Marion Davies
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Marion Davies (born Marion Cecilia Douras;Template:Efn January 3, 1897 – September 22, 1961) was an American actress, producer, screenwriter, and philanthropist. Educated in a religious convent, Davies left the school to pursue a career as a chorus girl. As a teenager, she appeared in several Broadway musicals and one film, Runaway Romany (1917). She soon became a featured performer in the Ziegfeld Follies. While performing in the 1916 Follies, the nineteen-year-old Marion met the fifty-three-year-old newspaper tycoon, William Randolph Hearst, and became his mistress. Hearst took over management of Davies' career and promoted her as a film actress.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/><ref name="Tri-City Herald 1961 2">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Hearst financed Davies’ pictures and promoted her career extensively in his newspapers and Hearst newsreels. He founded Cosmopolitan Pictures to produce her films. By 1924, Davies was the number one female box office star in Hollywood because of the popularity of When Knighthood Was in Flower and Little Old New York, which were among the biggest box-office hits of their respective years.<ref name="Lorusso 2017 p. 96"/> During the zenith of the Jazz Age, Davies became renowned as the hostess of lavish soirees for Hollywood actors and political elites. However, in 1924, her name became linked with scandal when film producer Thomas Ince died at a party aboard Hearst's yacht.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/><ref name="Elley 2001">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Taves 2012 pp. 3–7"/>
Following the decline of her film career during the Great Depression, Davies struggled with alcoholism.<ref name="Brooks 1982 41">Template:Harvnb</ref> She retired from the screen in 1937 to devote herself to an ailing Hearst and charitable work.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> In Hearst's declining years, Davies remained his steadfast companion until his death in 1951.<ref name="Spokane Daily Chronicle 1951 7">Template:Harvnb</ref> Eleven weeks after Hearst's death, she married sea captain Horace Brown.<ref name="The New York Times 1951 30">Template:Harvnb</ref> Their marriage lasted until Davies' death at 64 from malignant osteomyelitis (bone cancer) of the jaw in 1961.<ref name="Guiles 1972 372">Template:Harvnb</ref>
By the time of her death, her popular association with the character of Susan Alexander Kane in the film Citizen Kane (1941) already overshadowed Davies' legacy as a talented actress.<ref name="Guiles 1972 91">Template:Harvnb</ref> The title character's second wife—an untalented singer whom he tries to promote—was widely assumed to be based upon Davies.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> However, many commentators, including writer-director Orson Welles, defended Davies' record as a gifted actress and comedienne to whom Hearst's patronage did more harm than good.<ref name="Welles 1975 Foreword"/> In his final years, Welles attempted to correct the widespread misconceptions the film had created about Davies' popularity and talents as an actress.<ref name="Welles 1975 Foreword"/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Early life and education
Marion Cecilia Douras was born on January 3, 1897, in Brooklyn, the youngest of five children born to Bernard J. Douras, a lawyer and judge in New York City and Rose Reilly.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Her father performed the civil marriage of socialite Gloria Gould Bishop.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She had three older sisters, Ethel, Rose, and Reine.<ref>1910 U.S. Federal Census</ref> An older brother, Charles, drowned. His name was subsequently given to Davies' nephew, screenwriter Charles Lederer, the son of Davies' sister Reine Davies.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The Douras family lived near Prospect Park in Brooklyn. Educated in the Sacred Heart religious convent near the Hudson River and later a religious convent near Tours, France, Davies was uninterested in her academic studies and very unhappy as a child supervised by Catholic nuns.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Her family was close friends with architect Stanford White, and Davies grew up learning about the Evelyn Nesbit sex scandal.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Davies struggled with her stutter as a child, and convinced her mother to let her leave school early due to the torment of her classmates and teachers.Template:Sfn As a teenager, Marion left school to pursue a career as a showgirl. When her sister Reine adopted the stage name of Davies after seeing a real estate billboard advertisement, Marion followed suit.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Career
Early career on stage and in film
