Lyman Lemnitzer

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Expand German Template:Infobox military person Lyman Louis Lemnitzer (29 August 1899 – 12 November 1988) was a United States Army general of the Cold War. He notably served as the fourth chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1960 to 1962 and Supreme Allied Commander Europe of NATO from 1963 to 1969. As chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Lemnitzer was responsible for drafting Operation Northwoods, a proposed plan to create support for military action against Cuba, by orchestrating false flag terrorism acts in the United States.

Early life and education

Lemnitzer was born on August 29, 1899, in Honesdale, Pennsylvania.<ref name=Funeral>Template:Cite news</ref> He graduated from Honesdale High School in 1917.

He then entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1920 with a commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps.<ref name=Cullum>Template:Cite book</ref>

Lemnitzer graduated from the Coast Artillery School in 1921, and then served at Fort Adams in Rhode Island and in the Philippines. He was an instructor at West Point from 1926 to 1930.

Lemnitzer served again in the Philippines from 1934 to 1935, and graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1936. He was an instructor at the Coast Artillery School, and graduated from the United States Army War College in 1940.

World War II

At the start of World War II Lemnitzer served with the 70th Coast Artillery Regiment and then the 38th Coast Artillery Brigade. In May 1941, Lemnitzer, then a colonel, was assigned to the War Plans Division of the Army staff, and then to the staff of the Army Ground Forces.

Lemnitzer was promoted to brigadier general in June 1942 and commanded the 34th Coast Artillery Brigade. He was subsequently assigned to General Dwight D. Eisenhower's staff, where he helped plan the invasions of North Africa and Sicily and was promoted to major general in November 1944. Lemnitzer was one of the senior officers sent to negotiate the Italian fascist surrender during the secret Operation Sunrise and the German surrender in 1945.

Cold War

Following the end of World War II, Lemnitzer was assigned to the Strategic Survey Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and was later named deputy commandant of the National War College. In 1950, at the age of 51, Lemnitzer took parachute training and was placed in command of the 11th Airborne Division. He was assigned to Korea in command of the 7th Infantry Division in November 1951 and was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1952.

Lemnitzer was promoted to the rank of general and named commander-in-chief of Far East Command and of the Eighth Army in March 1955. Stationed in Tokyo, Lemnitzer was the final military governor of Allied-occupied Japan before the American military administration was officially abolished on July 1, 1957. Lemnitzer was appointed Vice Chief of Staff of the Army in June 1957, then Chief of Staff of the Army in July 1959.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Lemnitzer was appointed Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in September 1960 allowing to remain on active duty despite having reached the mandatory retirement age of 60. As chairman, Lemnitzer was involved in the Bay of Pigs crisis and the early years of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Lemnitzer was dismayed by Kennedy's refusal to approve strikes in Cuba during the invasion, describing it as "absolutely reprehensible, almost criminal".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was also required to testify before the United States Senate Foreign Affairs Committee about his knowledge of the activities of Major General Edwin Walker, who had been dismissed from the Army over alleged attempts to promote his political beliefs in the military.

As chairman, Lemnitzer approved the plans known as Operation Northwoods in 1962, a proposed plan to discredit the Castro regime and create support for military action against Cuba by orchestrating false flag acts of terrorism and developing "a Communist Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area, in other Florida cities and even in Washington". Lemnitzer presented the plans to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara on 13 March 1962. It is unclear how McNamara reacted, but three days later President John F. Kennedy told the general that there was no chance that the US would take military action against Cuba. Within a few months, after the refusal to endorse Operation Northwoods, Lemnitzer was denied another term as chairman.<ref>ABC News: U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba</ref>

NATO command

In November 1962, Lemnitzer was appointed as commander of U.S. European Command and as NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe, which was a positional demotion from being chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. His time in command saw the Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 and the withdrawal of NATO forces from France in 1966. Known somewhat for his eccentric personality, instead of carrying in place a regulation M1911 semi-automatic pistol which was commonly used by general officers, General Lemnitzer preferred to carry a long-barrelled M-16 Rifle as his personal firearm.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Lemnitzer is the only person to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs Staff and then serve in another U.S. military command after his term as chairman ended.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Later life and death

Lemnitzer retired from the military in July 1969. His 14-year tenure as a four star general on active duty is the second longest at that rank in the history of the U.S. Army, after General William T. Sherman who held that rank from 1869 to 1884. He was the only person in history to serve as Army Chief of Staff, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and as Supreme Allied Commander for NATO.

