Martin Rees

Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist.<ref name="Rees2022">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was the fifteenth Astronomer Royal from 1995 to 2025,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 2004 to 2012, and President of the Royal Society from 2005 to 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web accessed 31 August 2014</ref><ref>Template:Cite web accessed 31 August 2014</ref> He has received various physics awards including the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2024 for fundamental contributions to high-energy astrophysics, galaxies and structure formation, and cosmology.

Early life and education

Rees was born on 23 June 1942 in York, England.<ref name="whoswho">Anon (2017) Template:Who's Who Template:Doi Template:Subscription required</ref><ref>GRO Register of Births: SEP 1942 9c 1465 YORK – Martin J. Rees, mmn=Bett</ref> After a peripatetic life during the war his parents, both teachers, settled with Rees, an only child, in a rural part of Shropshire near the border with Wales. There, his parents founded Bedstone College, a boarding school based on progressive educational concepts.<ref name="templetonprize.org">Template:Cite web</ref> He was educated at Bedstone College, then from the age of 13 at Shrewsbury School. He studied for the mathematical tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge,<ref name="whoswho"/> graduating with first class honours. He then undertook post-graduate research at Cambridge and completed a PhD supervised by Dennis Sciama in 1967.<ref name=mathgene/><ref name="reesphd">Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Subscription required</ref> Rees's post-graduate work in astrophysics in the mid-1960s coincided with an explosion of new discoveries, with breakthroughs ranging from confirmation of the Big Bang, the discovery of neutron stars and black holes, and a host of other revelations.<ref name="templetonprize.org"/>

Career

After holding postdoctoral research positions in the United Kingdom and the United States, he was a professor at Sussex University, during 1972–1973. He later moved to Cambridge, where he was the Plumian Professor at the University of Cambridge until 1991, and the director of the Institute of Astronomy.

He was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, in 1975 and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979. From 1992 to 2003, he was Royal Society Research Professor, and from 2003 Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, during 2004–2012. He is an Honorary Fellow of Darwin College,<ref name=DarwinCollege>Template:Cite web</ref> King's College,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Clare Hall,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Robinson College and Jesus College, Cambridge.<ref name="JesusCollege">Template:Cite web</ref>

Rees is a member of the Board of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and the Oxford Martin School. He co-founded the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Future of Life Institute.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> He has formerly been a Trustee of the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Gates Cambridge Trust and the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR).

His doctoral students have included Roger Blandford,<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="blandphd" /> Craig Hogan,<ref name="Hogan1" /><ref name="Hogan2" /> Nick Kaiser<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Priyamvada Natarajan,<ref name="Yale CampusPress" /> and James E. Pringle.

Research

Rees is the author of more than 500 research papers.<ref name="scopus">Template:Scopus id</ref> He is an author of books on astronomy and science intended for the lay public and gives many public lectures and broadcasts. In 2010 he was invited to deliver the Reith Lectures for the BBC,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> now published as From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons.

Rees has made contributions to the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation, as well as to galaxy clustering and formation. His studies of the distribution of quasars challenged the now-rejected steady state theory.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was one of the first to propose that enormous black holes power quasars,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and that superluminal astronomical observations can be explained as an optical illusion caused by an object moving partly in the direction of the observer.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Since the 1990s, Rees has worked on gamma-ray bursts, especially in collaboration with Péter Mészáros,<ref name=Meszaros>Template:Cite journal</ref> and on how the "cosmic dark ages" ended when the first stars formed. Since the 1970s he has been interested in anthropic reasoning, and the possibility that our visible universe is part of a vaster "multiverse".<ref name=Carr>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Hawking>Template:Cite book</ref>

Public engagement

In addition to expansion of his scientific interests, Rees has written and spoken extensively about the problems and challenges of the 21st century, and interfaces between science, ethics, and politics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Podcast of Lecture "The World in 2050"Template:Dead link, given at the James Martin 21st Century School, 21school.ox.ac.uk, February 2009.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In his books Our Final Hour and On the Future, Rees warns that humanity faces significant existential risks in the 21st century due to technological advancements, particularly in bioengineering and artificial intelligence. He estimated a 50% chance of human extinction during the 21st century, but remains optimistic that if the risks are successfully managed, technology could drastically improve standards of living.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2007, he delivered the Gifford Lectures on 21st Century Science: Cosmic Perspective and Terrestrial Challenges at the University of St Andrews.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He made two TED talks on existential risks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rees thinks the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is worthwhile and has chaired the advisory board for the "Breakthrough Listen" project, a programme of SETI investigations funded by the Russian/US investor Yuri Milner.<ref>Interview with Paul Broks Template:Webarchive, Prospectmagazine.co.uk; accessed 31 August 2014.</ref>

In August 2014, Rees was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

To mark the 300th anniversary of the Board of Longitude in 2014, he instigated a programme of new challenge prizes of £5-10m under the name "Longitude Prize 2014" for which he chairs the advisory board. The themes of the first two prizes are the reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use, and enhancing the safety and independence of dementia sufferers. The Longitude Prize on Dementia was announced in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2015, he was co-author of the report that launched the Global Apollo Programme, which calls for developed nations to commit to spending 0.02% of their GDP for 10 years, to fund coordinated research to make carbon-free baseload electricity less costly than electricity from coal by the year 2025.<ref name="Guardian">Template:Cite news</ref>