Template:Multiple image Davies worked as a chorus line dancer starting with Chin-Chin, a 1914 musical starring David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone, at the old Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> She made her Broadway debut starring in the show at the Globe Theatre on October 20. She also appeared in Nobody Home, Miss Information and Stop, Look and Listen.<ref name="Landry 1961 5">Template:Harvnb</ref> When not dancing, she modeled for illustrators Harrison Fisher and Howard Chandler Christy.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/>
In 1916, Davies was signed as a featured player in the Ziegfeld Follies.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> However, she encountered difficulties with her career as a Ziegfeld girl, as her persistent stammer prevented her from pronouncing any lines. Consequently, she was relegated only to dancing routines.<ref name="Davies 1975 10–11">Template:Harvnb</ref> While working for Florenz Ziegfeld, a cavalcade of admirers pursued her sexually. She came to loathe young college men: "The stage-door-Johnnies Template:Sic I didn't like. Especially those who came from Yale."<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 11">Template:Harvnb</ref> During one infamous show starring Gaby Deslys, rowdy undergraduates from Yale pelted Davies and other chorus dancers with tomatoes and rotten eggs to show their displeasure with the performance.<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 11"/>
While dancing in the Follies at the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York City, the teenage Davies was first observed by newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, who was seated in the front row of the audience.<ref name="Tri-City Herald 1961 2"/><ref name="Davies 1975 p. 11"/> Recalling this first encounter, Davies indicated she was afraid of Hearst initially: Template:Blockquote
Hearst purportedly went to the Follies show every night for eight weeks solely to gaze at Davies.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> Without Davies' knowledge, Hearst clandestinely arranged for an intermediary from Campbell's Studio to invite her to be photographed in ornate costumes such as a Japanese geisha and a virginal bride.<ref name="Davies 1975 pp. 11–13">Template:Harvnb</ref> While the photos were being taken, Davies realized Hearst secretly was present in the darkness of the photography studio.<ref name="Davies 1975 pp. 11–13"/> Terrified, she fled to the dressing room and locked the door.<ref name="Davies 1975 pp. 11–13"/> However, Hearst abruptly departed without introducing himself.<ref name="Davies 1975 pp. 11–13"/> After months passed, they saw each other again in Palm Beach, Florida, but Hearst's wife Millicent Hearst was present.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> They did not become intimate until sometime later.<ref name="Davies 1975 28–29">Template:Harvnb</ref>
After making her screen debut in 1916, and modelling gowns by Lady Duff-Gordon in a fashion newsreel, Davies appeared in Runaway Romany (1917), her first feature film.<ref name="Ward 2016 35">Template:Harvnb</ref> Davies wrote the film,<ref name="Ward 2016 35"/> which was directed by her brother-in-law, producer George W. Lederer.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> She continued to alternate between stage and screen until 1920 when she made her last revue appearance in Ed Wynn's Carnival.<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/>
Hearst and Cosmopolitan Pictures
Template:Multiple image In 1918, Hearst formed Cosmopolitan Pictures and asked Davies to sign a $500-per-week exclusive contract with his studio.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After she signed, 21-year-old Davies and 58-year-old Hearst began a sexual relationship.<ref name="Davies 1975 28–29"/> Using his vast newspaper empire and Hearst Metrotone Newsreels, Hearst decided to promote Davies on an enormous scale.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> His newsreels touted her social activities, and a reporter from the Los Angeles Examiner was assigned the full-time job of recounting Davies' daily exploits in print.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Hearst expended an estimated $7 million on promoting Davies' career (Template:Inflation).<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/><ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/>
Soon after, Hearst—who was still married to Millicent Hearst—moved Davies with her mother and sisters into an elegant Manhattan townhouse at the corner of Riverside Drive and W. 105th Street.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Hearst ensured that, "Marion's new abode was nothing less than a palace fit for a movie-queen—especially since the queen would frequently be receiving the press on the premises."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Cecilia of the Pink Roses in 1918 was her first film, backed by Hearst.<ref name="Guiles 1972 89">Template:Harvnb</ref> He next secured Cosmopolitan's distribution deals, first with Paramount Pictures,<ref name="Guiles 1972 89"/> then with Samuel Goldwyn Productions, and with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
