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Gong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	28 January 419 – 5 July 420 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Xiaowu	386 – 12 November 421 (aged 35) Abdicated in favor of Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Song), later assassinatedTemplate:Sfnm

Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)

Cheng Han (成漢; 304–347)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Li Xiong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	304–334 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of rebel Li Te, proclaimed himself King in 304 and then Emperor in 306	274–334 (aged 59–60) Died of diseaseTemplate:Sfnm
Li Ban {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	334 (less than a year)	Nephew of Li Xiong	274–334 (aged 59–60) Killed by Li QiTemplate:Sfnm
Li Qi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	334–338 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Xiong	314–338 (aged 23–24) Committed suicideTemplate:Sfnm
Li Shou {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	338–343 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Li Te, usurped power from Li Qi and renamed the state from "Cheng” to “Han”	300–343 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Li Shi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	343–347 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Shou	Abdicated to Huan Wen after the fall of Cheng in 347. Died of natural causes in 361 in the Eastern Jin capitalTemplate:Sfnm

Han-Zhao (漢趙; 304–319) / Former Zhao (前趙; 319–329)Template:Sfnm

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Liu Yuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	304–310 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Rebelled against the Jin dynasty. Proclaimed himself King of Han in 304 and Emperor in 308	Template:Circa 250–310 (aged approx. 60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
Liu He {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	310 (less than a year)	Son of Liu Yuan	Killed by his brother Liu CongTemplate:Sfn
Liu Cong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	310–318 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Liu Yuan	Died of natural causes in 318Template:Sfn
Liu Can {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	318 (less than a year)	Son of Liu Cong	Killed by officer Jin Zhun in 318Template:Sfn
Liu Yao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	318–329 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Liu Yuan, changed the dynastic title from "Han" to "Zhao"	Ended the Western Jin in 316. Captured and killed by Shi Le of Later ZhaoTemplate:Sfn

Later Zhao (後趙; 319–351)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Shi Le {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	319–333 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Rebelled with Ji Sang during the War of the Eight Princes. Proclaimed himself King of Zhao in 319 and then Emperor in 330	374–333 (aged 58–59) Ended the Former Zhao in 329. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Hong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	333–334 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shi Le	313–334 (aged 20–21) Deposed and killed by Shi HuTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Hu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	334–349 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Shi Le, usurped power from Shi Hong in 334. Ruled as Heavenly King until 349	295–349 (aged 53–54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Shi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	349 (less than a year)	Son of Shi Hu	339–349 (aged 9–10) MurderedTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Zun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	349 (less than a year)	Son of Shi Hu	Killed by Ran MinTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Jian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	349–350 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shi Hu, enthroned by Ran Min	Killed by Ran MinTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Zhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	350–351 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shi Hu	Gave up the imperial title in 351, later killed by a subordinate officerTemplate:Sfnm

Former Liang (前涼; 320–376)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Zhang Mao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	320–324 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of governor Zhang Gui	377–324 (aged 52–53) Made vassal of Former Zhao in 323. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang Jun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	324–346 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of governor Zhang Shi	307–346 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang Chonghua {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	346–353 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Zhang Jun, didn't assume the dynastic title until 349	327–353 (aged 25–26) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang Yaoling {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	353 (less than a year)	Son of Zhang Chonghua	344–355 (aged 25–26) Killed by Zhang ZuoTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang Zuo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	354–355 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhang Jun	Discontinued the use of Western Jin era names before being killed in 355Template:Sfnm
Zhang Xuanjing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	355–363 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhang Chonghua	350–363 (aged 12–13) Killed by Zhang TianxiTemplate:Sfnm
Zhang Tianxi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	363–376 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhang Jun	346–406 (aged 59–60) Surrendered to the Former Qin, later dying of natural causes in Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm

Former Yan (前燕; 337–370)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Murong Huang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	337–348 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of governor Murong Hui, proclaimed himself Prince of Yan in 337. Remained loyal to the Jin	297–348 (aged 50–51) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Murong Jun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	348–360 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Murong Huang, proclaimed himself Emperor in 352	319–360 (aged 38–39) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Murong Wei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	360–370 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Murong Jun, ruled under the regency of Murong Ping	350–384 (aged 33–34) Captured by Former Qin in 370, executed by Fu Jiān in 384 after a failed coupTemplate:Sfnm

Former Qin (前秦; 351–394)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Fu Jiàn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	351–355 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Prince Hong, leader of the Di. Proclaimed Heavenly King and Great Chanyu after Hong's murder in 351, became Emperor in 352	307 or 317–355 (aged 48 or 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Fu Sheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	355–357 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Fu Jiàn	335–357 (aged 22) Killed by his cousinTemplate:Sfnm
Fu Jiān {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	357–385 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Fu Hong, ruled as Heavenly King	338–385 (aged 47) Conquered Former Yan, Former Liang, and Dai. Killed by Yao Chang.Template:Sfnm
Fu Pi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	385–386 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Fu Jiān	Defeated by Murong Yong of Western Yan, later killed by the Eastern Jin armyTemplate:Sfnm
Fu Deng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	386–394 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Grandnephew of Fu Jiān	343–394 (aged 51) Killed by Yao Xing of Later QinTemplate:Sfnm
Fu Chong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	394 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Fu Deng	Killed by Qifu Qiangui of Western QinTemplate:Sfnm

Later Yan (後燕; 384–409)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Murong Chui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	384–396 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Prince Murong Huang of Former Yan, reestablished his kingdom after the Battle of Fei River	326–396 (aged 70) Conquered Western Yan in 394Template:Sfnm
Murong Bao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	396–398 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Murong Chui	355–398 (aged 43) Killed by the usurper Lan HanTemplate:Sfnm
Murong Sheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	398–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Murong Bao, came to power after killing Lan Han	373–401 (aged 28) Killed by general Duan JiTemplate:Sfnm
Murong Xi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	401–407 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Murong Chui	385–407 (aged 22) Killed by Feng BaTemplate:Sfnm

Later Qin (後秦; 384–417)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Yao Chang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	384–393 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed King after the Battle of Fei River, then Emperor after killing Fu Jiān of Former Qin	343–394 (aged 51) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Yao Xing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	394–416 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yao Chang	366–416 (aged 50) Conquered Former Qin and Later Liang. Favored Buddhism and Taoism.Template:Sfnm
Yao Hong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	416–417 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yao Xing	388–417 (aged 29) Executed by the Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm

Western Qin (西秦; 385–400, 409–431)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Qifu Guoren {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	385–388 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Former general of Former Qin	Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Qifu Gangui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	388–412 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Qifu Guoren	Surrendered to Later Qin in 400, reclaimed the throne in 409. Killed by his nephewTemplate:Sfnm
Qifu Chipan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	412–428 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Qifu Gangui	Conquered Southern Liang in 414Template:Sfnm
Qifu Mumo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	428–431 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Qifu Chipan	Killed by the XiaTemplate:Sfnm

