Manuel Pinto da Costa

Template:Short description Template:Portuguese name Template:Expand Polish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Manuel Pinto da Costa (born 5 August 1937) is a Santomean economist and politician who served as the first president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He again served as president from 2011 to 2016.

Life and career

Educated in East Germany, he is fluent in Portuguese and German. Until the early 1990s, the MLSTP maintained extensive relations with Angola and the MPLA, with Pinto da Costa himself having enjoyed a friendly relationship with José Eduardo dos Santos, the President of Angola, extending back to when they were both young men.<ref>John Ghazvinian. Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil. Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. pp. 231–232.</ref>

In 1991, the legalisation of opposition political parties led to the country's first election under a democratic system. Pinto da Costa did not contest the election and instead announced he would retire from politics. The MLSTP did not present an alternative candidate, and Miguel Trovoada was elected unopposed. Despite his previous declaration, Pinto da Costa returned to contest elections in 1996, but was narrowly defeated, taking 47.26% of the vote, by Trovoada. In 2001, he ran against incumbent president Fradique de Menezes, who won a majority in the first round.<ref name="veiga1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe, African Elections Database.</ref>

Pinto da Costa was elected leader of the MLSTP in May 1998. He resigned from the party in February 2005 and Guilherme Posser da Costa was elected to succeed him.<ref>"Election de maréchal pour Guilherme Posser da Costa" Template:Webarchive, AfriqueCentrale.info, 27 February 2006.</ref>

In the July 2011 presidential election, he ran as an independent. He won the most votes in the first round but failed to receive the required majority. In a run-off round on 7 August, he defeated rival Evaristo Carvalho from the Independent Democratic Action party (Template:Langx, ADI), taking 53% of the votes.<ref name="publico">Template:Cite news</ref> During the campaign, he focused on the need for political stability and promised to tackle widespread corruption.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His bid was given the backing of most of the other major candidates, including former Prime Minister Maria das Neves, who claimed "Pinto da Costa's plan could bring more hope to our country".<ref name="veiga2">Template:Cite news</ref> Some analysts, however, raised concerns that the former president's victory might trigger a return to the authoritarian rule seen during his previous period in power.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He took office on 3 September 2011.

In the 2016 election, he qualified for the second round, but then boycotted the second round, so he stepped down, and the opposition won.