During the next ten years, Davies appeared in 29 films, an average of almost three films a year.<ref name="Board 2008">Template:Harvnb</ref> One of her best known roles was as Mary Tudor in When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922), directed by Robert G. Vignola, with whom she collaborated on several films.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The 1922–23 period may have been her most successful as an actress, with both When Knighthood Was in Flower and Little Old New York ranking among the top three box-office hits of those years.<ref name="Lorusso 2017 p. 96"/> She was named the number one female box-office star by theater owners and crowned "Queen of the Screen" at their 1924 Hollywood convention.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Other hit silent films included: Beverly of Graustark, The Cardboard Lover, Enchantment, The Bride's Play, Lights of Old Broadway, Zander the Great, The Red Mill, Yolanda, Beauty's Worth, and The Restless Sex. Template:CSS image crop
In 1926, Hearst's wife Millicent Hearst moved to New York, and Hearst and Davies moved to the palatial Hearst Castle in San Simeon, California, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Upon visiting the sprawling Hearst Castle with its Greek statues and celestial suites, playwright George Bernard Shaw reportedly quipped: "This is what God would have built if he had the money."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> When not holding court at San Simeon, Hearst and Davies resided at Marion's equally luxurious beach house in Santa Monica, at Hearst's rustic Wyntoon estate in Northern California, and St Donat's Castle in Wales.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> During the heyday of the Jazz Age, the couple spent much of their time entertaining and holding extravagant soirees with famous guests, including many Hollywood actors and political figures.<ref name="Wadsworth 1990 90">Template:Harvnb</ref> Frequent habitues and occasional visitors included Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Harpo Marx, Clark Gable, Calvin Coolidge, Winston Churchill, Charles Lindbergh, and Amelia Earhart, among others.<ref name="Wadsworth 1990 90"/>
As the years passed, Hearst's relentless efforts to promote Davies' career purportedly had a detrimental effect.<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/> According to Davies, Hearst grandiosely advertised her latest films with "signs all over New York City and pictures in the papers ... I thought it got to be a little too much."<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Such unceasing publicity irritated the public.<ref name="Davies 1975 357">Template:Harvnb</ref> "In New York city there were big signs, blocks and blocks of signs," Davies recalled, "and people got so tired of the name Marion Davies that they would actually insult me."<ref name="Davies 1975 357"/> In her published memoirs The Times We Had, Davies concluded that such over-the-top promotion of her film career likely did more harm than good.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
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Hearst's jealousy also interfered with Davies' career, especially in her earlier films and her stage roles.<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 29">Template:Harvnb</ref> According to Davies, he often vetoed the casting of attractive leading men and typically would not permit her to be embraced on the screen or in stage plays. In her memoirs, Davies claimed to have repeatedly assailed Hearst's jealous stewardship in vain: "Everyone has to do a little embrace in pictures, just for the audience's sake," she told him.<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 29"/> However, Hearst would not relent. Consequently, many of her earlier pictures were regarded as sexless and featured "no kissing at all"Template:Efn even when a kiss was needed for a happy ending.<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 29"/><ref name="Guiles 1972 257">Template:Harvnb</ref> Hearst insisted on personally rewriting Davies' film scripts, and his constant meddling often exasperated film directors such as Lloyd Bacon.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Hearst further hindered Davies' career by insisting she star only in costume dramas in which she often played "a doll-sweetheart out of the 1890s, in the manner of D. W. Griffith heroines".<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37">Template:Harvnb</ref> Davies herself was more inclined to develop her comic talents alongside her friends Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford at United Artists, but Hearst pointedly discouraged this. He preferred seeing her in expensive historical pictures, but she also appeared in contemporary comedies like Tillie the Toiler, The Fair Co-Ed (both 1927), and especially three directed by King Vidor, Not So Dumb (1930), The Patsy and the backstage-in-Hollywood saga Show People (both 1928).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Patsy contains her imitations, which she usually did for friends, of silent stars Lillian Gish, Mae Murray and Pola Negri.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Vidor saw Davies as a comedic actress instead of the dramatic actress that Hearst wanted her to be. He noticed she was the life of parties and incorporated that into his films.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Sound films and career decline