Later Liang (後涼; 386–403)Template:Sfnm

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Lü Guang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	386–399 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Former general of Former Qin, proclaimed himself Duke of Jiuquan in 386 and Heavenly King in 396	337–399 (aged 19) Abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm
Lü Shao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	399 (less than a year)	Son of Lü Guang	Forced to commit suicide by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Lü Zuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	399–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Lü Guang	Killed by Lü Chao, Guang's nephewTemplate:Sfnm
Lü Long {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	401–403 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Lü Guang	Killed by Yao Hong of Later QinTemplate:Sfnm

Southern Liang (南涼; 397–414)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Tufa Wugu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	397–399 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed himself Great Chanyu	Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Tufa Lilugu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	399–402 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Elder brother of Tufa Wugu	Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Tufa Rutan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	402–414 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Elder brother Tufa Lilugu	364–415 (aged 51) Captured and killed by Western QinTemplate:Sfnm

Northern Liang (北涼; 397–439)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Duan Ye {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	397–401 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Governor of Later Liang, proclaimed himself Prince of Liang in 397	Killed by Juqu MengxunTemplate:Sfnm
Juqu Mengxun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	401–433 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Former ally of Duan Ye, proclaimed himself Duke of Zhangye	Conquered Western Liang in 421Template:Sfnm
Juqu Mujian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	433–439 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Juqu Mengxun	Defeated by Northern Wei, later forced to commit suicide in 449 for seditionTemplate:Sfnm

Southern Yan (南燕; 398–410)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Murong De {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	398–405 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Murong Chui of Later Yan, declared himself Prince in 398 and then Emperor in 400	336–405 (aged 69) Captured and killed by Western QinTemplate:Sfnm
Murong Chao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	405–410 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Uncertain succession	385–410 (aged 25) Captured and killed by Eastern JinTemplate:Sfnm

Western Liang (西涼; 400–421)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Li Gao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	400–417 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Governor of Dunhuang under Duan Ye of Northern Liang, declared himself Duke	351–417 (aged 66) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Li Xin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	417–420 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Gao	Killed by Juqu Mengxun of Northern LiangTemplate:Sfnm
Li Xun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	420–421 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Gao	Committed suicide after the fall of DunhuangTemplate:Sfnm

Helian Xia (胡夏; 407–431)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Helian Bobo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	407–425 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Subordinate of Yao Xing of Later Qin, declared himself Heavenly King in 407 and then Emperor at Chang'an in 418	381–425 (aged 44) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Helian Chang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	425–428 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Helian Bobo	Executed by Northern Wei in 434Template:Sfnm
Helian Ding {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	428–431 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Helian Bobo	Executed by Tuyuhun in 432Template:Sfnm

Northern Yan (北燕; 407–436)Template:Sfn

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Gao Yun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	407–409 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Adopted son of Murong Bao or Later Yan, proclaimed Heavenly King by Feng Ba	Killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfn
Feng Ba {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	409–430 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Seized power after Yun's death	Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
Feng Hong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	430–436 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Feng Ba	Defeated by Northern Wei, later murdered in GoguryeoTemplate:Sfn

Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589)

Northern Dynasties (420–581)

Northern Wei (北魏; 386–535)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Daowu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	20 February 386 – 409 Template:Collapsible list	Leader of the Tuoba, refounded the Dai State as Wei	371–409 (aged 39) Killed by his son Tuoba ShaoTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Mingyuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	409–423 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Daowu	392–423 (aged 31) Died of diseaseTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Taiwu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	423–452 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Mingyuan	408–452 (aged 43–44) Conquered Xia, Northern Yan and Liang. Killed by eunuch Zong AiTemplate:Sfnm
Tuoba Yu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	452 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taiwu. Put on the throne by eunuch Zong Ai	Killed by Zong AiTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wencheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	452–465 Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Taiwu. Ascended to the throne after the murder of Zong.	440–465 (aged 24–25) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xianwen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	465–471 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wencheng	454–476 (aged 21–22) Abdicated in favor of his son Yuan Hong, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaowen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Yuan Hong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	471–499 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xianwen, ruled under the regency of Empress Dowager Feng until 470.	467–499 (aged 31–32) One of the most significant reformers in medieval China. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xuanwu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	499–515 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiaowen	483–515 (aged 31–32) His reign marked the decline of WeiTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaoming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	515–528 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuanwu	510–528 (aged 17–18) Killed in a power struggle against Empress Dowager HuTemplate:Sfnm
None, known as Youzhu of Northern Wei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	528	Enthroned by Empress Dowager Hu	526–528 (aged 2) Killed by general Erzhu RongTemplate:Sfn
Emperor Xiaozhuang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	528–530 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by Erzhu Rong	507–early 531 (aged 24) Killed by general Erzhu ZhaoTemplate:Sfnm
Yuan Ye {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	530–531 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by the Erzhu Clan in opposition to Xiaozhuang	Executed in 532Template:Sfnm
Emperor Jiemin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	531–532 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by Erzhu Shilong	498–532 (aged 33–34) Deposed and executed by Gao HuanTemplate:Sfnm
Yuan Lang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	531–532 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by Gao Huan	513–532 (aged 19–18) Deposed and executed by Gao HuanTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaowu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	532–535 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by Gao Huan	510–early 535 (aged 25) Fled to Chang’an, where he was poisoned by Yuwen Tai of Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm

Eastern Wei (东魏; 534–550)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Xiaojing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	534–550 Template:Collapsible list	Enthroned by Gao Huan	524–552 (aged 27–28) Forced to abdicate and later poisoned by Gao YangTemplate:Sfnm

Northern Qi (北齐; 550–577)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Wenxuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	550–559 Template:Collapsible list	Regent of Eastern Wei, proclaimed himself emperor after deposing Emperor Xiaojing	529–559 (aged 29–30) Supposedly suffered insanity in his late reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Fei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	559–560 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wenxuan, enthroned by official Yang Yin	545–561 (aged 15–16) Forced to abdicate by his uncles Gao Yan and Gao Zhan, later executedTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaozhao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	560–561 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gao Huan, seized power through a palace coup	535–559 (aged 25–26) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wucheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	561–565 Template:Collapsible list	Brother of Xiaozhao	537–569 (aged 31–32) Abdicated in favor of his son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Wei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	565–577 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wucheng, ruled under his father's regency until 569	557–577 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of his son, later killed by Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Heng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	577 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gao Wei	557–577 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of his uncle Gao Jie, but was soon killed alongside himTemplate:Sfnm

Western Wei (西魏; 535–557)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	535–551 Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei	507–551 (aged 43–44) Killed by Yuwen Tai of Northern ZhouTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Fei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	551–554	Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by Yuwen Tai	Poisoned to death by Yuwen TaiTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Gong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	554–556	Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by Yuwen Tai	537–557 (aged 19–20) Abdicated in favor of Yuwen Jue, Tai's son. Killed shortly afterTemplate:Sfnm

Northern Zhou (北周; 557–581)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Xiaomin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	557	Son of Yuwen Tai, proclaimed himself Heavenly King under Yuwen Hu's patronage and refounded the Northern Wei State as Zhou	542–557 (aged 14–15) Poisoned to death after a failed coup against Yuwen HuTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Ming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	557–560 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuwen Tai, ruled alongside Yuwen Hu	534–560 (aged 25–26) Poisoned to death by Yuwen HuTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	561–578 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuwen Tai, sole ruler after deposing Yuwen Hu in 572	543–578 (aged 34–35) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	578–579 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuwen Yong	559–580 (aged 34–35) He neglected government and abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Jing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} Yuwen Chan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	579–581 Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuwen Yun	573–581 (aged 7–8) Killed by officer Yang Jian, the future Emperor Wen of SuiTemplate:Sfnm