In his general writings and in the House of Lords, his focus has been on the uses and abuses of advanced technology and on issues such as assisted dying, preservation of dark skies, and reforms to broaden the post-16 and undergraduate curricula in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is also a current member of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Selected bibliography

• Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology (co-author John Gribbin), 1989, Bantam; Template:ISBN
• New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, 1995; Template:ISBN
• Gravity's Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe, 1995; Template:ISBN, 2nd edition 2009, Template:ISBN
• Before the Beginning – Our Universe and Others, 1997; Template:ISBN
• Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe, 1999; Template:ISBN (see Template:Slink for a list of the six numbers)
• Our Cosmic Habitat, 2001; Template:ISBN
• Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future In This Century—On Earth and Beyond (UK title: Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-first Century?), 2003; Template:ISBN
• What We Still Don't Know Template:ISBN yet to be published.
• From Here to Infinity: Scientific Horizons, 2011; Template:ISBN
• On the Future: Prospects for Humanity, October 2018, Princeton University Press; Template:ISBN
• Template:Cite journal (Online version is titled "How astronomers revolutionized our view of the cosmos".)
• The End of Astronauts (co-author Donald Goldsmith), 2022, Harvard University Press Template:ISBN
• If Science is to Save us, 2022, Polity Press Template:ISBN
• Rees, M.,"Cosmology and High Energy Astrophysics: A 50 year Perspective on Personality, Progress, and Prospects", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 60:1–30, 2022.

Honours and awards

He has been president of the Royal Astronomical Society (1992–94) and the British Science Association (1995–96), and was a Member of Council of the Royal Institution of Great Britain until 2010. Rees has received honorary degrees from a number of universities including Bath,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hull, Sussex, Uppsala, Toronto, Durham, Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, Yale, Melbourne and Sydney. He belongs to several foreign academies, including the US National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Science Academy of Turkey<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Japan Academy. He became president of the Royal Society on 1 December 2005<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Martin Rees nominated for presidency of the Royal Society Template:Webarchive, royalsoc.ac.uk, 29 March 2005; accessed 31 August 2014.</ref> and continued until the end of the Society's 350th Anniversary Celebrations in 2010. In 2011, he was awarded the Templeton Prize.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2005, Rees was elevated to a life peerage, sitting as a crossbencher in the House of Lords as Baron Rees of Ludlow, of Ludlow in the County of Shropshire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Sir Martin Rees appointed to the House of Lords Template:Webarchive, admin.cam.ac.uk, 1 August 2005; accessed 31 August 2014.</ref> In 2005, he was awarded the Crafoord Prize.<ref>Professor Sir Martin Rees wins Crafoord Prize Template:Webarchive, admin.cam.ac.uk, 10 February 2005; accessed 31 August 2014.</ref> Other awards and honours include:

• 1975 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1982 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1984 – Heineman Prize
• 1987 – Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
• 1989 – Balzan Prize for High Energy Astrophysics
• 1992 – Knight Bachelor<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 1993 – Bruce Medal
• 1993 – Elected to the American Philosophical Society<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1995 – Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1999 – Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2000 – Bruno Rossi Prize
• 2001 – Gruber Prize in Cosmology
• 2003 – Albert Einstein World Award of Science<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2004 – Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society
• 2004 – Lifeboat Foundation's Guardian Award
• 2004 – Royal Society's Michael Faraday Prize for science communication
• 2005 – Life Peerage<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 2005 – Crafoord Prize, with James Gunn and James Peebles
• 2007 – Order of Merit – in the personal gift of The Queen<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
• 2007 – Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum
• 2007 – Honorary Fellow<ref name="List of Fellows"/> of the Royal Academy of Engineering<ref name="List of Fellows"/>
• 2011 – Templeton Prize<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• 2012 – Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal
• 2012 – Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Dalton Medal<ref>Memoirs And Proceedings Of The Manchester Literary And Philosophical Society Volume 152 2013-14 </ref>
• 2013 – Dirac Medal ICTP<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2016 – Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US on 26 May 2016)
• 2017 – Lilienfeld Prize
• 2020 – Fritz Zwicky Prize for Astrophysics and Cosmology<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2020 – Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2023 – Copley Medal<ref>Copley Medal 2023</ref>
• 2024 – Wolf Prize in Physics<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Div col end The Asteroid 4587 Rees and the Sir Martin Rees Academic Scholarship at Shrewsbury International School are named in his honour.

In June 2022, to celebrate his 80th birthday, Rees was the subject of the BBC programme The Sky at Night, in conversation with Professor Chris Lintott.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Rees married the anthropologist Caroline Humphrey in 1986.<ref name=whoswho/> He is an atheist but has criticized militant atheists for being too hostile to religion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rees is a lifelong supporter of the Labour Party, but has no party affiliation when sitting in the House of Lords.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Particle chauvinism