Marble Hill, Manhattan
Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Marble Hill is the northernmost neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Although once part of Manhattan Island, a large modern shipping canal was dug to its south over a small earlier canal in the late 19th century. The neighborhood was then connected by land reclamation to the mainland in the early 20th century. The Bronx surrounds the neighborhood to the west, north, and east, while the Harlem River is its southern border.
The area of Marble Hill became a Dutch colonial settlement in 1646. It served as a crossing point to the mainland when the colonial British had the King's Bridge constructed in 1693 to span the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. It gained its current name in 1891 from the Tuckahoe marble deposits discovered underneath the neighborhood.
Marble Hill was once the northernmost tip of the island of Manhattan.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> The Spuyten Duyvil Creek flowed around the neighborhood to the north, separating Marble Hill from the Bronx, and by extension, the North American mainland. Marble Hill became an island in 1817, when two small streams were dug up to form a narrow canal. The waterway ran from the Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the Harlem River.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref>
The mill canal was expanded in 1895 to become the Harlem River Ship Canal. The new channel, constructed at the direction of the federal government, was Template:Convert wide and at least Template:Convert deep at its completion. Marble Hill remained an island until it was physically connected to the Bronx in 1913, when the old northern bend of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
The boundaries of the neighborhood are approximately between Terrace View Avenue and Johnson Avenue to the west, between 228th Street and 230th Street to the north, and cutting through the Marble Hill Houses and River Plaza Shopping Center to the east.<ref name="GMaps">Template:Google maps</ref> It is connected to the rest of Manhattan by the Broadway Bridge.<ref>Lord, Anne W. "Marble Hill history literally is water under the bridge", Riverdale Press, August 3, 2018. Accessed January 8, 2024. "A pedestrian walks over the Broadway Bridge towards Manhattan from Marble Hill. The bridge passes over what was once known as the Harlem Ship Canal, which severed Marble Hill from the island of Manhattan, making it geographically a part of the Bronx, though to this day it remains politically a part of Manhattan."</ref>
Because of this change in topography, Marble Hill is often associated with the Bronx and is part of Bronx Community District 8.<ref name="NYCPlanningBx8"/> In addition, Marble Hill has a Bronx ZIP Code of 10463,<ref name="zipmaps"/> and is served by the New York City Police Department's 50th Precinct, headquartered in the Bronx.<ref name="NYPD 50th Precinct"/> Unlike the rest of Manhattan, it carries the Bronx area codes 718, 347, and 929, which are overlaid by the citywide area code 917.
History
Colonial era
Marble Hill has been occupied since the Dutch colonial period. On August 18, 1646, Governor Willem Kieft, the Dutch Director of New Netherland, signed a land grant to Mattius Jansen van Keulan and Huyck Aertsen which included the whole of the present community. Johannes Verveelen petitioned the Harlem authorities to move his ferry from what is now the East River and 125th Street to Spuyten Duyvil Creek because the creek was shallow enough to wade across, thus providing a means of evading the toll. The ferry charter was granted in 1667. Many settlers circumvented the toll for the ferry by crossing the creek from northern Marble Hill to modern Kingsbridge, Bronx, a point where it was feasible to wade or swim through the waters.<ref name="Jenkins1912">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk">* Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web</ref> In 1669 Verveelen transplanted his ferry to the northern tip of Marble Hill, at today's Broadway and West 231st Street.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk" /><ref name="TibbettGdns-Jan1987">Template:Cite web</ref>
Bridges
Two bridges connected Marble Hill with the mainland: the King's Bridge<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12" /><ref name=ForgottenNewYork/><ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Dyckman Free Bridge.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk" /><ref name=":4" /> In 1693 Frederick Philipse, a Frisian-born merchant who had sworn allegiance to the Crown upon the British takeover of Dutch New Netherlands in 1664, built the King's Bridge at Marble Hill near what is now West 230th Street in the Bronx.<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=ForgottenNewYork>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn A prominent trader in New Amsterdam, Philipse had purchased vast landholdings in what was then Westchester County during the 1670s and 1680s.<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12" /> Granted the title Lord of Philipse Manor, he established a plantation and provisioning depot for his shipping business upriver on the Hudson in present-day Sleepy Hollow. His toll bridge provided access and opened his land to settlement. Later, it carried the Boston Post Road.<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12"/><ref name=ForgottenNewYork/>