Southern Dynasties (420–589)

Liu Song dynasty (劉宋, 420–479)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	420–422 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed himself emperor after defeating Huan Xuan of Jin in 404, conquering Southern Yan in 410 and taking Later Qin in 417.	363–422 (aged 58–59) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Shao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	422–424 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wu	406–424 (aged 17–18) Killed by officer Xu XianzhiTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	424–453 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wu	407–453 (aged 45–46) Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Shao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	453 (less than a year)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wen	Template:Circa 426–453 (aged c. 27) Killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xiaowu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	453–464 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wen	430–464 (aged 13–14) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Qianfei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	464–465 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Xiaowu	449–465 (aged 15–16) Killed in a conspiracyTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Ming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	466–472 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wen	439–472 (aged 15–16) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Houfei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	472–477 (Template:Age in years years)Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Ming	463–477 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao DaochengTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Shun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	477–479 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Ming, enthroned by Xiao Daocheng, the future Emperor Gao of Southern Qi	467–479 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao DaochengTemplate:Sfnm

Southern Qi (南齊; 479–502)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Gao {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	479–482 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed himself emperor after overthrowing the Liu Song dynasty	427–482 (aged 54–55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	482–493 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Gao	440–493 (aged 54–55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
lang}}	Xiao Zhaoye {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	493–494 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Emperor Wu	473–494 (aged 20–21) Killed by Xiao LuanTemplate:Sfnm
Xiao Zhaowen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	494 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Xiao Zhaoye	480–494 (aged 13–14) Killed by Xiao LuanTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Ming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	494–498 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Emperor Gao	452–498 (aged 45–46) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Marquess of Donghun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	498–501 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiao Luan	483–501 (aged 17–18) Killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor He {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	501–502 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiao Luan, set up in Jiangling in opposition to his brother	488–502 (aged 13–14) Deposed and killed by Xiao YanTemplate:Sfnm

Liang dynasty (梁; 502–557)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	502–549 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Overthrew the Southern Qi	464–549 (aged 85) Imprisoned during the rebellion of Hou Jing, died of hungerTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Jianwen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	549–551 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Hou Jing	503–551 (aged 47–48) Deposed and killed by Hou JingTemplate:Sfnm
None, known by his personal name	Xiao Dong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	551 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Xiao Tong and great-grandson of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Hou Jing	503–551 (aged 47–48) Deposed by Hou Jing and killed by Xiao YiTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Yuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	552–555 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wu. Sole ruler after defeating Hou Jing in 552 and Xiao Ji in 553.	508–555 (aged 46–47) Captured and killed by Western WeiTemplate:Sfnm
lang}}	Xiao Yuanming {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	555 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Wu, enthroned by official Wang Sengbian	Deposed by Chen Baxian, died of natural causes in 556Template:Sfnm
Emperor Jin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	555–557 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yuan, enthroned by Chen Baxian	543–558 (aged 14–15) Deposed and killed by Chen BaxianTemplate:Sfnm

Western Liang (西梁; 555–587)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
lang}}	Xiao Cha {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	555–562 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiao Tong and grandson of Emperor Wu, enthroned by Western Wei	519–562 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
lang}}	Xiao Kui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	562–585 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiao Cha	542–585 (aged 42–43) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
lang}}	Xiao Cong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	585–587 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiao Kui	Deposed by Emperor Wen of Sui in 587, died of natural causes Template:Circa 607Template:Sfn

Chen dynasty(陳; 557–589)Template:Sfn

Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Emperor Wu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	557–559 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Overthrew the Liang Dynasty	503–559 (aged 55–56) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	559–566 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Chen Baxian	522–566 (aged 43–44) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Fei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	566–568 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Emperor Wen	554–570 (aged 15–16) Deposed by his uncleTemplate:Sfnm
Emperor Xuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	569–582 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Emperor Wen	528–582 (aged 59–60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Chen Houzhu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	582–589 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Emperor Xuan	553–604 (aged 50–51) Neglect of government, he was captured by the Sui army. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Mid-imperial China

Sui dynasty (581–619)

Sui dynasty (隋朝; 581–619)

Portrait	Posthumous name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
File:Sui Wendi Tang.jpg	Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	4 March 581 – 13 August 604 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yang Zhong, Duke of Sui. Overthrew the Northern Zhou and conquered the other Chinese states	21 July 541 – 13 August 604 (aged 63) Instituted several institutional reforms and promoted Buddhism. Murdered by his sonTemplate:Sfnm
File:Sui Yangdi Tang.jpg	Yang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	21 August 604 – 11 April 618 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wen	569 – 11 April 618 (aged 51) Led several construction projects and military campaigns. Overthrown in a rebellion and killed by his underlingsTemplate:Sfnm
Gong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}		lang}}	18 December 617 – 12 June 618Template:Efn (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Wen	605 – 619 (aged 14) A puppet of Li Yuan. Deposed and later executedTemplate:Sfnm

Tang and Zhou dynasties (618–907)