Template:Multiple image The coming of sound made Davies nervous because she had a persistent stutter.<ref name="Board 2008"/><ref name="Davies 1975 10–11"/> Her career progressed, nonetheless, and she made a number of films during the early sound era, including Marianne (1929), The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929), The Florodora Girl (1930), The Bachelor Father (1931), Five and Ten (1931) with Leslie Howard, Polly of the Circus (1932) with Clark Gable, Blondie of the Follies (1932), Peg o' My Heart (1933), Going Hollywood (1933) with Bing Crosby, and Operator 13 (1934) with Gary Cooper.<ref name="Brooks 1982 36">Template:Harvnb</ref> During the filming of Operator 13, Hearst repeatedly caused problems on the set and insisted on directing a scene, much to film director Richard Boleslawski's consternation.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
At Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Davies was often involved with many aspects of her films and was considered an astute businesswoman. However, her career continued to be hampered by Hearst's insistence that she play dramatic historical parts as opposed to the comic roles which were her forte.<ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19"/> Hearst reportedly tried to persuade MGM production boss Irving Thalberg to cast Davies in the coveted title role of the 1938 historical drama Marie Antoinette, but Thalberg awarded the part to his ambitious wife, Norma Shearer.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> This rejection followed a previous one where Davies had been denied the female lead in The Barretts of Wimpole Street, which went to Shearer as well.<ref name="Davies 1975 254">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Despite Davies' friendship with the Thalbergs, Hearst reacted angrily by pulling his newspaper support for MGM and moving Davies and Cosmopolitan Pictures' distribution to Warner Brothers.<ref name="Davies 1975 254"/>
Davies' first film at Warner Brothers was Page Miss Glory (1935).<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37"/> During this period, a personal tragedy occurred in Davies' own life with the death of her vivacious 25-year-old niece, Pepi Lederer.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 54">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Pepi had been a permanent resident at San Simeon for many years. She was a closeted lesbian who had sexual relationships with actresses Louise Brooks, Nina Mae McKinney, and others.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> At some point during the affair between Pepi and Brooks, Hearst became cognizant of Lederer's lesbianism.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 54"/> According to Louise Brooks' memoirs, to avoid a public scandal or to forestall blackmail, Hearst arranged for Pepi to be committed to a mental institution for her drug addiction.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 55">Template:Harvnb</ref> In June 1935, mere days after her institutionalization, Pepi committed suicide by leaping to her death from an upper floor window of the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 54"/> Hearst purportedly used his press influence to have Pepi's death obscured in the news cycle,<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 54"/> and Davies arranged a funeral for her niece at a private chapel.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 55"/>
After a brief hiatus because of her niece's suicide, Davies starred in Hearts Divided (1936) and Cain and Mabel (1936). Her final film for Warner Brothers was Ever Since Eve (1937).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Mirroring earlier events at MGM, Warner Brothers purchased the rights to Robert E. Sherwood's 1935 play Tovarich for Davies, but the lead role in the 1937 film adaptation was given to Claudette Colbert. Hearst shopped Davies and Cosmopolitan for another year, but no deals were made, and the actress officially retired.<ref name="Guiles 1972 287">Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1943, Davies was offered the role of Mrs. Brown in Claudia, but Hearst dissuaded her from taking a supporting role and tarnishing her starring career. In her 45 feature films, over a 20-year period, Davies had never been anything but the star and, except for uncredited cameo appearances, had always received top billing.<ref name="Guiles 1972 287"/>
Personal life
Relationship with Hearst
Template:Multiple image In her memoirs, Davies claimed that she and publishing mogul William Randolph Hearst began their sexual relationship when she was a teenage chorus girl.<ref name="Davies 1975 28–29"/> Although they lived together for the next three decades in opulent homes across Southern California and Europe,<ref name="Ross-Warshaw 1993 13">Template:Harvnb</ref> they never married, because Hearst's wife refused to grant him a divorce.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> At one point, Hearst reportedly came close to marrying Davies, but decided his wife's settlement demands were too high. Although he was a notorious philanderer,<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 11"/><ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 43"/> Hearst was extremely jealous and possessive of Davies, even though he was married throughout their relationship.<ref name="Davies 1975 p. 29"/> Lita Grey, Charlie Chaplin's second wife, wrote four decades later that Davies confided to her about her relationship with Hearst.<ref name="Chaplin 1966 190">Template:Harvnb</ref> Grey quoted Davies as saying:
