List of diets

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An individual's diet is the sum of food and drink that one habitually consumes. Dieting is the practice of attempting to achieve or maintain a certain weight through diet.<ref>"Definition for diet". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> People's dietary choices are often affected by a variety of factors, including ethical and religious beliefs, clinical need, or a desire to control weight.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Not all diets are considered healthy. Some people follow unhealthy diets through habit, rather than through a conscious choice to eat unhealthily. Terms applied to such eating habits include "junk food diet" and "Western diet". Many diets are considered by clinicians to pose significant health risks and minimal long-term benefit. This is particularly true of "crash" or "fad" diets – short-term, weight-loss plans that involve drastic changes to a person's normal eating habits.

Only diets covered on Wikipedia are listed under alphabetically sorted headings.

Belief-based diets

Some people's dietary choices are influenced by their religious, spiritual or philosophical beliefs.

  • Buddhist diet: While Buddhism does not have specific dietary rules, some Buddhists practice vegetarianism based on Mahayana Buddhism's strict interpretation of the first of the Five Precepts.<ref>Weintraub, Eileen. Template:Usurped. Society of Ethical and Religious Vegetarians. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>
  • Hindu diet: It is popular for followers of Hinduism to follow lacto vegetarian diets (though most do not), based on the principle of ahimsa (non-harming).<ref name=hindudiet/> Consuming beef/cattle is forbidden or at least taboo among followers due to cow veneration. Most Hindus in India do intentionally limit their meat consumption one way or another.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Jain diet: Due to how the Jain faith interprets ahisma, vegetarianism is considered mandatory for followers; a lacto-vegetarian diet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or vegan diet<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> in particular is considered appropriate for Jains. Most Jains also abstain from consuming root vegetables in order to prevent harming insects, worms and microorganisms when they are uprooted. Most also partake in some form of fasting.<ref name=":0" /> Some variants of Jainism further discourage or forbid the consumption of honey, fungi, alcoholic beverages and fermented foods.
  • Islamic diet: Muslims follow a diet consisting solely of food that is halal – permissible in Islam. The opposite of halal is haraam, food that is Islamically impermissible. Haraam substances include carnivores, pork and other non-ruminant animals, and any meat from an animal which was not killed through the Islamic method of ritual slaughter (Dhabihah).<ref>"What do Halal, Dhabiha Halal and Haram Mean?" Template:Webarchive. halalcertified.com. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> If an otherwise Halal animal was subject to torture by humans, its meat can still be considered non-permissible for Muslims.
  • I-tal: A set of principles which influences the diet of many members of the Rastafari movement. One principle is that natural foods should be consumed. Emphasis is put on consuming produce that is fresh, organic and ideally grown at home or locally. Another principle involves avoiding "unclean" types of food; the definition which is influenced by Biblical teachings. In order to preserve "life energy" Rastafarians encourage teetotalism, and many Rastafarians interpret I-tal to advocate vegetarianism or veganism as well.<ref>"Rastafarianism" Template:Webarchive. University of Dundee. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> Many followers do view seafood as an acceptable addition to an I-tal diet but they restrict which kinds they permit; fish over a foot long are typically avoided and all shellfish are eschewed as they are not kosher animals—unlike finned-fish with scales.
  • Kosher diet: Food permissible under kashrut, the set of Jewish dietary laws, is said to be kosher. Some foods and food combinations are non-kosher, and failure to prepare food in accordance with kashrut can make otherwise permissible foods non-Kosher.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • Seventh-day Adventist diet: Combines the kosher food rules of Judaism with prohibitions against alcoholic beverages and (sometimes) caffeinated beverages. There is emphasis on consuming whole foods. Meat-consumption is heavily discouraged but not necessarily disallowed; about half of Adventists are lacto-ovo-vegetarians.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Vegan and pescetarian diets are also more popular among Adventists compared to the general public<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but other Adventists are still willing to eat Kosher meats.
  • Word of Wisdom diet: The name of a section of the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of scripture accepted by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Dietary advice includes (1) wholesome plants "in the season thereof", (2) eating meat sparingly and only "in times of winter, or of cold, or famine", and (3) grain as the "staff of life".<ref>Template:Sourcetext</ref> Unlike injunctions against tobacco, alcohol, coffee and tea—compliance with meat-avoidance has always remained optional among the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emphasis on refraining from meat has largely been dropped.<ref name="Alexander">Thomas G. Alexander, "The Word of Wisdom: From Principle to Requirement" Template:Webarchive, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 14:3 (1981) pp. 78–88.</ref> An official church publication states, "modern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season".<ref>"Section 89 The Word of Wisdom", Doctrine and Covenants Student Manual (Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 2002), pp. 206–11.</ref>