Tang (唐; 618–690; 705–907) and (Wu) Zhou ((武)周; 690–705) dynasties

Portrait	Temple name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Early Tang (618–690)
File:TangGaozu.jpg	Gaozu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	18 June 618 – 4 September 626 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Bing, Duke of Tang and officer of Northern Zhou. Claimed descent from Li Gao, founder of Western Liang	566 – 25 June 635 (aged 69) Abdicated in favor of his son following the Xuanwu Gate Incident. A fair and capable ruler, his reign is said to have started a golden age in Chinese history, although imperial propaganda often underestimated his reign to exalt that of his sonTemplate:Sfnm
File:TangTaizong- cropped.jpg	Taizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	4 September 626 – 10 July 649 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gaozu; named heir after the murder of Crown Prince Li Jiancheng in the Xuanwu Gate Incident	23 January 597/99 – 10 July 649 (aged 50–52) Considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history, both as a conqueror and administrator. His reign saw a territorial expansion and economic growth not seen since the Han dynasty. Died after a period of prolonged illness, possibly due to alchemical elixir poisoningTemplate:Sfnm
Gaozong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	15 July 649 – 27 December 683 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taizong	20 July 628 – 27 December 683 (aged 55) A well-meaning but ineffectual ruler, his reign was dominated by several successive regencies. Suffered a serious stroke in late 660, whereafter the government was run by his wife, the future Empress Wu Zetian. Died after several years of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Tang Zhongzong.png (non-contemporary)	Zhongzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	3 January 684 – 26 February 684 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian	26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53) Deposed by his mother after challenging her authorityTemplate:Sfnm
File:Tang Ruizong.png	Ruizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 February 684 – 16 October 690 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gaozong and Wu Zetian	22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54) A complete puppet of his mother; forced to abdicateTemplate:Sfnm
(Wu) Zhou (690–705)
File:唐后行從圖 (局部) - 武則天.png	none, known as Wu Zetian    {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	16 October 690 – 21 February 705 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Former consort of emperors Taizong and Gaozong; regent since November 660, de facto ruler since January 683	623/625 – 16 December 705 (aged 81–83) Only female sovereign in Chinese history. Notable for her contribution to the Imperial examination system and her support for Buddhism, but also for her violent methods of enforcement. Deposed by Zhang Jianzhi; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Tang restoration (705–907)
File:Tang Zhongzong.png (non-contemporary)	Zhongzong (second reign)	lang}}	23 February 705 – 3 July 710 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Restored to the throne by Tang loyalists	26 November 656 – 3 July 710 (aged 53) A weak ruler; he died after eating a poisoned cake delivered by his wife, Empress WeiTemplate:Sfnm
none, known as Emperor Shang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}Template:Efn		lang}}	8 July 710 – 25 July 710 (17 days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhongzong; installed by Empress Wei	698–714 (aged 16) Second shortest-reigning emperor; deposed in a palace coupTemplate:Sfnm
File:Tang Ruizong.png (non-contemporary)	Ruizong (second reign)	lang}}	25 July 710 – 8 September 712 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Restored to the throne by detractors of Empress Wei	22 June 662 – 13 July 716 (aged 54) Spent his reign in a constant power struggle with his sister, Princess Taiping. Abdicated in favor of his son to undermine her influenceTemplate:Sfnm
File:李隆基像.jpg (non-contemporary)	Xuanzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	8 September 712 – 12 August 756 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Ruizong	8 September 685 – 3 May 762 (aged 76) One of the greatest and longest reigning Chinese emperors. The Tang empire reached its peak during his early reign, but fell of grace at the end as a result of the disastrous An Lushan Rebellion. Abdicated in favor of his sonTemplate:Sfnm
File:TangSuzong.jpg	Suzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	12 August 756 – 16 May 762 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuanzong; proclaimed emperor in Lingwu	711 – 16 May 762 (aged 51) Recaptured Chang'an in November 757. During his reign the eunuchs grew increasingly powerful.Template:Sfnm
File:Tang Daizong.jpg	Daizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	18 May 762 – 10 June 779 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Suzong; proclaimed emperor in Chang'an	9 January 727 – 10 June 779 (aged 52) Ended the An–Shi Rebellion, but failed to maintain control over the far provincesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Tang Dezong.jpg	Dezong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	12 June 779 – 25 February 805 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Daizong	27 May 742 – 25 February 805 (aged 62) Notable for his tax reforms, he also attempted to control regional jiedushi, but this backfired and caused a military mutiny in 783Template:Sfnm
Shunzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	28 February – 28 August 805 (6 months) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Dezong	February 761 – 11 February 806 (aged 45) Aphasic, weak and ill, he was urged to abdicate by the court eunuchsTemplate:Sfnm
File:TangXianzong.jpg (non-contemporary)	Xianzong 憲宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	5 September 805 – 14 February 820 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shunzong	March 778 – 14 February 820 (aged 41) Ended the warlord threat, but ended up becoming a puppet of the eunuchs. A drug addict, he was poisoned to death by eunuch Chen HongzhiTemplate:Sfnm
File:Muzong.jpg	Muzong 穆宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	20 February 820 – 25 February 824 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xianzong	July 795 – 25 February 824 (aged 28) Suffered a serious stroke in 822 (while playing polo), whereafter the government was run by eunuchs Wang Shoucheng and Li Fengji.Template:Sfnm
File:帝鉴图说.Recueil Historique des Principaux Traits de la Vie des Empereurs Chinois.95帧图.彩绘册页.约18世纪 (唐敬宗) (cropped).jpg (non-contemporary)	Jingzong 敬宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	29 February 824 – 9 January 827 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Muzong	22 July 809 – 9 January 827 (aged 17) A reckless player of football; he was killed by eunuchsTemplate:Sfnm
File:TangWenzongAlt.jpg	Wenzong 文宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	13 January 827 – 10 February 840 (13 years lacking 3 days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Muzong	20 November 809 – 10 February 840 (aged 30) Attempted to eradicate the eunuchs in the Sweet Dew incident (835), but ended up making them stronger. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Tang Wuzong.jpg (non-contemporary)	Wuzong 武宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	20 February 840 – 22 April 846 (6 years, 2 months and 2 days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Muzong	2 July 814 – 22 April 846 (aged 31) Notable for his persecution of Buddhism. Died of drug overdoseTemplate:Sfnm
	Xuanzong 宣宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	25 April 846 – 7 September 859 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xianzong	27 July 810 – 7 September 859 (aged 49) Arguably the last capable Tang emperor. Notable for his campaigns against the Tibetan Empire. Died of drug overdoseTemplate:Sfnm
File:TangYizong.jpg	Yizong 懿宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	13 September 859 – 15 August 873 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuanzong	28 December 833 – 15 August 873 (aged 39) A devout Buddhist, but also a cruel and unstable ruler. His reign, which was dominated by eunuchs, saw various revolts that severely weakened imperial powerTemplate:Sfnm
File:唐僖宗帝（殘唐五代史演義傳）.jpg (non-contemporary)	Xizong 僖宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	16 August 873 – 20 April 888 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yizong	8 June 862 – 20 April 888 (aged 25) A puppet of Tian Lingzi, had to flee Chang'an twice due to internal strifeTemplate:Sfnm
None, known by his personal name		Li Yun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	31 October 886 – January 887 (3 months) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson of Suzong, took power in Chang'an	Died in 887 Killed by Xizong's forces; often seen as an usurperTemplate:Sfnm
File:Zhaozong.jpg	Zhaozong 昭宗 Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	20 April 888 – 22 September 904   (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yizong	31 March 867 – 22 September 904 (aged 37) His reign saw the final collapse of imperial authority and the rise of new powerful warlords. He was killed by rebel Zhu WenTemplate:Sfnm
better known as Emperor Ai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	26 September 904 – 1 June 907   (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn	Son of Zhaozong, proclaimed emperor in Luoyang	27 October 892 – 25 March 908 (aged 15) Installed, deposed, and later killed by Zhu WenTemplate:Sfnm

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Five Dynasties (907–912)

Later Liang (後梁; 907–923)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Zhu Wen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	907–912 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Former ally of rebel Huang Chao, defected to the Imperial army in 882 but later betrayed the Tang and proclaimed himself Emperor in Kaifeng	852–912 (aged 60) Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm
Zhu Yougui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	912–913 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhu Wen, usurped power after learning of his father's intentions of adopting Zhu Youwen as heir	Died in 913 Described as murderous and lustful, he was killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Zhu Youzhen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	913–923 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhu Wen	888–923 (aged 35) Killed by the forces of Li CunxuTemplate:Sfnm