General Lemnitzer is one of only five officers in the history of the United States Army to have actively served as a general during three major wars (World War II, Korea and Vietnam). The others were Winfield Scott (War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War), Douglas MacArthur (World War I, World War II and Korea), Maxwell D. Taylor (World War II, Korea, Vietnam) and Lewis Hershey (World War II, Korea, Vietnam).

In 1975, President Gerald Ford appointed Lemnitzer to the Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, also known as the Rockefeller Commission, to investigate whether the CIA had committed acts that violated US laws, and allegations that E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis (of Watergate fame) were involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Lemnitzer died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on 12 November 1988, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.<ref name=Funeral/> His wife, Katherine Tryon Lemnitzer (1901–1994), is buried with him.

Awards and decorations

Lemnitzer was awarded numerous military awards and decorations<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including but not limited to:

	Distinguished Rifleman
	Basic Parachutist Badge
	SACEUR badge

Template:Ribbon devices	Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters
Template:Ribbon devices	Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	Silver Star
Template:Ribbon devices	Legion of Merit Degree of Officer
Template:Ribbon devices	Legion of Merit Degree of Legionnaire
Template:Ribbon devices	Presidential Medal of Freedom (Awarded by President Reagan, June 23, 1987)
Template:Ribbon devices	World War I Victory Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	American Defense Service Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	American Campaign Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (with two campaign stars)
Template:Ribbon devices	World War II Victory Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
Template:Ribbon devices	National Defense Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
Template:Ribbon devices	Korean Service Medal (with two service stars)

Foreign decorations

Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Cross of the Légion d'Honneur (France)
Template:Ribbon devices	Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Cross of the Military Order of Italy (Italy)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (Italy)
Template:Ribbon devices	Dutch Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Orange-Nassau, with Swords (Netherlands)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Officer of the Order of Boyaca (Colombia)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Cordon First Class of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Officer of the Order of Military Merit (Brazil)
Template:Ribbon devices	Order of Military Merit Teaguk (Korea)
Template:Ribbon devices	Order of Military Merit Teaguk with Gold Star (Korea)
Template:Ribbon devices	Order of National Security Merit Gugseon with Silver Star (Korea)
Template:Ribbon devices	Gold Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
	Philippine Legion of Honor, Chief Commander
Template:Ribbon devices	Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (Thailand)
Template:Ribbon devices	Royal Order of the White Eagle, Class II (Yugoslavia)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand Star of Military Merit (Chile)
Template:Ribbon devices	Order of Menelik II (Ethiopia)
Template:Ribbon devices	Grand-Cross of the Portuguese Order of Aviz<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Ribbon devices	Honorary Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (Great Britain)
Template:Ribbon devices	Honorary Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (Great Britain)
Template:Ribbon devices	Croix de Guerre with bronze Palm (France)
Template:Ribbon devices	Bundeswehr Cross of Honour in Gold (Germany)
Template:Ribbon devices	Medal for Military Merit, First Class (Czechoslovakia)
Template:Ribbon devices	Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation
Template:Ribbon devices	United Nations Korea Medal
Template:Ribbon devices	Medalha de Guerra (Brazil)
Template:Ribbon devices	Korean War Service Medal

Lemnitzer was a Freemason.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His portrait as Supreme Allied Commander Europe shows him wearing a masonic ring.

Dates of rank


Insignia	Rank	Component	Date
No insignia	Cadet	United States Military Academy	14 June 1918
	Second Lieutenant	Regular Army	2 July 1920
	First Lieutenant	Regular Army	9 June 1925
	Captain	Regular Army	1 August 1935
	Major	Regular Army	1 July 1940
	Lieutenant Colonel	Army of the United States	11 December 1941
	Colonel	Army of the United States	11 June 1942
	Brigadier General	Army of the United States	25 June 1942
	Lieutenant Colonel	Regular Army	2 July 1943
	Major General	Army of the United States	7 May 1944
	Brigadier General	Regular Army	24 January 1948
	Major General	Regular Army	6 August 1951
	Lieutenant General	Army of the United States	1 August 1952
	General	Army of the United States	25 March 1955
	General	Retired List	30 June 1969