List of introduced species

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates A complete list of introduced species for even quite small areas of the world would be dauntingly long. Humans have introduced more different species to new environments than any single document can record. This list is generally for established species with truly wild populations— not kept domestically, that have been seen numerous times, and have breeding populations. While most introduced species can cause a negative impact to new environments they reach, some can have a positive impact, just for conservation purpose.

Antarctica

Insects

Australia

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Mammals

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Birds

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Fish

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Reptiles

Amphibians

Arthropods

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Molluscs

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Echinoderms

Worms

Plants

Around 15% of Australia's flora is made up of introduced species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following is a non-inclusive list of some of the more significant plant species. Template:See also

British Isles and other European islands

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Further information can be found at the GB non-native species secretariat,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which has a free tool kit of resources on non-native species, including a photo gallery, ID sheets, risk assessments, projects database, case studies and resources for local action groups.

Mammals

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Birds

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  • Tetrao urogallus (western capercaillie) - reintroduced into Scotland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

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Crustaceans

Insects

Butterflies and moths

Ants

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Coleoptera (beetles)

Arachnids

Molluscs

Worms

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Other Animals

Plants

Continental Europe

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

Fish

Crustaceans

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Insects

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  • Xylosandrus germanus (black timber bark beetle)<ref name="auto23"/>

Molluscs

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Other Animals

Plants

  • Monterey pine (in warmer areas, from California; established from forestry plantations)
  • Mediterranean cypress (in warmer areas; from SW Asia, also locally native [Crete, Cyprus]; long established from ornamental planting)
  • Monterey cypress (in warmer areas, from California; established from forestry plantations)
  • Smooth arizona cypress (in warmer areas, from Arizona; established from forestry plantations)
  • Persian walnut (from SW Asia, established from nut orchards)
  • Northern red oak (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Black cherry (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Black locust (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Silver wattle (in warmer areas, from Australia; established from ornamental planting)
  • Tree-of-heaven (from eastern Asia; established from ornamental planting)
  • Eucalyptus (multiple species in warmer areas, from Australia; established from forestry plantations)
  • Prickly-pear (multiple species in Mediterranean areas, from southwestern North America; established from ornamental planting)
  • Century-plant (in Mediterranean areas, from southwestern North America; established from ornamental planting)

Hawaiian Islands

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Mammals

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Birds

Primary source for this list is Robert L. Pyle and Peter Pyle, The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> unless otherwise stated

Reptiles

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  • Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese softshell turtle)<ref name="auto49">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Amphibians

<section begin=Hawaii_amphibians/>Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<ref name=NAS/> unless otherwise stated.

Fish

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<ref name=NAS/> unless otherwise stated.

Arthropods

<section begin=Hawaii_arthropods/>* Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle)<ref name="auto46">Template:Cite journal</ref>

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Plants

Other species

New Zealand

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Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

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Insects

Arachnids

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Other Animals

Plants

Up to 26,000 plants have been introduced into New Zealand. This list is a few of the more common and more invasive species.

United States and Canada

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Mammals

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  • Sus scrofa (wild boar) from Europe
  • Phacochoerus (warthog) from Africa to Texas<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Lepus europaeus (European hare) From Europe
  • Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) from southwest Europe and northwest Africa
  • Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum) from Eastern USA (in California)
  • Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) in Florida - there has been a natural extension of the armadillo's range into the US since 1870, reaching Florida by 1970, however the Florida population originates from established introductions dating to the 1920s.<ref name=long/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Birds

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Reptiles

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  • Brown anole in California,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Green anole in California<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Bark anole in Florida<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Ashy gecko in Florida<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Cnemidophorus motaguae<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Common snapping turtle (in nonnative parts of USA including California, Nevada, Oregon, Arizona, and other states)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Painted turtle - Phoenix, Arizona,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Burmese python (in the Everglades only)<ref name="auto96">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Amphibians

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<ref name=NAS>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> unless otherwise stated.

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Fish

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<ref name=NAS/> unless otherwise stated.

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Crustaceans

Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database<ref name=NAS/> unless otherwise stated.

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Mollusks

Marine<ref name=NAS/>

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  • Crepidula fornicata (American limpet, common slipper shell) into the coasts of British Columbia and Washington state from the Western Atlantic Ocean<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Terrestrial

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Worms

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Insects

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Beetles and relatives

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Crickets

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Flies and allies

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Termites

Sawflies

Aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects

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  • Aleurodicus dugesii<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Beech scale
  • Saissetia oleae<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Aonidiella aurantii
  • Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (citricola scale)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Ctenarytaina eucalypti (blue gum psyllid)<ref name="ReferenceP"/>
  • Shivaphis celti<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Toxoptera citricida
  • Aphis spiraecola (green citrus aphid)<ref name="Aphis spiraecola Spirea aphid"/>
  • Cerataphis lataniae (palm aphid)<ref name="Cerataphis lataniae Palm aphid"/>
  • Elatobium abietinum (green spruce aphid)<ref name="auto54"/>
  • Pineus pini (pine woolly aphid)<ref name="Pineus pini Pine woolly aphid"/>
  • Planococcus ficus<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Ants

  • Pharaoh ant from Africa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Hairy ant from Africa<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Floral ant from Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Electric ant from South America<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Bees

