Pierre Louis Dulong

Pierre Louis Dulong FRS FRSE (Template:IPAc-en; Template:IPA; 12 February 1785 – 19 July 1838) was a French physicist and chemist. He is remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit, although he was much-lauded by his contemporaries for his studies into the elasticity of steam, conduction of heat, and specific heats of gases. He worked most extensively on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases. He collaborated the co-discoverer of the Dulong–Petit law.

Early life and education

Dulong was born in Rouen, France.

An only child, he was orphaned at the age of 4, he was brought up by his aunt in Auxerre. He gained his secondary education in Auxerre and the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen<ref name="LyCo6">Lycée Pierre Corneille de Rouen - History</ref> before entering the École polytechnique, Paris in 1801, only for his studies to be impeded by poor health.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> He began studying medicine, but gave this up, possibly because of a lack of financial means,<ref name=":2" /> to concentrate on science, working under the direction of Louis Jacques Thénard.

Career

In chemistry, he contributed to knowledge on:

• the double decomposition of salts (1811)
• nitrous acid (1815)
• the oxides of phosphorus (1816)
• the oxides of nitrogen
• catalysis by metals (1823, with Thénard).

Dulong also discovered the dangerously sensitive nitrogen trichloride in 1811, losing three fingers and an eye in the process.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The fact that Dulong kept the accident a secret meant that Humphry Davy's investigation of the compound had the same unfortunate consequence, although Davy's injuries were less severe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In addition to his accomplishments in chemistry, Dulong has been hailed as an interdisciplinary expert. His contemporaries in the Royal Society of London acknowledged his "command of almost every department of physical science".<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1815, Dulong collaborated for the first time with Alexis Thérèse Petit, in publishing a paper on heat expansion.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The two would continue to collaborate, researching the specific heats of metals. In 1819, Dulong and Petit showed that the mass heat capacity of metallic elements are inversely proportional to their atomic masses, this being now known as the Dulong–Petit law.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite journal</ref> For this discovery Dulong was honored by the French Academy in 1818. This law helped develop the periodic table and, more broadly, the examination of atomic masses.<ref name=":4" />

In 1820, Dulong succeeded Petit, who retired due to poor health,<ref name=":0" /> as professor of physics at École polytechnique. Dulong studied the elasticity of steam, the measurement of temperatures, and the behavior of elastic fluids. He studied how metals enabled the combinations of certain gases.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> He made the first precise comparison of the mercury- and air-temperature scales. In 1830, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

He died of stomach cancer in Paris. At the time of his death, he was working on the development of precise methods in calorimetry. His last paper, published the year of his death, examined the heat released from chemical reactions.<ref name=":1" />

Personality

The modern-day Tour Clovis at the Abbey of St. Genevieve, the tower Dulong climbed to conduct his experiments on steam.

Socially, Dulong was often dismissed as a dry, standoffish individual. His few friends disagreed with this view, viewing his personality as subdued rather than dull.<ref name=":0" />According to a fellow physicist who compared Dulong and Petit:<ref name="2018-07-06_Piazza">Template:Cite arXiv</ref>

Template:Quote2Dulong was noted both for his devotion to science and the stolid, almost casual, bravery he displayed in prosecuting his experiments. One such experiment involved the construction of a glass tubular apparatus atop the tower at the Abbey of Saint Genevieve. The tower was unsteady enough that an explosion of the experimental materials, considerably likely considering their volatility, could easily have toppled the tower and killed the researching physicists, including Dulong. The experiment though "full of danger and difficulty", was completed under Dulong's leadership.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>

Another example of Dulong's indifference to danger amid scientific pursuit came about in his studies into nitrogen trichloride. Despite losing two fingers and one eye in his initial experiments, Dulong continued to research the unknown substance. His inquiry led to more injuries, after which he turned over the results of his studies to Humphry Davy.<ref name=":0" />

Personal life

He was married to Emelie Augustine Riviere in 1803.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Burial and honors

In life, Dulong poured the bulk of his finances into his scientific experiments. He was often destitute. As a result, he died without leaving his family any significant inheritance.<ref name=":0" />

He is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. His monument was paid for by his scientific peers.<ref name=":0" />

His is one of the names of 72 scientists inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

See also

• Hypophosphorous acid
• Phosphorus pentachloride

References

<references />

Further reading

• Template:Cite journal English translation: "Research on some important aspects of the theory of heat" from Annals of Philosophy 14, 189 – 198 (1819).

External links

• Template:Cite EB1911