Marie Louise Berneri

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}} Marie Louise Berneri (born Maria Luisa Berneri; 1 March 1918 – 13 April 1949) was an anarchist activist and author. She was born in Arezzo, 50 miles southeast of Florence Italy, the elder daughter of two extremely well-known anarchist parents, Camillo Berneri, an anti-fascist activist, and his wife Giovanna Berneri, a militant libertarian anarchist.<ref>Berneri's younger sister was Giliane, see {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Data on the Berneri's family and their comrades are available in the Italian {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref> However, she spent much of her life in Spain and France - Paris, and finally in England - London. In London she became a member of the editorial collectives of Spain and the World, Revolt! Incorporating Spain and the World, War Commentary and Freedom, to all of which she contributed many articles. She wrote a survey of utopias, Journey Through Utopia, which was first published in 1950 and re-issued in 2020. Neither East Nor West, a collection of her articles in War Commentary and Freedom, was first published in 1952 and republished in 1988.

In December 1948 Berneri gave birth at home to a boy, who died shortly afterwards. She died on 13 April 1949 at the age of 31, from heart failure,Template:Sfn after having contracted a viral infection during childbirth.Template:Sfn With the sole exception of the first paragraph by N W and H B, and ignoring the first paragraph, Ed (2004) reproduced their obituary of Berneri. She was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery and her ashes were scattered in a North London park.Template:Sfn Berneri had four languages: Italian, French, Spanish and English. Fellow English anarchist Colin Ward (2014) reflected: 'I have often wondered about the books she might have written but for the tragedy of her death'.Template:Sfn George Woodcock, the Canadian-born anarchist with whom Berneri closely collaborated, was the last person he said goodbye to before he and his wife left to sail for Canada. He recalled in his 1982 Letter to the past, the first volume of his autobiography, that they discussed the possibility of continuing their collaboration by writing letters to each other recounting their respective childhoods which some day they might publish as a dialogue, which he alluded to in the title of his book.Template:Sfn

Early life

Camillo Berneri took his family to into exile in Paris, France after Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, seized power in 1922. While she was living in Paris, Maria Luisa adopted the French equivalents of her forenames, Marie Louise Berneri.Template:Sfn She passed her baccalauréat and, on the strength of it, began to study psychology at the Sorbonne University. While there, with comrades of various nationalities, she attended an informal class on anarchism that was given by the Russian anarchist Volin.Template:Sfn However, in early May 1937, her father was assassinated by communist gunmen in Barcelona in Spain. Shortly aftwards she left Paris and moved to London.Template:Sfn

Anarchism

Berneri lived in London with fellow anarchist activist Vernon Richards,Template:Sfn who was the son of two Italian émigrés, Emidio Recchioni and his wife Costanza (née Benericetti).<ref>Richards had visited France several times with his father. In 1935 he was expelled from the country for having undertaken anti-fascist activity, following which he anglicized his name to 'Vernon Richards'. Having returned to his home city of London, Richards collaborated with Berneri's father and other Italians on the production of the bilingual Italian and English anti-Mussolini journal Italia Libera/Free Italy (Template:Harvnb), to counter the fascist newspaper Italia Nostra (Template:Harvnb).</ref> Towards the end of the year she married him and consequently became a British citizen. In 1939 she had her first article in War Commentary published. Around 1941 she met George Woodcock, who Herbert Read described her to him as being 'one of the most important members of the Freedom group.'Template:Sfn By the April of 1945 she had become was one of the four editors of War Commentary, who were tried for the crime of incitement to disaffection. Richards and Berneri were worried that, if they all became imprisoned, there would be nobody left to run War Commentary.Template:Sfn Consequently Berneri asked George Woodcock, who had contributed articles to it if he would become its editor. Because Berneri's husband was a co-defendant, she was acquitted on a legal technicality that allows that a wife cannot conspire with her husband. Consequently, Berneri was able to join Woodcock to become a co-editor with him.Template:Sfn

Woodcock (1982) recalled: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Template:In5 'We edited the paper. We read the piles of radical rhetoric that were submitted in the form of articles, and because little of it was up to our standards, we wrote much of the paper ourselves in joint day-long sessions fuelled by strong Italian coffee. We took the copy to the typesetter who operated at the top of an old warehouse in Covent Garden; we read the proofs; we did the layout of each issue; and then we looked after its production in the antiquated printing house in the East End that the Freedom Group had bought for a song in a banruptcy sale.'<ref>The addrees of the printing house was 84a Whitechapel High Street, which was on the corner of Whitechapel High Street and Angel Alley, to be precise the eastern side of it.</ref>Template:Sfn{{#if:|

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In 1948 Berneri attended the first post-war International Anar chist Conference in Paris as a member of the British delegation. Her mother and sister (medical doctor Giliane Berneri) also attended as members of the Italian and French delegations. She received much praise for her Freedom Press pamphlet, the anti-Stalinist Workers in Stalin's Russia (1944).Template:Sfn She was also one of the first people in Britain to promote the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.<ref>Template:Harvnb. See her 1943 below.</ref>

Tributes

Shortly after Berneri's death, her friends formed the Marie Louise Berneri Memorial Committee and in 1949 published the book Marie Louise Berneri 1918-1949. A Tribute,Template:Sfn which contains multiple international tributes to her. One tribute, by Anarchist Press Group (pp. 19–27), was subsequently republished in a 1993 issue of The Raven identifying anarchist physician John Hewetson as the author.Template:Sfn Several authors have subsequently quoted the following sentence from the tribute: Template:Block indent

In 1950, George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumović dedicated their book The anarchist prince A biographical study of Peter Kropotkin to Marie-Louise Berneri, who they described as 'a true disciple of Kropotkin, who died on the 13th April, 1949'.Template:Sfn In 1952 her book Journey Through Utopia was published posthumously with a Forewword by George Woodcock. In 1952 the Marie Louise Berneri Memorial Committee published Neither East Nor West, a collection of fifty-one of her articles from War Commentary, in the foreword to which the editor stated: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

'it is, to our knowledge, the only work in print in which the author takes up an uncompromising position in opposition to both the Western Powers and their hangers-on, and the Soviet Union and its satellites.' (R 1952, p. 12.){{#if:|

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}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }} In 1977 Philip Sansom paid the following tribute to her: 'She was quite exceptional — as a friend, as a comrade, as a militant revolutionary and as a thinker.'Template:Sfn In 1986 N W and H B observed in their obituary of her: 'From 1936 until her death twelve years later, every activity undertaken by Freedom Press was infused by Marie Louise Berneri's personality.'<ref>See Note 1.</ref>

In 2012 David Goodway described her as 'outstandingly gifted'.Template:Sfn In 2018 Kimberly Croswell observed: 'Articulate, insightful, and accessible, Berneri had a readership that spanned the globe. Her influence as a significant critical thinker, radical, and humanitarian continues to this day.' Also: 'Marie Louise Berneri was a woman of her time, yet in addressing the pressing matters of the moment, she asserted the timelessness of the anarchist values of freedom and empathy.'Template:Sfn

Publications

Selected articles

1939

1940s

Books

Notes

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References

Further reading

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Archives

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