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Wasps

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Moths and butterflies

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Other insects

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  • Taeniothrips inconsequens<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Arachnids

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Jellyfishes

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Other animals

  • Cordylophora caspia - freshwater hydroid<ref name=NAS/>
  • Lophopodella carteri - freshwater bryozoan<ref name=NAS/>
  • Stephanella hina - bryozoan<ref name=NAS/>
  • Diadumene lineata - orange-striped green sea anemone<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Styela clava - stalked sea squirt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Plants

This is a non-exhaustive list of some of the more significant plant species

  • Nymphaea odorata – American waterlily in California from native parts of North America<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Ficus benjamina – weeping fig from Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Ficus religiosa – sacred fig from Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Oomycetes

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Central America, Caribbean islands and Mexico

Mammals

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Birds

Reptiles

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Amphibians

Fish

Insects

  • Leaf-cutting ant into Guadeloupe from South America<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Arachnids

Worms

Crustaceans

Mollusks

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South America

Mammals

Birds

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Amphibians

Fish

  • Arapaima gigas from the Amazon rivers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Insects

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  • Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug)<ref name="auto30"/>

Arachnids

Crustaceans

Mollusks

Asia excluding Japan

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Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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  • Pond slider<ref name="auto39">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Brown anole into Taiwan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Amphibians

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Fish

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  • Coptodon zillii (redbelly tilapia)<ref name="auto66">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish)<ref name="auto29">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Insects

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  • Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil)<ref name="auto86">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner)<ref name="auto36">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Other arthropods

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Molluscs

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Other Animals

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Japan

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Mammals

  • Macaca cyclopis (Formosan rock macaque) in Japan (from mainland Asia)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) in Japan (from mainland Asia)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Procyon lotor (common raccoon) from North America
  • Urva auropunctata (small Asian mongoose) in Japan (from mainland Asia)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Paguma larvata (masked palm civet) in Japan (from Taiwan)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Erinaceus amurensis (Amur hedgehog) to Japan from mainland Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Mus musculus (house mouse)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Sus scrofa (wild boar)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Birds

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  • Columba livia (rock dove) into Japan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Cygnus olor (mute swan) into Japan from mainland Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Garrulax sannio (white-browed laughing thrush)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Gracupica contra (Asian pied starling) in Japan from mainland Asia<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow)<ref name="autogenerated1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Pavo cristatus (Indian peafowl) in Japan<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Vidua macroura (pin-tailed whydah)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Reptiles

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  • Gekko hokouensis (Hokou gecko)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Amphibians

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Fish

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  • Clarias fuscus (whitespotted clarias)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Danio rerio (zebrafish)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Salmo trutta (brown trout)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Insects

  • Agriosphodrus dohrni<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Hylurgus ligniperda (red-haired pine bark beetle)<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
  • Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil)<ref name="auto86"/>
  • Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm)
  • Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale)<ref name="ReferenceU"/>
  • Linepithema humile (Argentine ant)<ref name="auto25"/>
  • Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner)<ref name="auto36"/>
  • Liriomyza trifolii (serpentine leafminer)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Opisthoplatia orientalis<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Parasa lepida (nettle caterpillar)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant)<ref name="ReferenceZ"/>
  • Phenacoccus solenopsis (cotton mealybug)<ref name="auto30"/>
  • Protaetia orientalis<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Quadrastichus erythrinae (Erythrina gall wasp)<ref name="auto2"/>
  • Rhabdoscelus obscurus (sugarcane weevil borer)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Sericinus montela (sericin swallow-tail butterfly)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Solenopsis geminata (fire ant)<ref name="auto105"/>
  • Thrips palmi (melon thrips)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)<ref name="auto62"/>
  • Unaspis yanonensis (arrowhead snow scale)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Vespa velutina (Asian predatory wasp)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Xyleborus volvulus<ref name="auto53"/>
  • Xylocopa tranquebarorum (Taiwanese bamboo carpenter bee)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Other Arthropods

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  • Crangonyx floridanus (Florida crangonyctid)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Molluscs

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  • Perna viridis (Asian green mussel)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Other Animals

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  • Hydroides elegans<ref name="auto40"/>
  • Bugula neritina (brown bryozoan)<ref name="auto67"/>

Africa

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Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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  • Micropterus floridanus (Florida bass)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (vermiculated sailfin catfish)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Tinca tinca (tench)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Crustaceans

Insects

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  • Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite)
  • Cosmopolites sordidus (banana root borer)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Molluscs

  • Aplexa marmorata (marbled tadpole snail)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • Semimytilus algosus (Pacific mussel)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Worms

  • Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Australian tubeworm)
  • Boccardia proboscidea (shell worm)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Other Animals

Plants

Oceania and remote islands

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Mammals

Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

Insects

Molluscs

Worms

See also

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References

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  • DAISIE (eds.). 2009. Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht. 399 p. Template:ISBN
  • Macdonald, D. and P. Barrett (1993) Collins Field Guide: Mammals of Britain & Europe. HarperCollins, London.
  • Svensson, L., P.J. Grant, K. Mullarney and D. Zetterström (1999) Collins Bird Guide. HarperCollins, London. (Template:ISBN)
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