List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
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| The location of the names on the tower |
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On the Eiffel Tower, 72 names of French scientists, engineers, and mathematicians are engraved in recognition of their contributions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gustave Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the protests against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789.<ref name=Harriss1975>Template:Cite book</ref> The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about Template:Cvt tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of Paris contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well.Template:Citation needed
List
Location
The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:
- The North-East side (also known as La Bourdonnais side)
- The South-East side (also known as the Military School side)
- The South-West side (also known as the Grenelle side)
- The North West side (also known as the Trocadéro side)
Names
In the table below are all the names on the four sides.
| Name appearing | Full name | Occupation | Location | Portrait |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SEGUIN | Marc Seguin | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Seguin.jpg |
| LALANDE | Jérôme Lalande | astronomer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jérôme Lalande.jpg |
| TRESCA | Henri Tresca | engineer and mechanic | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:69-Tresca.jpg |
| PONCELET | Jean-Victor Poncelet | geometer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean-Victor Poncelet.jpg |
| BRESSE | Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse | civil engineer and hydraulic engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:JAC BRESSE.jpg |
| LAGRANGE | Joseph-Louis Lagrange | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Joseph-Louis Lagrange.jpeg |
| BELANGER | Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph Bélanger | mathematician and hydraulic engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean-Baptiste Bélanger.png |
| CUVIER | Georges Cuvier | naturalist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Georges Cuvier large.jpg |
| LAPLACE | Pierre-Simon Laplace | mathematician and astronomer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Pierre-Simon Laplace.jpg |
| DULONG | Pierre Louis Dulong | physicist and chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Pierre Louis Dulong.jpg |
| CHASLES | Michel Chasles | geometer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Michel Chasles.jpg |
| LAVOISIER | Antoine Lavoisier | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Antoine lavoisier.jpg |
| AMPERE | André-Marie Ampère | mathematician and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Ampere1.jpg |
| CHEVREUL | Michel Eugène Chevreul | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Michel Eugène Chevreul.jpg |
| FLACHAT | Eugène Flachat | civil engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Flachat.png |
| NAVIER | Claude-Louis Marie Henri Navier | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Claude-Louis Navier.jpg |
| LEGENDRE | Adrien-Marie Legendre | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Legendre.jpg |
| CHAPTAL | Jean-Antoine Chaptal | agronomist and chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 1.jpg |
| JAMIN | Jules Jamin | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jules Celestin Jamin.jpg |
| GAY-LUSSAC | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gaylussac.jpg |
| FIZEAU | Hippolyte Fizeau | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Hippolyte Fizeau.jpg |
| SCHNEIDER | Eugène Schneider | industrialist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Schneider, Eugène.jpg |
| LE CHATELIER | Louis Le Chatelier | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Louis Le Chatelier.jpg |
| BERTHIER | Pierre Berthier | mineralogist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Pierre Berthier.jpg |
| BARRAL | Jean-Augustin Barral | agronomist, chemist, physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Barral.png |
| DE DION | Henri de DionTemplate:Efn | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Henri de Dion.jpg |
| GOUIN | Ernest Goüin | engineer and industrialist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Ernest Gouin.jpg |
| JOUSSELIN | Louis Didier Jousselin | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Louis Jousselin (1776-1858). Ingeniero.jpg |
| BROCA | Paul Broca | physician and anthropologist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Paul Broca.jpg |
| BECQUEREL | Antoine César Becquerel | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Antoine Becquerel 2.jpg |
| CORIOLIS | Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis | engineer and scientist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis.jpg |
| CAIL | Jean-François Cail | industrialist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean Francois Cail.jpg |
| TRIGER | Jacques Triger | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jules Triger.jpg |
| GIFFARD | Henri Giffard | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Giffard portrait 1 200.jpg |
| PERRIER | François Perrier | geographer and mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Francois Perrier - Project Gutenberg eText 16671.png |
