Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; born Abdulla Maumoon Khairi; 29 December 1937) is a Maldivian politician, statesman and diplomat who served as the 3rd president of the Maldives from 1978 to 2008. He previously served as the Minister of Transport from 1977 to 1978, and as the Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations from 1976 to 1977. Gayoom is the longest-serving president in Maldivian history.

Gayoom was born and raised in Malé. After serving as a lecturer at the Ahmadu Bello University in Nigeria, he returned to the Maldives in 1971 and worked as a teacher at Aminiya School. He was later appointed the manager of shipping department at the government. Gayoom was placed under house arrest in 1973 for criticising the policies of the then-president Nasir. He was later banished to Makunudhoo for four years but was released five months later as part of an amnesty following President Nasir's re-election for a second term. In 1974, he was arrested again for his continued criticism of Nasir's policies, but after 50 days in jail, he was freed and, in 1975, appointed as Special Undersecretary in the Prime Minister's Office. Gayoom later served as the deputy ambassador of the Maldives to Sri Lanka and was appointed deputy minister of transport under minister Hassan Zareer. After serving as deputy minister, he was appointed Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations in 1976. Following the vacancy of minister of transport, Gayoom was appointed to the position. As president Nasir chose not to seek re-election, a vote in the Citizen's Majlis which selected Gayoom as the candidate. In July 1978, Gayoom won the presidential referendum with 92.96% of the vote.

During his administration, economic policies prioritised infrastructure development and tourism, which significantly boosted the nation's economic growth. He introduced educational reforms that expanded access to primary and secondary education and improved healthcare by establishing new health facilities. In response to political unrest and calls for greater democracy, Gayoom initiated constitutional reforms transitioning from a presidential to a semi-presidential system, intending to increase political participation and transparency. However, his presidency faced criticism for restricting political freedoms and suppressing opposition. The 1988 coup attempt prompted a focus on strengthening the armed forces. The 2004 tsunami had a profound impact on his administration, leading to the loss of 62% of the GDP and nearly two decades of development, which reshaped his policies and necessitated extensive reconstruction efforts. Despite challenges, Gayoom's long tenure, strict policies, and human rights violations, earned him a reputation as a dictator.

Following his defeat in the 2008 presidential election to Mohamed Nasheed, which marked the Maldives's first multi-party elections, Gayoom adopted a low public profile. In 2018, Gayoom was arrested on charges of conspiring to overthrow the government as a part of the 2018 political crisis, and was sentenced to 19 months in prison for obstructing justice after refusing to cooperate with the police and judiciary. He was placed under house arrest in September 2018 due to health concerns and was released on bail later that month. He was acquitted of all charges in October 2018. Template:TOC limit

Early life

Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was born Abdulla Maumoon Khairi on 29 December 1937, at his father's home in Machangoalhi, Malé.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was the first child of Abdul Gayoom Ibrahim and Khadheeja Moosa and the tenth child of Abdul Gayoom.Template:Sfn His father was a lawyer and the 7th Attorney General of the Maldives from 1950 to 1951. Gayoom is a descendant of the Hilaalee and Dhiyamigili dynasties, with Arab and African ancestry.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Gayoom spent his early years under the care of his parents at Kaamineege, their family residence. His birth name was Abdulla Maumoon Khairi, and he was familiarly known as Lhaseedi at home, while in school, he was called Abdulla Maumoon.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His name was changed to Maumoon Abdul Gayoom due to a clerical mistake during the issuance of his passport for overseas education in 1947.Template:Sfn When completing the passport form, an assistant mistakenly combined his commonly used name, "Maumoon", with his father's name, resulting in the name Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.Template:Sfn

Education

Gayoom received his early education through homeschooling, taught by his father, a teacher and scholar. He later attended the then-Saniyya School, studying religion, the Dhivehi language, mathematics, and Maldivian history. In 1947, he received a government scholarship to study abroad. He traveled to Ceylon intending to continue to Egypt but was kept there due to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war.Template:Sfn While in Colombo, he continued homeschooling with a private tutor who taught him English.Template:Sfn