In 1758, the Free Bridge was erected by Jacob Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk" /> It opened on January 1, 1759.<ref name="Jenkins1912"/><ref name="Flexner1992">Template:Cite book</ref> Its purpose was to serve the farmers who refused to pay the toll.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> Stagecoach service was later established across the span.<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12" />Template:Sfn The new bridge proceeded to take much of the traffic away from the King's Bridge.<ref name="Jenkins1912"/><ref name="Flexner1992"/>
One of the local visiting spots during this period was a tavern operated by the Dyckman family, which also owned the Dyckman House. The tavern was situated to cater to the traffic from both bridges. In 1772 the Dyckmans sold the tavern to Caleb Hyatt, known afterwards as Hyatt's Tavern at the Free Bridge.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> The Dyckmans used the proceeds to finance a new operation on the west side of Broadway and 226th Street that was to be managed by Benjamin Palmer, who owned property on City Island.
American Revolution
When hostilities broke out at the start of the American Revolution, the Continental Army constructed a fort on Marble Hill as part of a series of forts to defend the area. By November 1776, the fort had been taken over by Hessian forces and renamed Fort Prince Charles in honor of Charles, Duke of Brunswick, brother-in-law to George III. Despite contrary beliefs, the King's Bridge and the Dyckman Free Bridge served as escape routes for the retreating American forces after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16, 1776. The latter of these bridges was destroyed during the war.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk" /> In January 1777, an American attack was made in the Marble Hill area against the Hessian occupiers. This particular raid was under the command of General William Heath, which, when the cannons opened up, forced the Hessians to retreat from the tavern to the fort to return fire.
Hyatt's Tavern remained in the Hyatt family until 1807, when it was leased to James Devoe. The building was eventually razed, succeeded by the Kingsbridge Hotel on the east side of Broadway at 226th Street.<ref name=":2" /> The hotel had a mansard roof and a central turret. It catered to the anglers and sportsman who came to the area either by the Hudson River Railroad Company or boat service up the Harlem River. One of the meals served at the hotel was turtle dinner, which became a favorite of the guests.<ref name = ":2"/> The hotel's business declined when Broadway was widened and interest was lost in the community. The hotel eventually fell into disrepair and was torn down in 1917.<ref name=":2" />
Philipse Manor was forfeited to the state legislature after the war. Afterward, the King's Bridge was free.<ref name="Jenkins1912"/><ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12" /> In 1817, Curtis and John Bolton purchased land in the area, laying a road called Bolton Road.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their home was on the south side of the community and included a marble mill.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The name of Marble Hill was conceived when Darius C. Crosby came up with the name in 1891 from the Template:Convert<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> deposits of dolomite marble underlying it, a relatively soft rock that crops out in Inwood and Marble Hill, known as Inwood marble. The marble was quarried for the federal buildings in lower Manhattan when New York was the capital of the United States in the 1780s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Saint Stephen's United Methodist Church, a community fixture since its 1898 construction, is located at 228th Street and Marble Hill Avenue.<ref name="Wisnieski 2010"/> It is the third structure of the same name, as well as one of the oldest remaining buildings in Marble Hill. The congregation was founded on Mosholu Parkway in 1826 and was incorporated a decade later, making it one of the earliest religious institutions in the area. It moved to another structure in Riverdale in 1876.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The church building was restored in the 1950s, and again in 2010.<ref name="Wisnieski 2010">Template:Cite web</ref> One of its corners, the one closest to the intersection, has a tall bell tower. There are circular stained glass windows facing both streets. Inside is an Akron Plan-inspired setup with balconies and an auditorium that is laid out like an amphitheater.<ref name="Wisnieski 2010" /> One of the pastors of St. Stephen's was Reverend William Tieck, who served the church from 1946 to 1977. Tieck was the official Bronx County historian from 1989 to 1996, authoring several books about the Bronx.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Separation from Manhattan Island