Calorie and weight control diets

Template:Main A desire to lose weight is a common motivation to change dietary habits, as is a desire to maintain an existing weight. Many weight loss diets are considered by some to entail varying degrees of health risk, and some are not widely considered to be effective. This is especially true of "crash" or "fad" diets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Many of the diets listed below could fall into more than one subcategory. Where this is the case, it is noted in that diet's entry.

Low-calorie diets

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Very low calorie diets

A very low calorie diet is consuming fewer than 800 calories per day. Such diets are normally followed under the supervision of a doctor.<ref>"Very low calorie diet for rapid weight loss" Template:Webarchive. Calorie Counter. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> Zero-calorie diets are also included.

Low-carbohydrate diets

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  • Atkins diet: A low-carbohydrate diet, popularized by nutritionist Robert Atkins in the late-20th and early-21st centuries.<ref>Witchel, Alex (27 November 1996). "Refighting The Battle Of the Bulge" Template:Webarchive. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2009.</ref> Proponents argue that this approach is a more successful way of losing weight than low-calorie diets;<ref>"Scientists endorse Atkins diet" . BBC News. 17 May 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> critics argue that a low-carb approach poses increased health risks.<ref>"Low carb diet health risk fears" . BBC News. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> The Atkins diet consists of four phases (Induction, Balancing, Fine-Tuning and Maintenance) with a gradual increase in consumption of carbohydrates as the person goes through the phases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Dukan Diet: A multi-step diet based on high protein and limited carbohydrate consumption. It starts with two steps intended to facilitate short term weight loss, followed by two steps intended to consolidate these losses and return to a more balanced long-term diet.<ref>Samuel, Henry (1 June 2011). "The four stages of the Dukan diet". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 February 2011.</ref>
  • Kimkins: A heavily promoted diet for weight loss, found to be fraudulent.
  • South Beach Diet: Diet developed by the Miami-based cardiologist Arthur Agatston in 2003,<ref name=":1" /> who says that the key to losing weight quickly and getting healthy is not cutting all carbohydrates and fats from the diet, but choosing the right carbs and the right fats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Stillman diet: A carbohydrate-restricted diet that predates the Atkins diet, allowing consumption of specific food ingredients.

Low-fat diets

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  • McDougall's starch diet is a high calorie, high fiber, low fat diet that is based on starches such as potatoes, rice, and beans which excludes all animal foods and added vegetable oils. John A. McDougall draws on historical observation of how many civilizations around the world throughout time have thrived on starch foods.

Crash diets

Crash diets are very-low-calorie diets used for the purpose of very fast weight loss.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They describe diet plans that involve making extreme, rapid changes to food consumption, but are also used as disparaging terms for common eating habits which are considered unhealthy. This diet is dangerous and can lead to sudden death when not done in a medically supervised setting.<ref name="Isner1979">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Sours1981">Template:Cite journal</ref> Several diets listed here are weight-loss diets which would also fit into other sections of this list. Where this is the case, it will be noted in that diet's entry.

  • Beverly Hills Diet: An extreme diet from 1981 which has only fruits in the first days, gradually increasing the selection of foods up to the sixth week.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":1" />
  • Cabbage soup diet: A low-calorie diet based on heavy consumption of cabbage soup. Considered a fad diet.<ref>"Health risk of 'faddy diets'" . BBC News. 2 May 2001. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>
  • Grapefruit diet: A fad diet begun in 1930, intended to facilitate weight loss, in which grapefruit is consumed in large quantities at meal times.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"Grapefruit diet 'put leg at risk'" . BBC News. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref>
  • Monotrophic diet: A diet that involves eating only one food item, or one type of food, for a period of time to achieve a desired weight reduction.
  • Subway diet: A crash diet<ref name=guardiansubway/> in which a person consumes Subway sandwiches in place of higher calorie fast foods. Made famous by convicted sex offender and former obese student Jared Fogle, who lost 245 pounds after replacing his meals with Subway sandwiches as part of an effort to lose weight.<ref name="guardiansubway">Kingsley, Patrick (10 March 2011). "How a sandwich franchise ousted McDonald's" Template:Webarchive. The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2012.</ref>