Later Tang (後唐; 923–937)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Li Cunxu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	923–926 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed himself Emperor after conquering Later Liang	885–926 (aged 41) Killed in a coupTemplate:Sfnm
Li Siyuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	926–933 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Adopted son of Li Keyong, took Luoyang and proclaimed himself Emperor after the murder of Li Cunxu	867–933 (aged 66) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Li Conghou {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	934 (less than a year) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Li Siyuan	914–early 934 (aged 20) Killed by Li CongkeTemplate:Sfnm
Li Congke {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	934–937 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Adopted son of Li Siyuan, he usurped power from Li Conghou	884/6–936 (aged 50–52) Defeated by Shi Jingtang of Later Jin, he burned himself to deathTemplate:Sfnm

Later Jin (後晉; 936–947)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Shi Jingtang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	936–942 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed himself emperor with the help of the Shatuo and Khitan people	892–942 (aged 50) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Shi Chonggui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	942–947 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Shi Jingtang	914–947 (aged 33) Captured by Emperor Taizong of Liao but spared; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Later Han (後漢; 947–951)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Liu Zhiyuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	947–948 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Jiedushi under the Later Jin, proclaimed himself emperor after the capture of Shi Chonggui by the Khitan	895–948 (aged 53) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Chengyou {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	948–951 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Liu Zhiyuan	931–951 (aged 20) Killed by the forces of Guo WeiTemplate:Sfnm

Later Zhou (後周; 951–960)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Guo Wei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	951–954 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Officer of Later Han, proclaimed himself emperor and dethroned Liu Chengyou	904–954 (aged 50) Died of natural causes; introduced reforms that greatly benefited farmingTemplate:Sfnm
Chai Rong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	954–959 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Adopted son of Guo Wei	921–959 (aged 38) Conquered Eastern and Southwest China; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Chai Zongxun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	959–960 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Chai Rong	953–973 (aged 20) Deposed by Emperor Taizu of SongTemplate:Sfnm

Ten Kingdoms (907–979)

Former Shu (前蜀; 907–925)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Wang Jian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	907–918 (Template:Age in years years)	Rebelled against the Tang in 891, named Prince in 903 and later proclaimed himself emperor in 907	847–918 (aged 69) Died of natural causes; known for his great tomb and stone statuesTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Zongyan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	918–925 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wang Jian	899–926 (aged 27) Lustful and neglected of government, he was killed by Li CunxuTemplate:Sfnm

Yang Wu (楊吳; 907–937)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Yang Xingmi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	902–905 (Template:Age in years years)	Took over Yangzhou in 892 and was named "Prince of Wu" in 902, became independent after the fall of the Tang	852–905 (aged 53) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Yang Wo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	905–908 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Yang Xingmi	886–908 (aged 22) Killed by Zhang Hao and Xu WenTemplate:Sfnm
Yang Longyan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	908–920 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Yang Xingmi, enthroned by Xu Wen	897–920 (aged 23) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Yang Pu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	920–937 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Yang Xingmi and enthroned by Xu Zhigao (Li Bian), declared himself Emperor in 927	901–938 (aged 37) Forced to abdicate to Li Bian of Southern Tang; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Ma Chu (馬楚; 907–951)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Ma Yin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	907–930 (Template:Age in years years)	A carpenter who rose from the ranks to become prefect of Tanzhou in 896, he was named Prince in 927 by Li Siyuan	852–930 (aged 78) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Ma Xisheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	930–932 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Ma Yin	899–932 (aged 33) An admirer of Zhu Wen, he cooked 50 chickens a day; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Ma Xifan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	932–947 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Ma Yin, didn't assume his title until later in his reign	899–947 (aged 48) Known for his extravagance and his building projects; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Ma Xiguang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	947–951 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Ma Yin	Died in 951 Deposed and later killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Ma Xi'e {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	951 (less than a year)	Son of Ma Yin	Deposed by his brother, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm
Ma Xichong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	951 (less than a year)	Son of Ma Yin	Deposed by the Southern Tang with the help of Xi’e's supporters, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm

Wuyue (吳越; 907–978)

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Qian Liu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	907–932 (Template:Age in years years)	Named "Prince of Wuyue" by Later Liang	852–932 (aged 80) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Qian Yuanguan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	932–941 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Qian Liu	887–941 (aged 54) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Qian Hongzuo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	941–947 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Qian Yuanguan	928–947 (aged 69) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Qian Hongzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	947–early 948 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Qian Yuanguan	Template:Circa 929–Template:Circa 971 (aged approx. 42) Deposed by general Hu Jinsi, fate unknownTemplate:Sfnm
Qian Chu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	978 (less than a year)	Son of Qian Yuanguan	929–988 (aged 59) Surrendered to the Song dynasty, died of sudden illness or poisoningTemplate:Sfnm

Min (閩; 909–944) & Yin (殷; 943–945)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Wang Shenzhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	909–925 (Template:Age in years years)	Younger brother of warlord Wang Chao, named wang of Min by Later Liang	862–925 (aged 63) One of the most peaceful reign periods of the period; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Yanhan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	926–927 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wang Shenzhi	Died in 927 Killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Yanjun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	927–935 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wang Shenzhi, proclaimed Prince in 928 and later Emperor in 933	Died in 935 Killed by his sonTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Jipeng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Wang Chang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	935–939 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wang Yanjun	Died in 939 A devout Taoist, he was killed in a coupTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Yanxi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	939–944 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Wang Shenzhi	Died in 944 A despotic ruler, he was killed by Lian Chongyu and his associatesTemplate:Sfnm
Wang Yanzheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	945 (less than a year)	Proclaimed himself "Prince of Yin" to rival his brother Wang Yanxi	Died in 945 Defeated by Southern Tang, died of natural causes in captivityTemplate:Sfnm

Great Yue (大越; 917–918) Southern Han (南漢; 918–971)

Personal name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Liu Yan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	917–942 (Template:Age in years years)	Took over of Guangzhou in 911, proclaimed himself Emperor of Yue (renamed "Han" in 918)	889–942 (aged 63) A despotic and extravagant ruler; died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Bin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	942–943 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Liu Yan	920–943 (aged 63) An hedonistic ruler; he was killed by his brotherTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Sheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	943–958 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Liu Yan	920–958 (aged 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Chang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	958–971 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Liu Sheng	943–980 (aged 37) Another hedonistic ruler, he surrendered to the Song army and was sparedTemplate:Sfnm

Jingnan (荊南; 924–963)

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Gao Jixing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	924–early 929 (Template:Age in years years)	Named King of Nanping by Later Tang in 924, ruled under the vassalage of Wu	858–929 (aged 71) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Conghui {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	929–948 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Gao Jixing	891–948 (aged 57) A weak ruler, he was nicknamed "Gao the Jerk" (高賴子); died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Baorong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	948–960 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Gao Conghui	920–960 (aged 40) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Baoxu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	960–962 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Gao Conghui, effective ruler during the reign of his brother	924–962 (aged 38) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Gao Jichong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	962–963 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Gao Baorong	943–973 (aged 30) Surrendered to the Song but sparedTemplate:Sfnm

Later Shu (後蜀; 934–965)

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Meng Zhixiang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	934 (less than a year)	Later Tang governor from 926, proclaimed King in 933 and later Emperor in 93	874–934 (aged 60) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Meng Chang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	934–965 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Meng Zhixiang	919–965 (aged 60) Defeated by the Song dynasty, died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Southern Tang (南唐; 937–976)