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Marble Hill once unmistakably belonged to Manhattan, forming the island's northernmost tip.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> The Spuyten Duyvil Creek flowed to the neighborhood's north, connecting the Hudson and Harlem Rivers. The creek separated Marble Hill from the Bronx, and by extension, the North American mainland. Marble Hill became an island in its own right in 1817, when two small streams were dug up to form a 30-foot-wide canal. This waterway ran 1500 feet east–west from the Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the Harlem River at approximately 222nd Street, cutting off Marble Hill from Manhattan Island. Known at different times as Dyckman's Canal, Boltons’ Canal, or Nichols’ Canal, the waterway once powered Curtis and John Bolton's marble mill, which sat alongside it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
After an increase in ship traffic in the 1890s, the United States Army Corps of Engineers determined that a wide canal was needed for a shipping route between the Hudson and Harlem rivers. Such a canal had been proposed since the early 19th century.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Construction of such a waterway, the Harlem River Ship Channel,Template:Sfn finally started in January 1888.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The canal was to be Template:Convert in width and had a depth of Template:Convert to Template:Convert. It would be cut directly through the rock of Dyckman's Meadow, making a straight course to the Hudson River.<ref name="CrotonHarlemFSEIS-7-12" />Template:Sfn
The first section of the canal, the cut at Marble Hill, was completed in 1895 and opened on June 17 of that year.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk" />Template:Sfn<ref name="NYTimes-HarlemCanalOpen-Jun171895"/> Several festivities including parades were held to commemorate the occasion.<ref name="NYTimes-HarlemCanalOpen-Jun171895">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This rendered Marble Hill an island bounded by the canal to the south and the original course of the Harlem River to the north.<ref name="New York 1 News">Template:Cite web</ref> The Greater New York Charter of 1897 designated Marble Hill as part of the Borough of Manhattan.<ref name="Bloom 1995" /> A bridge opened over the former Marble Hill alignment of the creek in 1900, carrying Broadway. The bridge's superstructure was demolished shortly afterward, with the construction of the IRT subway above Broadway in 1904.<ref name="nyht19280115">Template:Cite news</ref>
Marble Hill remained an island for years until it was physically connected to the Bronx in 1913, when the old Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in with rocks that were removed to build Grand Central Terminal in central Manhattan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Tax Block & Tax Lot Base Map Files on CD-ROM Template:Webarchive, New York City Department of City Planning. Accessed July 26, 2007. "Marble Hill is a neighborhood that is part of the borough of Manhattan but is administratively often included with neighboring areas of the Bronx. Parts of Marble Hill are within Bronx Community District 7; the rest is within Bronx Community District 8."</ref> Both the King's and Dyckman Free Bridges were covered over with landfill.<ref name=":4" /> The bridge carrying Broadway over the former alignment of the creek at 230th Street was destroyed in the late 1920s.<ref name="nyht19280115" /> At 210 West 230th Street, at the southwest corner with Broadway, is a plaque designating the area as the site of the King's Bridge. The site of the Dyckman Free Bridge is located on the grounds of today's Marble Hill Houses.<ref name="ForgottenNewYork" />
On January 1, 1914, following passage of an act of the New York State Legislature, Bronx County was created, but Marble Hill remained part of New York County.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p.1352.</ref>
Character
Housing
Six-story apartment houses were constructed in the 20th century, and in the early 1950s urban renewal came to the area. A complex was built bounded by Broadway, Exterior Street and 225th Street and was called the Marble Hill Houses. This property was acquired by New York City on August 26, 1948. The houses were completed in 1952.<ref name="NYCParks1948" /> Part of the acquisition became the Marble Hill Playground, which is located on Marble Hill Avenue between 228th and 230th Streets.<ref name="NYCParks1948">Template:Cite web</ref> Despite the name, only seven of the 11 towers are actually in Marble Hill; the other four are in Kingsbridge.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/>