Detox diets

Detox diets involve either not consuming or attempting to flush out substances that are considered unhelpful or harmful. Examples include restricting food consumption to foods without colorings or preservatives, taking supplements, or drinking large amounts of water. The latter practice in particular has drawn criticism, as drinking significantly more water than recommended levels can cause hyponatremia.<ref>"Woman left brain damaged by detox" . BBC News. 23 July 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref> There is no scientific evidence of any benefit from detox diets, and so they are considered to be pseudoscientific.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Diets followed for medical reasons

People's dietary choices are sometimes affected by intolerance or allergy to certain types of food. There are also dietary patterns that might be recommended, prescribed or administered by medical professionals for people with specific medical needs.

Fad diets

Template:Main A fad diet is a diet that is popular for a time, similar to fads in fashion, without being a standard dietary recommendation, and often promising unreasonably fast weight loss or nonsensical health improvements.<ref name="Hart2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Hanky2017">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="bda">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Oxford2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Zoumbaris2014">Template:Cite book</ref> There is no single definition of what a fad diet is, encompassing a variety of diets with different approaches and evidence bases, and thus different outcomes, advantages and disadvantages,<ref name="Hanky2017" /> and it is ever-changing.<ref name=Hart2018/><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Generally, fad diets promise short-term changes with little effort, and thus may lack educating consumers about whole-diet, whole lifestyle changes necessary for sustainable health benefits.<ref name="Hart2018" /><ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="Williams2013">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shick1998">Template:Cite journal</ref> Fad diets are often promoted with exaggerated claims, such as rapid weight loss of more than 1 kg/week or improving health by "detoxification", or even dangerous claims.<ref name="Hanky2017" /><ref name="bda" /><ref name="phn">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="katz">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Since the "fad" qualification varies over time, social, cultural and subjective view, this list cannot be exhaustive,<ref name=Hart2018/> and fad diets may continue or stop being fads, such as the Mediterranean diet.<ref name="BrownIsaacs2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Some of them have therapeutic indications, such as epilepsy or obesity,<ref name="EatrightKeto">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="USGuidelines2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> and there is no one-size-fits-all diet that would be a panacea for everyone to lose weight or look better.<ref name=Hart2018/><ref name="Hanky2017" /> Dieticians are a regulated profession that can distinguish nutritionally sound diets from unhealthy ones.<ref name=bda/>

Food-specific diets

Low-carbohydrate / high-fat diets

High-carbohydrate / low-fat diets

  • F-plan<ref>Speakman, John R. (2003). Obesity:- Part three – failed solutions and new ideas. Biologist 50 (3): 1–6.</ref>
  • Ornish diet<ref name="famdoc" /><ref>Ayers, Suzan F; Sariscsany, Mary Jo. (2011). Physical Education for Lifelong Fitness: The Physical Best Teacher's Guide. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. p. 65. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • McDougall diet<ref name=free>Template:Cite book</ref>·
  • Pritikin Diet: A diet which focuses on the consumption of unprocessed food.<ref name="famdoc" /><ref name="globe" /><ref name="Alters2012">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Rice diet<ref name="Alters2012"/>
  • The Good Carbohydrate Revolution<ref name="famdoc" />

Liquid diets

Fasting

Detoxifying

Other fad diets

Vegetarian diets

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A vegetarian diet is one which excludes meat. Vegetarians also avoid food containing by-products of animal slaughter, such as animal-derived rennet and gelatin.<ref name=vegetarian>"What is a vegetarian?" Template:Webarchive. Vegetarian Society. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</ref>

Semi-vegetarian diets

Other diets

A group of people in winter clothing, standing around piles of meat lying on the snow.
Sharing of frozen, aged walrus meat among Inuit families
An assortment of foods on a worktop. They are: tofu, wheat miso, bancha tea, umeboshi prumes brown rice, sea salt and nori.
Some common macrobiotic ingredients

See also

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References

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