Despite their well-known jealous attachment to one another, both Davies and Hearst had many sexual liaisons with others while living together in San Simeon and elsewhere.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 43"/> Davies had sexual relationships with fellow actors Charlie Chaplin,<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Dick Powell,<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37"/> and others, while Hearst had a sexual relationship with blonde chorus girl Maybelle Swor.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 43">Template:Harvnb</ref> According to Davies' friend and confidant Louise Brooks, Davies was particularly incensed by Hearst's indiscreet relations with Swor. Davies became irate when Hearst's newspapers began openly promoting Swor's career in a nearly identical fashion to their earlier promotion of hers.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 43"/>
By the late 1930s, in the wake of the Great Depression, Hearst was suffering financial reversals.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After selling many of the contents of St Donat's Castle, Davies sold her jewelry, stocks and bonds and wrote a check for $1 million to Hearst to save him from bankruptcy.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Alleged biological daughter
Template:Further Since the early 1920s, rumors claimed that Davies and Hearst had a child between 1919 and 1923. In later years, the child was rumored to be Patricia Lake (née Van Cleve), who publicly identified herself as Davies' niece.<ref name="Fiore 1993">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Ross-Warshaw 1993 13"/> On October 3, 1993, Lake died of complications from lung cancer in Indian Wells, California.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Shortly before her death, her son claimed that Lake revealed she was the biological daughter of Davies and Hearst.<ref name="Fiore 1993"/> There was never any public comment on her alleged paternity in public, even after Hearst's and Davies' deaths. The claim was published in her newspaper death notice.<ref name="Fiore 1993"/><ref name="Ross-Warshaw 1993 13"/>
According to the rumor, Lake was conceived during Hearst's extra-marital affair with Davies and out of wedlock. Hearst sent her to Europe to have the child secretly and avoid a public scandal. Hearst later joined Davies in Europe. Lake claimed she was born in a Catholic hospital outside Paris between 1919 and 1923 and was then given to Davies' sister Rose, whose own child had died in infancy, and passed off as Rose and her husband George Van Cleve's daughter. Lake stated that Hearst paid for her schooling and both Davies and Hearst spent considerable time with her. Davies purportedly told Lake of her true parentage when she was age 11, while Hearst confirmed he was her father on her wedding day at age 17, where both Davies and Hearst gave her away.<ref name="Fiore 1993"/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
However, factual evidence casts doubt on these claims. Lake's birth date in 1919 is confirmed by birthday telegrams and photo documentation, and Davies did not go to Europe for the first time until 1922. Davies' film schedule was very busy in 1919, and she shows no sign of pregnancy in any of them.Template:Sfn When responding to the allegation that Lake was the daughter of Davies and Hearst, a spokesman for Hearst Castle commented that, "It's a very old rumor and a rumor is all it ever was."<ref name="Fiore 1993"/>
Thomas Ince scandal
Template:Further Template:Multiple image
In November 1924, Davies was among those revelers aboard Hearst's steam yacht Oneida for a weekend party that culminated in the death of film producer Thomas Ince.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Taves 2012 pp. 3–7"/> Ince purportedly suffered an attack of acute indigestion while aboard the luxury yacht and was escorted off it in San Diego by Hearst's studio manager, Dr. Daniel Goodman.<ref name="Taves 2012 pp. 3–7">Template:Harvnb</ref> Ince was put on a train bound for Los Angeles. When his condition worsened, he was removed from the train at Del Mar. Dr. T. A. Parker and a nurse, Jesse Howard, provided him with medical attention. Ince allegedly told them he had drunk a strong liquor aboard Hearst's yacht.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/> He was taken to his Hollywood home where he died.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/>