Gayoom then attended Al Bahjathul Ibraheemiyyah Arabic College in Galle but later transferred to Royal College, Colombo. After two years in Ceylon, he traveled in March 1950 to Cairo, Egypt, where he studied at Al-Azhar University. He spent six months learning Arabic in the university and later earned bachelor's and master's degrees in Islamic Sharia and Law.Template:Sfn He also obtained a Master's of Arts in Shariah and Law<ref name="hoba">Template:Cite journal</ref> and later began preparing a thesis for a PhD in Sharia and Law. However, his plans were interrupted when the Egyptian government ceased financial aid to Maldivian students after the Maldives established diplomatic relations with Israel.Template:Sfn Gayoom protested by sending a letter to prime minister Ibrahim Nasir—an act that led to his blacklisting and a ban from entering to the Maldives. The ban was later lifted.Template:Sfn During the 1956 Suez Crisis, Gayoom was volunteered to defend Palestine during the Israeli attack on Egypt.<ref name="plstine" /> He graduated from the Al-Azhar University in 1966.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn

Gayoom also attended the American University in Cairo, where he furthered his studies in Islamic Sharia and Law and later obtained a secondary-level certificate in English.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Marriage and children

In 1965, the 27-year old Gayoom met 15-year old Nasreena Ibrahim in Cairo while she was there to study.Template:Sfn Four years later, on 20 July 1969, the couple married in Cairo, Egypt,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> before moving to Nigeria for Gayoom to work at Ahmadu Bello University.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A year after their marriage, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and Nasreena welcomed their first children, twins Dunya and Yumna, on 20 March 1970.<ref name="drfrd">Template:Cite news</ref> Their first son, Ahmed Faris, was born in Malé on 31 March 1971, followed by their second son, Mohamed Ghassan, who was born on 12 June 1980 during Gayoom's presidential administration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early career

Career

From 1969 to 1971, Gayoom was a lecturer in Islamic studies at Abdullahi Bayero College, then part of Ahmadu Bello University in Kano State, Nigeria.<ref name=":2" /> After serving at the Ahmadu Bello University, Gayoom returned to the Maldives in early 1971. From 1971 to 1972, he taught English, arithmetic, and Islam at Aminiya School in Malé, where he gained popularity among parents.<ref name="ast" /> In 1972, he was transferred to the government shipping department, where he served as manager.Template:Sfn

In 1974, Gayoom was appointed undersecretary and later became director of the government telecommunications department.<ref name="career" >Template:Cite web</ref> Later that year, he was appointed special undersecretary in the office of prime minister Ahmed Zaki.Template:Sfn The position ended in March 1975 when Zaki was removed from office, and the prime minister's role was abolished. Gayoom then spent time in Colombo before returning to the Maldives, where he was appointed deputy ambassador to Sri Lanka.<ref name="career" />Template:Sfn In 1975, he became undersecretary at the Department of External Affairs.<ref name="career" />

In 1976, Gayoom was appointed deputy minister of transport and, on 24 September,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> became the Permanent Representative of the Maldives to the United Nations.<ref name="career" /> He returned to the Maldives in March 1977 and served as minister of transport until November 1978.Template:Sfn

Minister of Transport (1977–1978)

Soon after returning from the United States after serving at the United Nations, Gayoom accepted President Nasir's request to serve as Minister of transport.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> At the time, the position was vacant; Nasir appointed Gayoom as the minister of transport in March 1977. During his tenure, Gayoom focused on improving the country's transportation infrastructure.<ref>The President's first 100 days, 1978</ref>

During his tenure as minister, Gayoom oversaw developments in transportation and aviation in the Maldives. He encouraged the use of engine-powered boats, which were not widely popular among the population at the time. He also contributed to the improvement of Hulhulé Airport by upgrading its systems.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gayoom worked on expanding the aviation sector by increasing flights between the Maldives and international destinations, supporting the growth of the tourism industry and improving travel options for Maldivians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His tenure ended upon his inauguration as president of the Maldives in November 1978.<ref name=":4" />

Imprisonments

During the early 1970s, efforts were underway to expand the tourism industry in the Maldives, led by president Ibrahim Nasir. Tensions between Gayoom and the authorities—arising from earlier disputes during his time in Egypt—continued to grow.<ref name="ast" /> His remarks on alcohol and drugs drew widespread attention and sparked discussions across Malé.<ref name="ast" /> The government investigated the matter, placing him under house arrest on 12 March 1973.Template:Sfn After a trial, Gayoom was sentenced to four years of banishment on 14 May 1973 and transferred to Makunudhoo Island in Haa Dhaalu Atoll on 21 May.<ref name="ast" /> He was released on 13 October 1973 under an amnesty following Nasir's re-election, having served five months.<ref name="ast" />