Out of Marble Hill's 4,000 households, only 135 lived in private houses Template:As of,<ref name="Bloom 1995"/> down from 138 such households in 1989.<ref name="nyt19890219"/> The majority of Marble Hill's 9,481 residents (as of the 2010 United States census)<ref name="stats"/><ref name="point2homes"/> live in the Marble Hill Houses.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003" /> There are also Art Deco apartment buildings lining some streets. These buildings even boast one pedestrian alley, Marble Hill Lane, in a manner similar to in Inwood and surrounding Bronx neighborhoods.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/>
Private residences in Marble Hill include detached single- and two-story houses.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/> It is not uncommon to see a detached house next to a multilevel apartment building in Marble Hill.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> The neighborhood is described as cozy, with neighbors watching out for one another, and a sense of "community spirit."<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/> The blocks of Marble Hill with these single-story houses were described as a "well-kept secret": relatively cheap, with ample space and a backyard. In 1995 one reporter wrote of these houses, "Where else in Manhattan can you find a six-bedroom, three-story house on a quiet, tree-lined street with an attic, a basement, an enclosed front porch and a pretty facade for sale for $174,000? Or a three-family house with six bedrooms on an architecturally magnificent street with an asking price of $295,000?"<ref name="Bloom 1995">Template:Cite web</ref>
Street naming
Many of the neighborhood's streets were named for Dutch settlers to Marble Hill. For instance, Teunissen Place, a dead-end alley off Terrace View Avenue to the neighborhood's west, is named after Tobias Teunissen, a wool washer from Leyden, Holland, who came to the area in 1636.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> He applied for and received a land grant to live in Inwood near 213th Street. Occasionally he had worked on the De La Montagne farm, which was in what is now the Harlem section of Manhattan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Teunissen was killed in an Indian raid in 1655, and his wife and child were held hostage until they were ransomed by the Dutch authorities.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> The Dyckmans and the Nagles, who owned land in Inwood, purchased the Teunissen property in 1677.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Adrian Avenue is named after Adriaen van der Donck, an early lawyer in New Amsterdam. With permission, he bought a strip of land from local Native American tribes in 1646. This land stretched from Spuyten Duyvil to present-day Yonkers along the Hudson coastline.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/>
Van Corlear Place, which comprises half of a U-shaped street curving around Marble Hill, has detached one- and two-family homes in addition to a few brick townhouses. It was named after Anthony Van Corlaer, a messenger of New Amsterdam Governor-General Peter Stuyvesant who was sent to the mainland Bronx for backup soldiers following reports of attempts by British forces to seize New Amsterdam.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> In Washington Irving's book A History of New York, van Corlaer is said to have drowned while crossing Spuyten Duyvil Creek.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The street's name is misspelled.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/>
Jacobus Place, the other half of the U-shape that includes Van Corlear Place, has both a large brick apartment building and freestanding private houses with diverse designs. It is named after Jacob (Jacobus) Dyckman,<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> the owner of the Dyckman Tavern and a sponsor of the Dyckman Free Bridge.<ref name="NYCPks-SpuytenDuyvilCrk"/>
Fort Charles Place remains as a token of the Hessian-named Fort Prince Charles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Shopping mall
River Plaza, a shopping mall located on 40 West 225th Street between Broadway and Exterior Street and overlooking the Harlem River, opened in August 2004. It is the commercial center for Marble Hill. It cost $90 million and has a floor area of Template:Cvt. The mall, which has an open-air format in which the passageways between stores are outdoors, has a 640-space parking lot on the roof. In 2002, before construction, developers purchased adjacent land from six owners, with the largest building on these lots being a deteriorating, Template:Frac-floor, Template:Cvt warehouse owned by NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Since the building could not be renovated cheaply enough, it was demolished. The mall was built on a foundation of soft soil and a shallow water table, so builders had to place 1,500 concrete-capped steel piles into the soil. The finished building was designed to retain views of landmarks like the George Washington Bridge and the Empire State Building.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Demographics