| STURM | Jacques Charles François Sturm | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Charles Sturm.jpeg |
| CAUCHY | Augustin-Louis Cauchy | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Cauchy Augustin Louis dibner coll SIL14-C2-03a.jpg |
| BELGRAND | Eugène Belgrand | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Eugène Belgrand.jpg |
| REGNAULT | Henri Victor Regnault | chemist and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Henri Victor Regnault.jpg |
| FRESNEL | Augustin-Jean Fresnel | civil engineer and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Augustin Fresnel.jpg |
| DE PRONY | Gaspard de Prony | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gaspard de Prony.jpg |
| VICAT | Louis Vicat | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:LouisVicatJ.JPG |
| EBELMEN | Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen.jpg |
| COULOMB | Charles-Augustin de Coulomb | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Coulomb.jpg |
| POINSOT | Louis Poinsot | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Pointsot2.jpg |
| FOUCAULT | Léon Foucault | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Foucault 01.png |
| DELAUNAY | Charles-Eugène Delaunay | astronomer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Charles Eugene Delaunay.jpeg |
| MORIN | Arthur Morin | mathematician and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Morin.png |
| HAUY | René Just Haüy | mineralogist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Rene just hauy.jpg |
| COMBES | Charles Combes | engineer and metallurgist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:CPM Combes.jpg |
| THENARD | Louis Jacques Thénard | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Louis Jacques Thénard.jpg |
| ARAGO | François Arago | astronomer and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:François Arago.jpg |
| POISSON | Siméon Denis Poisson | mathematician and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:SiméonDenisPoisson.jpg |
| MONGE | Gaspard Monge | geometer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gaspard Monge.jpg |
| PETIET | Jules Petiet | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jules Petiet.png |
| DAGUERRE | Louis Daguerre | artist and chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean-Babtiste Sabarier-Blot L.J.M.Daguerre.1844.JPG |
| WURTZ | Charles-Adolphe Wurtz | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Wurtz Charles-Adolphe.jpg |
| LE VERRIER | Urbain Le Verrier | astronomer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Urbain Le Verrier.jpg |
| PERDONNET | Albert Auguste Perdonnet | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Auguste Perdonnet.png |
| DELAMBRE | Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre | astronomer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Delambre Jean Baptiste Joseph Dibner coll smithsonian SIL14-D2-17a.jpg |
| MALUS | Étienne-Louis Malus | physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Etienne-Louis Malus.jpg |
| BREGUET | Louis Breguet | physicist and inventor | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Breguet, Louis-François, Nadar, Gallica.jpg |
| POLONCEAU | Camille Polonceau | engineer | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Camille-Polonceau.jpg |
| DUMAS | Jean-Baptiste Dumas | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean Baptiste André Dumas.jpg |
| CLAPEYRON | Émile Clapeyron | engineer and physicist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Benoit Clapeyron.png |
| BORDA | Jean-Charles de Borda | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Jean Charles Borda.jpg |
| FOURIER | Joseph Fourier | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Joseph Fourier.jpg |
| BICHAT | Marie François Xavier Bichat | anatomist and physiologist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Marie François Xavier Bichat.jpg |
| SAUVAGE | François Clément Sauvage | engineer and geologist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:François-Clément Sauvage-portrait-D.jpg |
| PELOUZE | Théophile-Jules Pelouze | chemist | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Théophile-Jules Pelouze.jpg |
| CARNOT | Lazare CarnotTemplate:Efn | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Portrait Lazare Carnot.jpg |
| LAME | Gabriel Lamé | mathematician | check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Center with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | style }} | File:Gabriel-Lamé.jpeg |
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Criticism
Women
The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of Sophie Germain, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In 1913, John Augustine Zahm suggested that Germain was excluded because she was a woman.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Hydraulic engineers and scholars
Fourteen hydraulic engineers and scholars are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading scientists in the field. Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy is missing; some of his work did not come into wide use until the 20th century. Also missing are Antoine Chézy, who was less famous;Template:Cn Joseph Valentin Boussinesq, who was early in his career at the time;<ref name=Chanson2009>Template:Cite book</ref> and mathematician Évariste Galois. Other famous French mathematicians are missing from the list: Joseph Liouville and Charles Hermite.
Notes
References
Further reading
- Template:Cite book Reprinted as Template:Cite book