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Li Bian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	937–943 (Template:Age in years years)	Adopted son of Xu Wen, proclaimed himself Emperor after overthrowing the Yang Wu	888–943 (aged 55) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Li Jing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	943–961 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Li Bian	888–943 (aged 55) Conquered Min and Chu, but failed to ward the attacks of Later Zhou. A distinguished poet, he died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Li Yu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	—	961–976 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Li Jing	937–978 (aged 41) A master of the ci poetry, he surrendered to the Song dynasty but was sparedTemplate:Sfnm

Northern Han (北漢; 951–979)

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Liu Chong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	951–954 (Template:Age in years years)	Cousin of Liu Zhiyuan of Later Tang, proclaimed himself Emperor	895–954 (aged 59) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Jun {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	954–968 (Template:Age in years years)	Son of Liu Chong	926–968 (aged 42) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfn
Liu Ji'en {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	–	968 (less than a year)	Adopted son of Liu Jun	935–968 (aged 33) Killed by Hou BarongTemplate:Sfnm
Liu Jiyuan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	968–979 (Template:Age in years years)	Adopted son of Liu Jun	956–991 (aged 35) Surrendered to the Song and sparedTemplate:Sfnm

Late imperial China

Song dynasty (960–1279)

Song dynasty (宋朝; 960–1279)

Portrait	Temple name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Northern Song (960–1127)
File:Song Taizu.jpg	Taizu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	4 February 960 – 14 November 976 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Proclaimed emperor after deposing Chai Zongxun of Later Zhou. Unified most of China under his rule	21 March 927 – 14 November 976 (aged 49) Significantly reduced the power of the military in favor of civilian officers. Died in uncertain circumstances, probably illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Emperor Taizong of Song.tif	Taizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	14 November 976 – 8 May 997 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Younger brother of Taizu	20 November 939 – 8 May 997 (aged 57) Conquered the last remaining Chinese state in 978, but failed the reconquer former Tang territories, like Vietnam. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Song Zhenzong.jpg	Zhenzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	8 May 997 – 23 March 1022 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taizong	23 December 968 – 23 March 1022 (aged 53) Suffered significant defeats to the northern Liao dynasty, leading to the Chanyuan Treaty. Died after a prolonged period of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Renzong.jpg	Renzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	23 March 1022 – 30 April 1063 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhenzong	30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063 (aged 52) Ruled under the regency of Empress Liu until 1033. His long reign, the longest of the Song dynasty, saw several developments in culture, philosophy and artsTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Yingzong 1.jpg	Yingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1 May 1063 – 25 January 1067 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhao Yunrang, a grandson of Emperor Taizong, and adopted son of Emperor Renzong	16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067 (aged 34) Ruled initially under the regency of Empress Dowager Cao. Died after several years of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Shenzong.jpg	Shenzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yingzong	25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085 (aged 36) Best known by the implementation of the "New Policies". Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Zhezong.jpg	Zhezong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1 April 1085 – 23 February 1100 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shenzong	4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100 (aged 23) Ruled under the regency of Empress Dowager Gao until 1093. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Seated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong.tif	Huizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	23 February 1100 – 18 January 1126 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shenzong	7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135 (aged 52) A remarkable patron of the arts and an artist himself, but a weak ruler and politician. Abdicated during the Jurchen Jin siege of Kaifeng. Captured by the Jin shortly after; died in captivityTemplate:Sfnm
File:Songqinzong Chinghong.jpg	Qinzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	19 January 1126 – 25 March 1127 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Huizong	23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161 (aged 62) Refused to negotiate with the Jin, which led to a second invasion. Captured alongside his father during the Jingkang incident; died in captivityTemplate:Sfnm
Southern Song (1127–1279)
File:Song Gaozong.png	Gaozong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	12 June 1127 – 24 July 1162   (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list	Son of Huizong, proclaimed emperor in Jiankang after fleeing the Jurchen invasion of the North	12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187 (aged 80) A competent ruler that managed to preserve the Song dynasty, but often criticized for his military defeats and political failures. Abdicated in favor of his adopted son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, known by his personal name		Zhao Fu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	March – April 1129 (1 month or less) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Gaozong, proclaimed emperor during a mutiny	An infant installed by officers Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan. They lost power within a monthTemplate:Sfnm
File:Xiaozong.jpg	Xiaozong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	Zhao ShenTemplate:Efn {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	24 July 1162 – 18 February 1189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhao Zicheng, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, and adopted son of Gaozong	27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194 (aged 66) Often regarded as the most peaceful and stable ruler of the Southern Song. Abdicated in favour of his son, later dying of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Guangzong.jpg	Guangzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	18 February 1189 – 24 July 1194 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xiaozong	30 September 1147 – 17 September 1200 (aged 53) Forced to abdicate in favor of his son, allegedly because of his mental instability. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Ningzong 1.png	Ningzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	24 July 1194 – 17 September 1224 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Guangzong	19 November 1168 – 17 September 1224 (aged 55) A weak and indecisive ruler who spent most of his life in isolation at the palace. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Lizong.jpg	Lizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	17 September 1224 – 16 November 1264 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhao Xilu, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, Taizu	26 January 1205 – 16 November 1264 (aged 59) An emperor devoted to philosophy and the arts, he had to face the first Mongol incursions following the fall of the Jin. Died of illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Duzong.jpg	Duzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	16 November 1264 – 12 August 1274 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Zhao Yurui, a brother of Lizong	2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274 (aged 34) Relegated most imperial duties to his officers. Died of sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Gongdi2.jpg	Gongzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	12 August 1274 – 21 February 1276 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Duzong	2 November 1270 – 1323 Ruled under the regency of Empress Xie, who was forced to surrender to the Mongols. Became a monk in Tibet, but was later executed of forced to commit suicide; died in GansuTemplate:Sfnm
File:ZhaoShiDuanzong.png	Duanzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	14 June 1276 – 8 May 1278 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Duzong, proclaimed emperor in Fuzhou after the fall of the capital	1268 – 8 May 1278 (aged 10) Spent most of his life fleeing from the Mongols by sea. Died of illness after barely surviving the sinking of his shipTemplate:Sfnm
File:Song Modi.jpg	None, known by his personal name	Zhao Bing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	10 May 1278 – 19 March 1279 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Duzong	1271 – 19 March 1279 (aged 8) Thrown into the Xi River during the Battle of Yamen alongside several soldiers and officers as part of a mass suicideTemplate:Sfnm

Northern regimes (916–1234)

Liao dynasty (916–1125)

Liao dynasty (大遼; 916–1125)