For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Marble Hill as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area encompassing Inwood and Marble Hill.<ref>New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> Based on data from the 2010 United States census, the population of Inwood and Marble Hill was 46,746, a change of -2,341 (-5%) from the 49,087 counted in 2000. Covering an area of Template:Convert, the neighborhood had a population density of Template:Convert.<ref name="PLP5">Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 15.1% (7,060) White, 9.1% (4,239) African American, 0.1% (64) Native American, 1.9% (884) Asian, 0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (179) from other races, and 1% (458) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 72.4% (33,857) of the population.<ref name="PLP3A">Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>
The racial composition of Marble Hill and Inwood changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the Black population's decrease by 13% (661) and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 5% (1,880). Meanwhile, the White population grew by 5% (335) and remained a minority, as with the Asian population which grew by 11% (86); the small population of all other races decreased by 24% (221).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The entirety of Bronx Community District 8, which comprises Marble Hill as well as Kingsbridge, Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil, Fieldston, and Van Cortlandt Village, had 102,927 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 80.9 years.<ref name="CHP2018">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp This is about the slightly lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp Most inhabitants are children and middle-aged adults: 28% are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45 and 64, and 20% are between 0–17. The proportion of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp
As of 2019, the median household income in Bronx Community District 8 was $47,000 compared to $53,000 in the entire city. In 2019, an estimated 15% of residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 52% in Community District 8, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Community District 8 is not considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was not low-income in 1990.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp
Police and crime
Marble Hill is patrolled by the 50th Precinct of the NYPD in the Bronx, located at 3450 Kingsbridge Avenue.<ref name="NYPD 50th Precinct">Template:Cite web</ref> The 50th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.9% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported three murders, 22 rapes, 185 robberies, 213 felony assaults, 126 burglaries, 695 grand larcenies, and 288 grand larcenies auto in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of, Bronx Community District 8 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 40 per 100,000 people, compared to the Bronx's rate of 113 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 225 per 100,000 people, compared to the Bronx's rate of 670 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.<ref name="CHP2018" />Template:Rp
Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 50th Precinct had a rate of 363 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the Bronx's average of 851 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.<ref name = "crime map"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults in Marble Hill was on Broadway between 225th Street and 228th Street, where there were 13 felony assaults. The highest concentration of robberies was nearby, at the intersection of Broadway and 225th Street, where there were 8 robberies.<ref name = "crime map">Template:Cite web</ref>
Fire safety
Engine Co. 81 and Ladder Co. 46 of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY), at 3025 Bailey Avenue, is the primary or "first due" fire station for Marble Hill.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite FDNY locations</ref>
The Marble Hill Hose Company was organized in 1895 because, at the time, there was no fire station in the neighborhood.<ref name=nyt-1895-06-15/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> FDNY horses were unable to climb the neighborhood's steep hills, so the FDNY loaned the company a hose cart; a fire engine was not required because the water pressure in the hydrants were sufficient to propel a stream of water.<ref name=nyt-1895-06-15>Template:Cite news</ref> It was the only independent fire company in Manhattan<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> after the FDNY became a paid fire department in 1865.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Marble Hill Hose Company remained in service for ten years.