Following Ince's death, rumors became widespread that Hearst had caught Ince "pressing unwelcome attentions on Miss Davies and shot him fatally".<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/> A variant of this rumor alleged that Davies had a sexual liaison with guest Charlie Chaplin, and that Hearst mistook Ince for Chaplin and shot him out of jealousy.<ref name="Wallace 2002 144–45">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Taves 2012 pp. 3–7"/> Chaplin's valet allegedly witnessed Ince being carried from Hearst's yacht and claimed that Ince's head was "bleeding from a bullet wound".<ref name="Taves 2012 pp. 3–7"/><ref name="Wallace 2002 144–45"/> Screenwriter Elinor Glyn, a fellow guest at the party, claimed "everyone aboard the yacht had been sworn to secrecy, which would hardly have seemed necessary if poor Ince had died of natural causes".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Years later, Chaplin's wife Lita Grey<ref name="Chaplin 1998 52–53">Template:Harvnb</ref> repeated claims that Chaplin had sexually pursued Marion Davies aboard Hearst's yacht and that a violent altercation had occurred.<ref name="Chaplin 1998 52–53"/> However, there was never any substantive evidence to support these allegations.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/>
After Ince's death, District Attorney Chester C. Kempley of San Diego conducted an inquiry and issued a public statement which declared "the death of Thomas H. Ince was caused by heart failure as a result of an attack of acute indigestion".<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/> Despite the district attorney's declaration, and the fact that three physicians and a nurse had attended Ince before he died, the rumors persisted.<ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/> Consequently, "one can still hear solemn stories in Hollywood today that Ince was murdered" in a jealous dispute over Davies.<ref name="Elley 2001"/><ref name="Swanberg 1961 pp. 445–46"/>
Later years
Retirement and Hearst's death
By 1937, Hearst was $126 million in debt (Template:Inflation).<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37"/> Consequently, when Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures folded in 1938, Davies left the film business and retreated to San Simeon. She would later claim in her autobiography that, after many years of work, she had become bored with film acting and decided to devote herself to being Hearst's "companion".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> However, Davies was intensely ambitious, and she faced the harsh reality at age forty that she could no longer play young heroines, as in her earlier films.<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37"/> Consequently, when drunk at parties in San Simeon, Davies often lamented her retirement and "cursed everyone who felt she had contributed to her ruined career".<ref name="Brooks 1982 p. 37"/>
As the years passed, Davies developed a drinking problem, and her alcoholism grew worse in the late 1930s and the 1940s,<ref name="Brooks 1982 41"/> as she and Hearst lived an increasingly isolated existence.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Although Hearst and Davies "were still playing the gracious lord and his lady, and the guests were still responding with grateful expressions of joy," nevertheless "the life had gone out of their performances".<ref name="Brooks 1982 36"/> The two spent most of World War II at Hearst's Northern California estate of Wyntoon until returning to San Simeon in 1945.<ref name="Kastner 2000 183">Template:Harvnb</ref>
After a long period of illness, Hearst died on August 14, 1951, age 88.<ref name="Spokane Daily Chronicle 1951 7"/> In his will, he provided handsomely for Davies, leaving her 170,000 shares of Hearst Corporation stock, and 30,000 he had put in a trust fund he established for her in 1950. This gave her a controlling interest in the company for a short time, until she chose to relinquish the stock voluntarily to the corporation on October 30, 1951<ref name="Kastner 2000 183"/> by selling it to Mrs. Millicent Hearst for one dollar.Template:Sfn She retained her original 30,000 shares and an advisory role with the corporation.<ref name="Kastner 2000 183"/> She soon invested in property and owned The Desert Inn in Palm Springs and several properties in New York City, including the Squibb Building at Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, the Davies Building at E. 57th Street and the Douras Building at E. 55th Street.<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/>
Marriage to Brown and charity work
Following Hearst's death, most of Davies' coterie of hedonistic friends gradually drifted away, and "she relied upon one or two companion-nurses to keep the blues away".<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Eleven weeks and one day after Hearst's death, Davies married sea captain Horace Brown on October 31, 1951, in Las Vegas.<ref name="The New York Times 1951 30"/> Their union was unhappy.<ref name="The New York Times 1952 25">Template:Harvnb</ref> Davies filed for divorce twice, but neither was finalized, despite Brown admitting he treated her badly: "I'm a beast," he said. "I took him back. I don't know why," she explained. "I guess because he's standing right beside me, crying. Thank God we all have a sense of humor."<ref name="The New York Times 1952 25"/><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Throughout her later years, Davies was "noted for her kindness" and renowned for her generosity to charities.<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/> During the 1920s, she had become interested in children's charities, donating over $1 million.<ref name="Landry 1961 5"/> In 1952, she donated $1.9 million to establish a children's clinic at UCLA, which was named for her.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> The clinic's name was changed to the Mattel Children's Hospital in 1998. Davies also fought childhood diseases through the Marion Davies Foundation.<ref name="Board 2008"/>
