Lord High Constable of England
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The Lord High Constable of England is the seventh of the Great Officers of State,<ref name=eb>Template:Cite EB1911</ref> ranking beneath the Lord Great Chamberlain and above the Earl Marshal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This office is now called out of abeyance only for coronations. The Lord High Constable was originally the commander of the royal armies and the Master of the Horse. He was also, in conjunction with the Earl Marshal, president of the court of chivalry or court of honour. In feudal times, martial law was administered in the court of the Lord High Constable.<ref name=eb/>
The constableship was granted as a grand serjeanty with the Earldom of Hereford by the Empress Matilda to Miles of Gloucester, and was carried by his heiress to the Bohuns, earls of Hereford and Essex. They had a surviving male heir, and still have heirs male, but due to the power of the monarchy the constableship was irregularly given to the Staffords, Dukes of Buckingham; and on the attainder of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, in the reign of Henry VIII, it became merged into the Crown.<ref name=eb/> Since that point it has not existed as a separate office, except as a temporary appointment for the coronation of a monarch or in the event of a trial by combat (albeit only one pro tempore appointment was made in such circumstances, in 1631, and the trial subsequently did not take place);<ref name="Clark1845">Template:Cite book</ref> in other circumstances the Earl Marshal exercises the traditional duties of the office.<ref name=eb/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Lacys and Verduns were hereditary constables of Ireland from the 12th to the 14th century; and the Hays, earls of Erroll, have been hereditary Lord High Constables of Scotland from early in the 14th century.<ref name=eb/><ref name="kk">Template:Cite book</ref>
Lord High Constables of England, 1139–1521
- 1139–1143: Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford
- 1143–1155: Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford
- 1155–1159: Walter of Hereford
- 1159–1164: Henry Fitzmiles
- 1164–1176: Humphrey III de Bohun
- 1176–1220: Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford
- 1220–1275: Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and 1st Earl of Essex
- 1275–1298: Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford
- 1298–1322: Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford
- 1322–1336: John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford
- 1336–1361: Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford
- 1361–1373: Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex and 2nd Earl of Northampton
A cousin was alive who was not granted the titles due to him and his heirs: Gilbert de Bohun, died 1381
- 1373–1397: Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (5th surviving son of King Edward III and husband of Eleanor de Bohun, elder daughter and co-heiress of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford)
- 1397–1399: Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham
- 1399–1403: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
- 1403–?: John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (died 1435)
- 1445–1450: John Beaumont, 1st Viscount Beaumont (died 1460)
- ?–1455: Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
- 1455: Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
- 1455–1456: Richard, Duke of York
- 1456–1460: Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
- 1461–1467: John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
- 1467–1469: Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers
- 1469–1470: Richard, Duke of Gloucester
- 1470–1471: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford
- 1471–1483: Richard, Duke of Gloucester
- 1483: Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
- 1483–1504: Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley
- 1504–1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
Lord High Constables of England, 1522–present
At this point, the office merged with the Crown and was revived only for coronations. It was held at coronations by the following individuals:
See also
- Constable of France, a similar office in France
References
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