Education
Schools
John F. Kennedy High School was built in the former riverbed on the western side of Marble Hill, and was opened in September 1972.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Beginning in fall 2002, smaller high schools were established within the campus.<ref name="smallschools">* Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web</ref> Due to poor academic performance in the 2000s, as well as a series of violent crimes at the school (including the murder of a student),<ref name="Riverdale-JFK-Dec2010">Template:Cite news</ref> the New York City Department of Education made a decision in fall 2010 to close the school, phasing out one grade per year until 2014.<ref>* Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite news</ref> It closed down in 2014,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and six smaller, specialty high schools now occupy its campus: four public, two charter.<ref name="2016NYCSchoolsCatalog">Template:Cite web</ref> Four of these schools were founded in 2002, while the other two were established in 2011 after the decision was made to close John F. Kennedy High School.<ref>See:
- Bronx Engineering and Technology Academy: Template:Cite web
- Bronx School of Law and Finance: Template:Cite web
- Bronx Theatre High School: Template:Cite web
- Marble Hill High School for International Studies: Template:Cite web
- New Visions Charter High School for Advanced Math and Science: Template:Cite web
- New Visions Charter High School for the Humanities: Template:Cite web</ref> The nearest public elementary school is PS 7 Milton Fein School in Kingsbridge, serving grades K–5.<ref name="nyt19890219" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nearby private schools include Horace Mann School, Riverdale Country School, and Ethical Culture Fieldston School. The nearest parochial school is now Good Shepherd, in Inwood. The parochial school formerly serving the neighborhood, St. John's, in Kingsbridge was closed in 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Marble Hill Nursery School, in the Marble Hill Houses, is privately operated with some funding with the city.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/>
Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Kingsbridge branch at 291 West 231st Street, which replaced a building from 1959 located across West 231st Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transportation
In 1905–1906, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad built the Marble Hill station as a replacement for the former Kingsbridge Station used by an affiliate known as the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The station was relocated from the east side of Broadway to the west side in the late-1970s and is now served by the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, which provides commuter railroad service to Grand Central Terminal in midtown Manhattan, locations in the Bronx, and points north.<ref name="map2">Template:Cite web</ref> The station is at the bottom of a substantial cliff.<ref name=ForgottenNewYork/> For the purpose of purchasing Combo Tickets, Metro-North considers Marble Hill to be in the Bronx.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) extended their Broadway–Seventh Avenue line, now part of the New York City Subway, from 145th Street to 242nd Street in 1906.<ref name="242nd2">* Template:Cite news
- Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref> As part of the construction, the IRT built a station at 225th Street.<ref name="242nd2"/> That station is currently served by the Template:NYCS trains.<ref name="map">Template:NYCS const</ref>
The main street through Marble Hill is Broadway, part of U.S. Route 9.<ref name="nyt19890219">Template:Cite news</ref>
Politics
The United States Census Bureau defines Marble Hill as Census Tract 309 of New York County. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 8,463 on a land area of Template:Convert.<ref>Census Tract 309, New York County, New York Template:Webarchive , United States Census Bureau, accessed June 8, 2006</ref> Because Marble Hill is legally part of Manhattan, residents who serve on jury duty go to the courthouses at Foley Square in lower Manhattan.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref>
Political representation
Politically, Marble Hill is in New York's 13th congressional district.<ref>Congressional District 13 Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>New York City Congressional Districts Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> It is in the New York State Senate's 31st district,<ref>Senate District 31 Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>2012 Senate District Maps: New York City Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> the New York State Assembly's 72nd district,<ref>Assembly District 72 Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref><ref>2012 Assembly District Maps: New York City Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed November 17, 2018.</ref> and the New York City Council's 10th district.<ref>Current City Council Districts for New York County Template:Webarchive, New York City. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref> Bronx Community Board 8 is the local community board for Marble Hill.<ref name="NYCPlanningBx8"/>
History of political dispute