Temple name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Taizu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 February 907 – 6 September 926 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Led the Yelü clan as Khagan to unite the Khitan people	872 – 6 September 926 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Taizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	11 December 927 – 15 May 947 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taizu	902 – 15 May 947 (aged Template:Age in years) Died from a sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Shizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	16 May 947 – 7 October 951 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Taizu	918 – 7 October 951 (aged Template:Age in years) Murdered by his cousin in a coup d'étatTemplate:Sfnm
Muzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	11 October 951 – 12 March 969 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taizong	931 – 12 March 969 (aged Template:Age in years) Killed by his personal attendantsTemplate:Sfnm
Jingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	13 May 969 – 13 October 982 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shizong	948 – 13 October 982 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of illness on a hunting tripTemplate:Sfnm
Shengzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	14 October 982 – 25 June 1031 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Jingzong	971 – 25 June 1031 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest reigning Liao ruler, though he was controlled by his mother Xiao Yanyan until 1009. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Xingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	25 June 1031 – 28 August 1055 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shengzong	1016 – 28 August 1055 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Daozong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	28 August 1055 – 12 February 1101 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xingzong	1032 – 12 February 1101 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, known by his posthumous name: Tianzuo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	12 February 1101 – 6 September 1125 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Daozong	1075 – after 6 September 1125 (aged Template:Age in years) Died in captivity from natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Western Xia (1038–1227)

Western Xia (西夏; 1038–1227)

Temple nameTemplate:Efn	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Jingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1038 – 1048Template:Efn (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of the Tangut leader Li Deming	1003–1048Template:Efn (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his son, Ningling GeTemplate:Sfnm
Yizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1048 – January 1068 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Jingzong	1047 – January 1068 (aged Template:Age in years) Infant emperor whose reign was controlled by Lady Mozang and later Mozang Epang. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Huizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	January 1068 – 21 August 1086 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yizong	1061 – 21 August 1086 (aged Template:Age in years) Struggled with his mother for power throughout his reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Chongzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	11 November 1086 – 1 July 1139 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Huizong	1084 – 1 July 1139 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Renzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	July 1139 – 16 October 1193 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Chongzong	1124 – 16 October 1193 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest ruling ruler of the dynasty. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Huanzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1193 – 1 March 1206 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Renzong	1177 – 1 March 1206 (aged Template:Age in years) Overthrown in a coup d'état led by Xiangzong. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Xiangzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	March 1206 – 13 September 1211 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Renzong	1170 – 13 September 1211 (aged Template:Age in years) Suffered many losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Shenzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	12 August 1211 – 1223 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Descendant of Jingzong	1163 – 1226 (aged Template:Age in years) Abdicated amid Mongol invasions. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Xianzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	1223 – August 1226 (Template:Age in years years) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shenzong	1181 – August 1226 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, known by his personal name	Li Xian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	1226 – 1227 (1 year or less) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Shenzong	? – 1227 (aged ?) Killed by the MongolsTemplate:Sfnm

Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Jin dynasty (金朝; 1115–1234)Template:Sfn

Temple name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
Taizu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	28 January 1115 – 19 September 1123 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Helibo from the Wanyan tribe	1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123 (aged Template:Age in years) Conquered the Liao dynastyTemplate:Sfnm
Taizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 September 1123 – 7 February 1135 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Brother of Taizu	1075 – 7 February 1135 (aged Template:Age in years) Sacked the North Song dynasty's capital. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Xizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	8 February 1135 – 9 January 1150 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Taizu	1119 –  9 January 1150 (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his chancellor and successor Wanyan LiangTemplate:Sfnm
None, informally known as Prince of Hailing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	9 January 1150 – 15 December 1161 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Taizu	1122 – 15 December 1161 (aged Template:Age in years) Assassinated by his military commanders after losing the Battle of CaishiTemplate:Sfnm
Shizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 October 1161 – 20 January 1189 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Taizu	1123 – 20 January 1189 (aged Template:Age in years) Had the longest and most stable reign of the dynastyTemplate:Sfnm
Zhangzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	20 January 1189 – 29 December 1208 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Shizong	31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
None, informally known as Prince Shao of Wei {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	29 December 1208 – 11 September 1213 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shizong	? – 11 September 1213Template:Efn (aged ?) Assassinated under the orders of the general Template:IllTemplate:Sfnm
Xuanzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	22 September 1213 – 14 January 1224 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Shizong	1163 – 14 January 1224 (aged Template:Age in years) Suffered heavy losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Aizong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	15 January 1224 – 8 February 1234 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuanzong	25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234 (aged Template:Age in years) Committed suicide amid Mongol invasionsTemplate:Sfnm
Mo {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}}	9 February 1234 (less than a day)	Descendant of Helibo	? – 9 February 1234 (aged ?) The shortest reigning Chinese monarch, ruled for less than a day. Died during the Mongol conquest of the JinTemplate:Sfnm

Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)

Yuan dynasty (大元; 1271–1368)

Portrait	Khan name	Personal name	Reign	Succession	Life details
File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg	Setsen Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} better known as Kublai Khan Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Genghis Khan; declared emperor after defeating the Song in the Battle of Yamen	23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294 (aged Template:Age in years) Fully conquered the Song dynasty, won the Toluid Civil War, moved the capital to Khanbaliq and employed Marco PoloTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumTemurOljeituPortrait.jpg	Öljeytü Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Kublai	15 October 1265 – 10 February 1307 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumQaishanKulugPortrait.jpg	Külüg Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	21 June 1307 – 27 January 1311 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson of Kublai	4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumAyurbarvadaBuyantuPortrait.jpg	Buyantu Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	7 April 1311 – 1 March 1320 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-grandson of Kublai	9 April 1285 – 1 March 1320 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
	Gegeen Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	19 April 1320 – 4 September 1323 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Ayurbarwada	22 February 1302 – 4 September 1323 (aged Template:Age in years) Killed in a coup led by Template:IllTemplate:Sfnm
	None, known either by his personal or era name	Borjigin Yesün Temür {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	4 October 1323 – 15 August 1328 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Great-Grandson of Kublai	28 November 1293 – 15 August 1328Template:Efn (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
	None, known either by his personal or era name	Borjigin Ragibagh {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	October 1328 – 14 November 1328 (Template:Age in years and months) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yesün	1320 – 14 November 1328 (aged Template:Age in years) Child emperor; probably murdered amid the War of the Two CapitalsTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg	Jayaatu Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Külüg	16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) Abdicated in favor of his brother Khutughtu KhanTemplate:Sfnm
Khutughtu Khan	Khutughtu Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Külüg	22 December 1300 – 30 August 1329 (aged Template:Age in years) Briefly ruled before killed by El TemürTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg	Jayaatu Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (second reign)	lang}}	8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Külüg	16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) A patron of the arts and scholarship, his reign was dominated by the ministers El Temür and Bayan of the Merkid. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:YuanEmperorAlbumIrinchinbalPortrait.jpg	None, known by his personal name Template:Collapsible list	Borjigin Rinchinbal {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Khutughtu	1 May 1326 – 14 December 1332 (aged Template:Age in years) Child emperor; died of sudden illnessTemplate:Sfnm
	Ukhaghatu Khan {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	19 July 1333 – 10 September 1368 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Khutughtu	25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm

Ming dynasty (1368–1644)

Ming dynasty (大明; 1368–1644)

