Maghrebi Arabic
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Redirect Template:Infobox language Maghrebi Arabic,Template:Efn often known as ad-DārijaTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> to differentiate it from Literary Arabic,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb. It includes the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, Hassaniya and Saharan Arabic dialects.
Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly Semitic and Arabic vocabulary,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Abdou Elimam">Template:Cite book</ref> although it contains a significant number of Berber loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Maghrebi Arabic was formerly spoken in Al-Andalus and Sicily until the 17th and 13th centuries, respectively, in the extinct forms of Andalusi Arabic and Siculo-Arabic. The Maltese language is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim Sicily that ultimately originates from Tunisia, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.<ref>Template:Cite Q</ref>
Proto-Maghrebi Arabic
Phonology
The common ancestor of Maghrebi Arabic had the same phonology as Modern Standard Arabic, with a few key differences.
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | (Template:IPA link)* | (Template:IPA link)* | ||
| Open | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
Notes: * The Arabic diphthongs Template:IPA and Template:IPA have mostly collapsed into Template:IPA and Template:IPA in most Maghrebi dialects west of Libya, unlike the phonemes Template:IPA and Template:IPA in Mashriqi dialects. e.g. لون ('color') Template:IPA and عين ('eye') Template:IPA in Standard Arabic are pronounced Template:IPA and Template:IPA in Maghrebi dialects (Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian), and pronounced Template:IPA and Template:IPA in Libyan and Mashriqi dialects.
* Classical Arabic Template:IPA and Template:IPA merged with each other in all varieties of Arabic.
Vocabulary
Maghrebi regionalisms are mostly reduced forms of Arabic phrases.
*ذَرْوَكْت (*ḏarwakt) < ذَا اَلوَقْت (ḏā al-waqt)
*أشكون (*ʔaškōn) < أَيُّ شَيْء كَوْن (*ʔēš *kōn < ʔayy šayʔ kawn)
Grammar
Proto-Maghrebi had already lost all nunation and most of the i'rāb, with the exception of the adverbial accusative, which was unproductive.
An n- prefix is added to the first person singular in some verb forms, which distinguishes maghrebi Arabic from all other varieties of Arabic.
Name
Darija, Derija or Delja (Template:Langx) means "everyday/colloquial dialect";<ref>Template:Cite book; Template:Cite book</ref> it is also rendered as Template:Transliteration, derija or darja. It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as Dzayri (Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as Tounsi (Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as Masri (Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as Lubnani (Lebanese).
In contrast, the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as Template:Transliteration (Template:Lang), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as el-logha d-darga.
History and origin
Template:Main Maghrebi Arabic can be divided into two lineages in North Africa. One originates from the urban Arabs and dates back to the Arab Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th and 8th centuries, referred to as Pre-Hilalian Arabic. The other stems from the Bedouin Arabic varieties brought in by the Bedouin Arab tribes of Banu Hilal, Banu Sulaym and Ma'qil in the 11th and 12th centuries, termed as Hilalian Arabic.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The Pre-Hilalian varieties were largely bedouinized by the Hilalian migrations in the 11th century, producing hybrid varieties that combined both pre-Hilalian and Hilalian features.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> This led to the choice of Banu Hilal's Arabic as the lingua franca of the Maghreb.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> This variety, with influences from Berber languages and Punic, gave rise to the modern Arabic varieties in the Maghreb spoken by the vast majority of Maghrebis.<ref name=":4" />
The Arabic language was spread across North Africa throughout the Rashidun and Umayyad conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, during which about 150,000 Arabs settled in the Maghreb.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As Arab-led forces established settlements in a triangle encompassing Roman towns and cities such as Tangier, Salé and Walili, Moroccan Arabic began to take form.<ref name=":3" /> Arabization was widespread in cities where both Arabs and Berbers lived, as well as Arab centers and surrounding rural areas. Nevertheless, the Arabization process in the countryside remained gradual until the Hilalian invasions of the 11th century.<ref name=":1" />
Maghrebi Arabic originates from the Bedouin Arabic varieties that were introduced to the Maghreb in the 11th century by Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who effectively accelerated the Arabization of a great part of the Berbers.<ref name=":4" /> Sources estimate that around 1 million Arabs migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Their impact was profound and reshaped the demographic situation and living conditions across the Maghreb. They played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara.<ref name=":1" />
Characteristics
The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use n- as the first-person singular prefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languages
Modern Standard Arabic (Template:Langx) is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular dialect, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly Semitic Arabic vocabulary.<ref name="Abdou Elimam" /> It contains Berber loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Mohand">Template:Cite journal</ref> The dialect may also possess a substratum of Punic.<ref name="maghribi">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Latin substratum
Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum, which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in morphology, this substratum is considered the origin of the plural noun morphemes -əsh/-osh that are common in northern Moroccan dialects,<ref>Template:Cite Q</ref> and probably the loss of gender in the second person singular of personal pronouns verbs, for example in Andalusian Arabic.<ref>Template:Cite Q</ref> The lexicon contains many loanwords from Latin, e.g. Moroccan/Algerian/Tunisian Template:Langx from Template:Wikt-lang (this could also be borrowed from Spanish Template:Wikt-lang);<ref>cf. Template:Cite Q</ref> Template:Langx from Template:Wikt-lang and Template:Langx from Template:Wikt-lang through Berber Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite Q</ref>
Relationship with other languages
Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and conjugate them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions (like passive voice for example). As it is not always written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighboring languages. This is comparable to the evolution of Middle English after the Norman Conquest.Template:Citation needed
See also
Notes
References
<references />
Further reading
- Singer, Hans-Rudolf (1980) “Das Westarabische oder Maghribinische” in Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow (eds.) Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. 249–76.
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