On March 11, 1939, as a publicity stunt, Bronx Borough President James J. Lyons planted the Bronx County flag on the rocky promontory at 225th Street and Jacobus Place. Lyons proclaimed Marble Hill as a part of the Bronx and demanded the subservience of its residents to that borough, saying it was "The Bronx Sudetenland", referring to Hitler's 1938 annexation of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The incident was met with boos and nose-thumbing by 50 residents of Marble Hill, who referred to the effort as similar to an "Anschluss".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn Since then, more lighthearted "annexations" have occurred.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Residents of the neighborhood wished to remain residents of Manhattan, and petitions and signatures were gathered to be sent to Governor Herbert H. Lehman to ensure that Marble Hill remain part of Manhattan.<ref name="Bloom 1995" /> In 1984, in response to one Marble Hill resident's refusal to serve on jury duty for a murder case in Manhattan that year due to the resident claiming that she was not a resident of New York County and Manhattan,<ref name=":3" /> New York Supreme Court justice Peter J. McQuillan ruled that Marble Hill was simultaneously part of the Borough of Manhattan (not the Borough of the Bronx) and part of Bronx County (not New York County)<ref>Chambers, Marcia. "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill", The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."</ref> and the matter was definitively settled later that year when the New York Legislature overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.<ref name="Bloom 1995"/><ref>"Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status", The New York Times, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."</ref><ref>Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth., Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."</ref>
The confusion has been so great that when New York City Councilman Guillermo Linares was elected as Marble Hill's representative in 1991, he originally thought the neighborhood was part of the Bronx.<ref name="Bloom 1995"/>
Services
Marble Hill residents remain part of a political district that includes the northernmost areas of Manhattan (Washington Heights and Inwood), but city services – for example, the fire and police departments – come from and are in the Bronx for reasons of convenience and safety, since the only road connection to the rest of Manhattan is a lift bridge, the Broadway Bridge.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/><ref name=oldstuff/> However, medical services are provided from Manhattan Island, and medical vehicles come from Columbia University's Allen Pavilion, also known as the Allen Hospital, a satellite facility of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.<ref name="NYTimes-MarbleHill-2003"/>
Template:AnchorMarble Hill, along with Spuyten Duyvil and Kingsbridge in the Bronx, is located within ZIP Code 10463.<ref name="zipmaps">Template:Cite web</ref> The "104" prefix is used for Bronx localities, while "100" through "102" are reserved for Manhattan addresses<ref name=oldstuff/>Template:Efn – although mail can be addressed to either "New York, New York" using the USPS designator for Manhattan, or to "Bronx, New York" as long as the ZIP Code is accurate. The United States Postal Service operates the Kingsbridge Station post office at 5517 Broadway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1984, area code 718 was created out of area code 212 for the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island;Template:Sfn the Bronx and Marble Hill were added to the 718 area code in 1992. Marble Hill residents unsuccessfully fought to retain the 212 area code, which was considered more prestigious than the 718 area code.<ref name="Bloom 1995" /> Since then, Marble Hill has been in area code 718 (now also served by three overlay codes: 347 and 929 for the outer boroughs, and 917 for the entire city), but residents are listed in both Bronx and Manhattan telephone books.<ref name="oldstuff">Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable people
Notable current and former residents of Marble Hill include:
- Ted Corbitt (1919–2007), pioneering long-distance runner<ref>"Marble Hill street named after Corbitt", Runner's World. Accessed March 26, 2024. "On August 16, 228th Street at Broadway in New York City will be co-named Ted Corbitt Way, in honor of a seminal figure in modern American distance running. The street is in the Marble Hill neighborhood where Corbitt lived for much of his life."</ref>
- Guillermo Linares (born 1951), politician who represented the 72nd Assembly District in the New York State Assembly<ref>Speros, Will. "Linares hopes to build on Marble Hill credentials", Riverdale Press, January 13, 2016. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Assemblyman Guillermo Linares may have his eye on the U.S. Capitol, but he feels right at home in Marble Hill."</ref>
- Justin Pierce (1975–2000), actor and skateboarder<ref>Justin Pierce, Turner Classic Movies. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Born in London but raised in the Marble Hill section of the Bronx and in Washington Heights in Manhattan, Pierce went through a rebellious stage following his parents divorce in 1990, staying out all night, cutting school and shoplifting items like cigarettes and candy."</ref>
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
- "Marble Hill" on Washington Heights and Inwood Online web site
- Official website created by the City of New York