Portrait	Era name	Personal name	ReignTemplate:Efn	Succession	Life details
File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg	Hongwu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Born into poverty, he led the Red Turban Rebellions to establish the Ming dynasty	21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398 (aged Template:Age in years) Initiated cultural reconstruction and political reform, also noted for his extreme and violent methods of enforcement. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
Jianwen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Hongwu	5 December 1377 – 13 July 1402 (aged Template:Age in years) Overthrown by the future Yongle Emperor, his uncle. Either died in or disappeared after the fires in the Ming Palace.Template:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Chengzu.jpg	Yongle {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Hongwu	2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424 (aged Template:Age in years) Raised the Ming to its highest power. Patron of many projects, including the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, Yongle Encyclopedia and the Ming treasure voyages. Died of natural causes.Template:Sfnm
File:MingRenzongPortrait.jpg	Hongxi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	7 September 1424 – 29 May 1425 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yongle	16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425 (aged Template:Age in years) Focused primarily on domestic affairs. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xuanzong.jpg	Xuande {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 June 1425 – 31 January 1435 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Hongxi	16 March 1399 – 31 January 1435 (aged Template:Age in years) A noted painter. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg	known by his temple: Yingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	Zhu Qizhen 朱祁镇	7 February 1435 – 1 September 1449 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuande	29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464 (aged Template:Age in years) His reign was dominated by eunuchs, particularly Wang Zhen, which led to growing instability. Captured by the Northern Yuan dynasty during the Tumu Crisis.Template:Sfnm
Jingtai {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	22 September 1449 – 24 February 1457 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuande	11 September 1428 – 14 March 1457 (aged Template:Age in years) Briefly ruled while his brother was held captive; deposed soon after. Died a month later, possibly from murder.Template:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg	Yingzong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (second reign)	Zhu Qizhen 朱祁镇	11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464 (Template:Age in years, months and days)Template:Efn Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xuande	29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464 (aged Template:Age in years) Restored to power after his release. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xianzong.jpg	Chenghua {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	28 February 1464 – 9 September 1487 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yingzong	9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Hongzhi.jpg	Hongzhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	22 September 1487 – 8 June 1505 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Chenghua	30 July 1470 – 9 June 1505 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Ming Wuzong.jpg	Zhengde {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	19 June 1505 – 20 April 1521 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Hongzhi	14 November 1491 – 20 April 1521 (aged Template:Age in years) His reign saw the rise of influence from eunuchs, particularly Liu Jin. Probably drowned after his boat sank.Template:Sfnm
File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Jiajing.jpg	Jiajing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 May 1521 – 23 January 1567 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Grandson of Chenghua, cousin of Zhengde	16 September 1507 – 23 January 1567 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:明穆宗坐像 軸.jpg	Longqing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	4 February 1567 – 5 July 1572 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Jiajing	4 March 1537 – 5 July 1572 (aged Template:Age in years) Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Ming Shenzong (1).jpg	Wanli {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	19 July 1572 – 18 August 1620 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Longqing	4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620 (aged Template:Age in years) Despite early successes, the gradual decline of Ming began towards the end of his reign. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Ming Guangzong.jpg	Taichang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	28 August – 26 September 1620 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Wanli	28 August 1582 – 26 September 1620 (aged Template:Age in years) Died suddenly after a reign of around a month, possibly murdered by poisonTemplate:Sfnm
File:明熹宗坐像.tiff	Tianqi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	1 October 1620 – 30 September 1627 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taichang	23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627 (aged Template:Age in years) A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian. Died from an unknown illnessTemplate:Sfnm
Chongzhen {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list		lang}}	2 October 1627 – 25 April 1644 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Taichang, brother of Tianqi	6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644 (aged Template:Age in years) Committed suicide, possibly by hanging himself on a tree.Template:Sfnm

Qing dynasty (1644–1912)

Qing dynasty (大清; 1644–1912)

Portrait	Era name	Personal name	ReignTemplate:Efn	Succession	Life details
File:清 佚名 《清世祖顺治皇帝朝服像》.jpg	Shunzhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	8 November 1644 – 5 February 1661 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Hong Taiji; chosen by a council of Manchu princes	15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661 (aged Template:Age in years) Finished the Manchu conquest of the Ming, pushing the remaining Ming sympathizers to the South. Died suddenly of smallpoxTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg	Kangxi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Shunzhi	4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722 (aged Template:Age in years) Longest ruling Chinese emperor. Expanded the empire's territory, and commissioned both the Kangxi Dictionary and Complete Tang Poems. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:Portrait of the Yongzheng Emperor in Court Dress.jpg	Yongzheng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Kangxi	13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735 (aged Template:Age in years) Ruled for a relatively short period, establishing the Grand Council. Probably died of alchemical elixir poisoning; death officially recorded as natural causes.Template:SfnmTemplate:Efn
File:清 郎世宁绘《清高宗乾隆帝朝服像》.jpg	Qianlong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	18 October 1735 – 9 February 1796 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Yongzheng	25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799 (aged Template:Age in years) Brought the empire to its height. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg	Jiaqing {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Qianlong	13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820 (aged Template:Age in years) Died suddenly from apoplexyTemplate:Sfnm
A man in a grey suit, white shirt and dark tie, he has a birthmark on his forehead	Daoguang {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	3 October 1820 – 26 February 1850 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Jiaqing	16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850 (aged Template:Age in years) An ineffective ruler who led a highly unstable reign, marked by the First Opium War and the early Taiping Rebellion. Probably died from a strokeTemplate:Sfnm
File:《咸丰皇帝朝服像》.jpg	Xianfeng {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	9 March 1850 – 22 August 1861 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Daoguang	17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861 (aged Template:Age in years) The last Chinese emperor to have personal power for the entirety of his reign, which was unstable after the Taiping Rebellion, Nian Rebellion and Second Opium War. Died of natural causesTemplate:Sfnm
File:清 佚名 《清穆宗同治皇帝朝服像》.jpg	Tongzhi {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	11 November 1861 – 12 January 1875 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Son of Xianfeng	27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875 (aged Template:Age in years) Reign was completely dominated by Empress Dowager Cixi, who initiated the Tongzhi Restoration. Died suddenly, under suspicious circumstancesTemplate:Sfnm
File:The Imperial Portrait of Emperor Guangxu2.jpg	Guangxu {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Cousin of Tongzhi	14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908 (aged Template:Age in years) Initiated the failed Hundred Days' Reform, and from 1898 on, his reign was completely dominated by Empress Dowager Cixi. Died of poisoning, possibly from Cixi.Template:Sfnm
File:Xuantong.jpg	Xuantong {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Collapsible list	lang}}	2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912 (Template:Age in years, months and days) Template:Collapsible list	Nephew of Guangxu	7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967 (aged Template:Age in years) Reigned as a young child, but was forced to abdicate in 1912 amid the 1911 Revolution, ending the 2,000-year monarchial system of Imperial China. Died of natural causes.Template:Sfnm
For the subsequent heads of state of China, see List of presidents of the Republic of China and List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China

See also

• Chinese era names & List of Chinese era names

References

Sources

Ancient Era

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Early Imperial Era

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Late Imperial Era

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General

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Further reading

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External links

• Rulers of China List at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
• Table of Chinese Imperial Reigns at David K. Jordan's website
• Guide to Names and Titles of Rulers at Chinaknowledge