Magical Negro

The Magical Negro (also magic Negro<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or mystical Negro,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with varying capitalization<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>) is a trope in American cinema, television, and literature. In the cinema of the United States, the Magical Negro is a supporting stock character who comes to the aid of the (usually white) protagonists in a film.<ref name=time>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Magical Negro characters, often possessing special insight or mystical powers, have long been a tradition in American fiction.<ref name="race">Template:Cite book</ref> The old-fashioned word "Negro" is used to imply that a "magical Black character" who devotes himself to selflessly helping whites is a throwback to racist stereotypes such as the "Sambo" or "noble savage".<ref name="race" />

The term was popularized in 2001 by film director Spike Lee during a lecture tour of college campuses, in which he expressed his dismay that Hollywood continued to employ this premise. He specially noted the films The Green Mile and The Legend of Bagger Vance, which featured "super-duper magical Negro" characters.<ref name=salon/><ref name="SpikeLee">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name= "Kempley">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="strangehorizons">Template:Cite news</ref>

Usage

Fiction and film

The Magical Negro is a trope in cinema, television, and literature: the character is typically, but not always, "in some way outwardly or inwardly disabled, either by discrimination, disability or social constraint". The "Negro" is often a janitor or prisoner.<ref name="Hicks">Template:Cite journal</ref> The character often has no past but simply appears one day to help the white protagonist.<ref name="ejumpcut">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They usually have some sort of magical power, "rather vaguely defined but not the sort of thing one typically encounters."<ref name="ejumpcut" /> The character is patient and wise, often dispensing various words of wisdom, and is "closer to the earth".<ref name="strangehorizons" /> The character will also do almost anything, including sacrificing themselves, to save the white protagonist, as exemplified in The Defiant Ones, in which Sidney Poitier plays the prototypical Magical Negro.<ref name="strangehorizons" />

File:Tony Curtis-Sidney Poitier in The Defiant Ones trailer.jpg

Screenshot with Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier from 1958 Hollywood film The Defiant Ones

Film critic Matt Zoller Seitz stated that the trope "takes a subject that some white folks find unpleasant or even troubling to ponder (imagining that resentful black people's status in a country that, 50 years after the start of the modern civil rights struggle, is still run by, and mostly for, whites) and turns it into a source of gentle reassurance".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Film reviewer Audrey Colombe argues that the trope has been perpetuated by the overwhelmingly White blockbuster film industry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Film director and writer Spike Lee said in 2001 that the White-dominated film industry is "still doing the same old thing ... recycling the noble savage and the happy slave".<ref>Director Spike Lee slams 'same old' black stereotypes in today's films</ref>Template:Fcn

Racism historians Francisco Bethencourt and John Beusterien trace the trope to late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century Spanish Template:Lang and their depiction of black "savior soldiers", who reinforce the stereotype of the supposed greater physical strength of Africans. These include Template:Lang and Template:Lang by Lope de Vega and Template:Lang by Andrés de Claramonte.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Christopher John Farley, referring to the magical Negro as "Magical African American Friends" (MAAFs), says they are rooted in screenwriters' ignorance of African Americans:

The Magical Negro stereotype serves as a plot device to help the white protagonist get out of trouble, typically through helping the white character recognize his own faults and overcome them<ref name="strangehorizons" /> and teaching him to be a better person.<ref>Zuleyka Zevallosm (January 24, 2012). "Hollywood Racism: The Magical Negro Trope". Other Sociologist. Accessed July 16, 2016. Template:Webarchive.</ref> Although the character may have magical powers, the "magic is ostensibly directed toward helping and enlightening a white male character".<ref name="Hicks" /><ref name=Gabbard>Template:Cite book</ref> An article in a 2009 edition of the journal Social Problems stated the Magical Negro was an expression of racial profiling within the United States:

In 2001, Spike Lee used the term in a series of talks on college campuses to criticize the stereotypical, unreal roles created for black men in films that were recent at that time, naming The Family Man (2000), What Dreams May Come (1998), The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), and The Green Mile (1999) as examples.<ref name=salon>Template:Cite news</ref> Talking about the time and place in which Bagger Vance is set, he said:

He went on to discuss his desire to create films showing black people doing all kinds of things.<ref name="SpikeLee"/>

In a book published in 2004, writer Krin Gabbard claimed that the Oda Mae Brown character in the 1990 movie Ghost, played by Whoopi Goldberg, was an example of a Magical Negress.<ref name=Gabbard/>Template:Rp

In 2012, writer Kia Miakka Natisse discussed actor Morgan Freeman playing parts conforming to the Magical Negro form, such as "a doctor who creates a prosthetic tail for a dolphin (in Dolphin Tale), and an ailing CIA mentor (in Red) – in both roles he reprises the Magical Negro type, coming to save the day for his imperiled white counterparts. One could argue his gadget guru in The Dark Knight Rises fits under that same umbrella."<ref>Natisse, Kia Miakka (June 6, 2012). "Morgan Freeman, it's time to retire the 'Magical Negro' role". TheGrio. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Chris Rock made references to the trope on his show The Chris Rock Show, including one critical of The Legend of Bagger Vance, entitled "Migger, the Magic Nigger". Keegan-Michael Key and Jordan Peele, of MADtv and Key and Peele fame, followed suit in both shows with their own critical Magical Negro sketches.Template:Cn<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref>

The 2019 indie film Cold Brook, written and directed by William Fichtner, includes a Magical Negro named Gil Le Doux, played by Harold Perrineau. The role is a century-old trapped ghost who is saved by two middle-aged men experiencing midlife crises.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The 2024 film The American Society of Magical Negroes critiques and satirizes the magical negro trope by portraying a secret society of African-Americans who make it their job to keep White people comfortable. The film was not well-received, with critiques of it being too safe to make any commentary.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Barack Obama

In March 2007, American critic David Ehrenstein used the title "Obama the 'Magic NegroTemplate:'" for an editorial he wrote for the Los Angeles Times, in which he described Barack Obama's image in white American culture:

Discussing the Ehrenstein editorial at length, Rush Limbaugh at one point sang the words, "Barack the magic negro" to the tune of song "Puff, the Magic Dragon".<ref name="driveby">"Liberal Calls Obama 'Magic NegroTemplate:'" (transcript). Rush Limbaugh Show. March 19, 2007.</ref><ref>"Latching onto L.A. Times op-ed, Limbaugh sings 'Barack, The Magic NegroTemplate:'". Media Matters. March 20, 2007. Template:Webarchive. Song is at 11:30.</ref> Shortly after that Paul Shanklin recorded a song about Barack the Magic Negro set to that same tune, which Limbaugh played numerous times throughout the 2008 presidential election season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Christmas 2008, Chip Saltsman, a Republican politician and chair of the Tennessee Republican Party, sent a 41-track CD containing the song to members of the Republican National Committee during the Republican National Committee chairmanship election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Saltsman's campaign imploded as a result of the controversy caused by the CD, and he withdrew from the race.<ref name="NYT_Nagourney_20090129">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In May 2015, theater and cultural critic Frank Rich, looking back at the coincidence of the 2015 Baltimore protests with the annual White House Correspondents' dinner in Washington, DC, wrote: "What made this particular instance poignant was the presence in the ballroom of our first African-American president, the Magic Negro who was somehow expected to relieve a nation founded and built on slavery from the toxic burdens of centuries of history."<ref>Rich, Frank (May 17, 2015). "Why do America's riots so precisely mirror each other, generation after generation after generation?" New York. Retrieved August 17, 2015. Template:Webarchive.</ref>

External links

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