Illness and death
In the summer of 1956, after many decades of heavy drinking, Davies had a minor cerebral stroke and was admitted to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital.<ref name="Guiles 1972 369">Template:Harvnb</ref> After the stroke, her Hollywood friends noted that "much of her old spirit and fire were gone". She quipped to columnist Hedda Hopper that "we blondes seem to be falling apart".<ref name="Guiles 1972 369"/> She would never fully regain her health. During this time, many of her friends died, including Louis B. Mayer and Norma Talmadge. Their deaths convinced Davies that she would soon pass away as well.<ref name="Guiles 1972 369"/>
Three years later, during a dental examination in February 1959, a growth was discovered on her jaw.<ref name="Guiles 1972 370">Template:Harvnb</ref> Not long afterwards, Davies was diagnosed with cancer. Davies made her last public appearance on January 10, 1960, on an NBC television special titled Hedda Hopper's Hollywood. During this same period, Joseph P. Kennedy rented Davies' mansion and worked from behind the scenes to secure his son John F. Kennedy's nomination during the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.<ref name="Guiles 1972 370"/> When Joseph P. Kennedy learned Davies was dying of cancer, he "had three cancer specialists flown out" to examine her.<ref name="Guiles 1972 372"/>
In the spring of 1961, Davies underwent surgery for malignant osteomyelitis.<ref name="Guiles 1972 372"/> Twelve days after the operation, she fell in her hospital room and broke her leg.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Her health failed rapidly over the summer. Davies died of the malignant osteomyelitis on September 22, 1961, in Hollywood.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19">Template:Harvnb</ref> Over 200 mourners and many Hollywood celebrities, including her friends Mary Pickford, Harold Lloyd, Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Glenn Ford, Kay Williams, and Johnny Weissmuller attended her funeral at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Church in Hollywood.<ref name="The Spokesman-Review"/><ref name="Guiles 1972 372"/> Davies was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.<ref name="The Spokesman-Review">Template:Harvnb</ref> She left an estate estimated at $20 million (Template:Inflation).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Cultural legacy
Susan Alexander Kane
According to biographers, the release of Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) destroyed Davies' reputation.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Film audiences mistakenly assumed Davies was the unalloyed inspiration for the character of Susan Alexander in the film, which was based loosely on Hearst's life.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19"/> Many viewers, including journalists, "assumed that the powerful publisher Charles Kane in the film was Mr. Hearst, the huge castle Xanadu was in reality Mr. Hearst's fabulous estate San Simeon and the blonde young singer he tried to turn into a diva, although she had no voice, was in reality Miss Davies".<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/>
Consequently, a myth soon developed that Davies was "not a great actress and the films she made were not among the more impressive or profitable releases".<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> By the time of her prolonged death from cancer, press obituaries erroneously depicted Davies to have been an extremely mediocre and unpopular actress during her lifetime.<ref name="Welles 1975 Foreword"/><ref name="Guiles 1972 91"/> However, contrary to the myth,<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/> most of Davies' films made money, and she remained a popular star for most of her career.<ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19"/> She was the number one female box office star of 1922–23 because of the enormous popularity of 1922's When Knighthood Was in Flower and 1923's Little Old New York, which ranked among the biggest box-office hits of 1922 and 1923, respectively.<ref name="Lorusso 2017 p. 96">Template:Harvnb</ref>
Over time, the popular association with the character of Susan Alexander Kane led to later revisionist portrayals of Davies as a talentless opportunist.<ref name="The New York Times 1961 p. 19"/><ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19"/> In his later years, Orson Welles attempted to correct the widespread misconceptions which Citizen Kane had created about Davies' popularity and talents as an actress. In his foreword to Davies' autobiography, The Times We Had (published posthumously in 1975), Welles wrote that the fictional Susan Alexander Kane bears no resemblance to Davies:
