List of political parties in China

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Politics of China The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a one-party state ruled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Despite this, eight minor political parties subservient to the CCP exist. The PRC is officially organized under what the CCP terms a "system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CCP," in which the minor parties must accept the leadership of the CCP.

Under the "one country, two systems" principle, the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which were previously colonies of European powers, operate under a different political system from the rest of mainland China. Both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems that were introduced just before the handover of the territories to China.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Legal parties

Ruling party

The Chinese Communist Party is the sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese constitution states that "The defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China",<ref name=":02">Template:Cite web</ref> while the CCP constitution declares the party to be the "highest force for political leadership".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Party			Year founded	Ideology	Members (2023)	Leader	NPC seats	NPCSC seats	CPPCC seatsTemplate:Efn
bgcolor=Template:Party color|		Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Template:Lang Zhōngguó Gòngchán Dǎng (Zhōnggòng)	1921	Socialism with Chinese characteristics	100,271,000<ref name="2024PartyCensus">Template:Cite web</ref>	Xi Jinping Template:Lang	Template:Composition bar	Template:Composition bar	Template:Composition bar

Minor parties

While only the CCP holds effective power at the national level, there are officially eight minor and non-oppositional parties that exist alongside the CCP that are officially titled democratic parties.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> Founded before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, these parties must accept the "leading role" of the CCP as a condition of their continued existence.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The official party system of the PRC is the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CCP, and the relationship between these parties and the CCP has officially been described as "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating each other with full sincerity and sharing weal or woe" (prosperity or adversity).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to Human Rights Watch, these parties "play an advisory rather than an oppositional role".<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Other parties

Banned parties

The following parties formed in China are (or have previously been) banned by the government:

• The Communist Party of China (Marxist–Leninist) (Template:Zh) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by several Maoist rebel factions of the Red Guards in Wuhan, Hubei. They believed it was illegal to arrest the Gang of Four and that the new leadership of the CCP is revisionist and unlawful. They were suppressed after attempts at an armed revolt failed in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Canton and Yunnan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• The Communist Party of China (Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army) (Template:Zh) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by a Maoist rebel faction of the Red Guards in Fujian. They used the old fortifications built during the Chinese Civil War and organized a partisan army named the "Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They announced that the new leadership of the CCP is revisionist and called for uprising and reestablished the Party Central Committee.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Their activities lasted until 1978.
• The Democracy Party of China (Template:Zh) was founded by participants of the 1978 Democracy Wall movement and the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Founded in 1998, it was declared illegal that same year.<ref name="Gittings">Gittings, John (2005). The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. Oxford University Press, 2005. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="Goldsmith">Template:Cite book</ref>
• The Union of Chinese Nationalists (Template:Zh) supports the ideals of the Pan-Blue Coalition in Taiwan. As such, its goals include establishing a liberal democracy in China, based on Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The group originated from an internet forum discussion in August 2004. The Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council said it is an illegal organization on April 25, 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The New Democracy Party of China (Template:Zh) was founded by Guo Quan in Nanjing at the end of 2007.<ref name="Gittings"/><ref name="Goldsmith"/>
• The Maoist Communist Party of China (Template:Zh) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 2008. The party seeks to initiate a "second socialist revolution" to re-establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. It has been subject to crackdowns by the Chinese government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The Zhi Xian Party (Template:Zh), also known as the Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English. Founded by the supporters of Bo Xilai<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in 2013 and banned in December of that year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• The Chinese Proletarian Revolutionary Central Committee (Template:Zh, abbreviated Template:Zh) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in the 2010s by Zhou Qun (Template:Zh). The party leaders were members of a rebel faction (Template:Zh) during the Cultural Revolution, and the committee core consisted of dozens of laid-off workers (Template:Zh) in Jiangsu. It was suppressed after the police found their "provocative" online activities.Template:Citation needed

Overseas parties

• Shanghai National Party is a pro-democracy party which advocates for Shanghai independence, led by He Anquan, who left China after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.<ref name="web.archive.org">Template:Cite web</ref> The party was notable for its opposition to China's COVID-19 lockdown policies.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> In particular, he referred to the lockdowns in Shanghai as a genocide and maintained a hunger strike outside the Chinese consulate in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, He Anquan visited Ukraine in order to document the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Historical parties

Party		Ideology	From	To
bgcolor=Template:Party color |	Chinese Empire Reform Association 保救大清皇帝會	Constitutionalism Constitutional monarchism	1899	1911
	Royalist Party 宗社黨	Monarchism Manchurian nationalism	1911
bgcolor=Template:Party color |	Democratic Party 民主黨	Conservative liberalism Constitutional monarchism	1912	1913
bgcolor=Template:Party color |	Republican Party 共和黨	Conservatism Republicanism	1912	1913
bgcolor=Template:Party color |	Unity Party 統一黨	Conservatism Statism	1912	1913
	Progressive Party 進步黨	Chinese nationalism Monarchism	1913	1916
	Anfu Club 安福俱樂部	State socialism Republicanism	1918	1920
bgcolor=Template:Party color |	Productive People's Party 生产人民党	Anti-imperialism Left-wing nationalism	1933	1934

See also

• History of political parties in China
• List of ruling political parties by country
• List of political parties in Hong Kong
• List of political parties in Macau

Notes

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