Welles told filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich that Samuel Insull's construction of the Chicago Opera House, and Harold Fowler McCormick's lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife Ganna Walska, were the actual influences for the Susan Alexander character in the Citizen Kane screenplay.<ref name="Welles 1992 49">Template:Harvnb</ref> "As for Marion," Welles said, "she was an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie ... Marion was much better than Susan—whom people wrongly equated with her".<ref name="Welles 1992 49"/>
Critical reassessment
Several decades after her death, a critical reassessment of Davies occurred as the result of greater availability of her notable films such as When Knighthood Was in Flower, Beauty's Worth, The Bride's Play, Enchantment, The Restless Sex, April Folly, and Buried Treasure. This availability allowed for a more accurate evaluation of Davies' oeuvre as an actress.<ref name="Lorusso 2017 p. 96"/> In the 1970s, film critic Pauline Kael attempted to rehabilitate Davies' legacy and noted that her reputation had been unfairly maligned.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Gradually, the consensus among film critics became more appreciative of her efforts, particularly in comedy.<ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19">Template:Harvnb</ref> According to biographers, "if Hearst had allowed her great talents as a mime and comic to come to full flower in a long series of comedies as bright as her Show People and The Patsy, her screen reputation could not have been so readily damaged by the controversy surrounding Citizen Kane".<ref name="Guiles 1972 pp. 117–19"/>
Portrayals of Davies
Since her death in 1961, different actresses have portrayed Davies in a variety of media. In 1985, Davies was portrayed by 23-year-old Virginia Madsen in the ABC telefilm The Hearst and Davies Affair with Robert Mitchum as Hearst.<ref name="O'Connor 1985">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Hill 1985">Template:Harvnb</ref> ABC inaccurately marketed the film as "the scandalous love affair between one of the richest and most powerful men in America and the obscure Ziegfeld girl he promoted to stardom".<ref name="O'Connor 1985"/> To prepare for the role, Madsen "screened Davies' movies, read books, hunted up a collector of Davies memorabilia and even interviewed the actress' stand-in".<ref name="Hill 1985"/> In the process, Madsen became a Davies fan and said she felt she had inadvertently portrayed her as a stereotype, rather than as a real person.<ref name="Neely 2001">Template:Harvnb</ref> In subsequent decades, Davies was portrayed by Heather McNair in Chaplin (1992) and by Gretchen Mol in Cradle Will Rock (1999).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The 1999 HBO movie RKO 281 focuses on the production of Citizen Kane and Hearst's efforts to prevent its release, with Melanie Griffith portraying Davies. The movie depicts Davies growing irritated with Hearst's lifestyle and political views.
In 2001, director Peter Bogdanovich's film The Cat's Meow debuted with 19-year-old Kirsten Dunst starring as Davies.<ref name="Elley 2001"/> Dunst's performance interpreted Davies as "a spoiled ingenue" who was the ambivalent "lover to two very different men".<ref name="Elley 2001"/> The film was based upon unsubstantiated rumors concerning the Thomas Ince scandal, which was dramatized in the play The Cat's Meow and then adapted into the movie.<ref name="Elley 2001"/> That same year, a documentary film Captured on Film: The True Story of Marion Davies (2001) premiered on Turner Classic Movies.<ref name="Neely 2001"/>
In 2004, the story of William Randolph Hearst and Davies was made into a musical titled WR and Daisy, with book and lyrics by Robert and Phyllis White and music by Glenn Paxton. It was performed in 2004 by Theater West, and in 2009 and 2010 at the Annenberg Community Beach House in Santa Monica, California, the estate built by Hearst for Davies in the 1920s.
Amanda Seyfried portrayed Davies in the 2020 Netflix film Mank about Herman J. Mankiewicz, the screenwriter of Citizen Kane.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Seyfried was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.
In the 2022 film Babylon, Davies is portrayed by Chloe Fineman.
Filmography
Short subjects
| Year | Title | Role | Director | Notes |
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| Template:Sort | Template:Sort | Herself | Template:Sort | |
| Template:Sort | Screen Snapshots Series 9, No. 23 | Herself | Template:Sort | |
| Template:Sort | Jackie Cooper's Birthday Party | Herself | Template:Sort | |
| Template:Sort | Template:Sort | Herself | Template:Sort | |
| Template:Sort | Template:Sort | Herself | ||
| Template:Sort | Pirate Party on Catalina Isle | Herself | Template:Sort |
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
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External links
- 1897 births
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