On 28 July 1974, Gayoom was arrested again for continuing to criticise government policies and held in solitary confinement in a Malé prison.Template:Sfn<ref name="ast" /> After 50 days, he was released in September 1974 and ceased further public criticism.<ref name="ast" />Template:Sfn

Presidential elections

1978 presidential election

Portrait, 1985

Gayoom was nominated for the presidential election in 1978 by his two brothers-in-law, who proposed his name to parliament.Template:Sfn Both then-president Ibrahim Nasir and Gayoom were put forward as candidates to be selected as the sole presidential candidate, with Nasir receiving 41 votes and Gayoom securing 5 votes.<ref name="moon1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, Nasir decided not to seek a third term due to health concerns.<ref name="moon1" >Template:Cite news</ref> The Citizen's Majlis nominated three candidates for the presidency: the Minister of Education and former Vice President Abdul Sattar Moosa Didi, the Minister of Health Moomina Haleem, and the Minister of Transport, Gayoom.Template:Sfn In July 1978, the Majlis selected Gayoom as the sole candidate for the election—as required by the constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During his campaign, Gayoom pledged to visit every inhabited island in the Maldives within his first five years in office, if elected.Template:Sfn He also promised to develop the tourism sector and improve education across the country.Template:Sfn

On 28 July 1978, a public referendum was held, in which Gayoom received 92.96% of the vote, making him president-elect. Following his election, Gayoom faced criticism from the public opposition, who argued he was unfit for the presidency.Template:Sfn

1983–1998 presidential elections

In the 1983 presidential election, Gayoom was chosen as the sole candidate and was re-elected president on 30 September 1983, receiving 57,913 votes, or 95.62%.Template:Sfn

In the 1988 Maldivian presidential election, Gayoom received 69,373 votes and 96.47%. There were 2,537 votes against him.Template:Sfn

In the 1993 election, Gayoom and his brother-in-law Ilyas Ibrahim ran for presidency; Gayoom was chosen by the People's Majlis as the sole candidate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He received 92.8% of the votes and was elected for a fourth term on 1 October 1993. Gayoom was elected for a fifth term of office on 16 October 1998, receiving 86,504 votes, or 90.90%.Template:Sfn

2003 presidential election

Gayoom speaking during his campaign, in Malé, October 2003

Gayoom was selected as the candidate for the presidential referendum with the votes of all 50 members of the People's Majlis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He secured a sixth term with 90.28% of the vote, amounting to 102,909 ballots in the election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Even with high protests against Gayoom, his victory was widely expected, with the government presenting the outcome as evidence of strong public backing.Template:Sfn However, concerns were raised regarding the fairness of the process, as only a single candidate was allowed to seek a popular mandate, and political parties had been banned.Template:Sfn

Following the election, it was anticipated by the media, that Gayoom's sixth term would be difficult, as there was growing public pressure for a more open and democratic political system.Template:Sfn

2008 presidential election

In August 2007, Gayoom, during a trip to Laamu Atoll, announced his candidacy for the 2008 presidential election from the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although according to DRP's regulations, he was already the official candidate, as the party's leader was automatically nominated for presidential elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His candidacy was challenged in the Maldivian Supreme Court, as the new constitution stated that a president could serve only two terms, while Gayoom was seeking a seventh term.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He contended that his previous terms should not be counted, as they were served under the old constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Supreme Court agreed, stating that the term limits applied only to terms served "under the new constitution," thus allowing Gayoom to contest the election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 5 August 2008, Gayoom chose atoll minister Ahmed Thasmeen Ali as his running mate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Three days afterwards, the presidential campaign began.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the campaign, Gayoom focused on his presidency's reforms in education and healthcare, portraying them as key pillars of national progress under his leadership.<ref>Rodrigo, p.26</ref> He pledged to drive further developments in economic and social development to elevate the Maldives. In his criticism of Mohamed Nasheed, his main opposition, Gayoom questioned Nasheed's capacity to govern, warning that his policies could undermine the Islamic values that form the foundation of Maldivian society and governance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Gayoom's age concerns also arose during the campaign. During the campaign, the Maldivian Democratic Party accused him of attempting to rig the election and achieve a first-round victory.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Several news outlets reported that Gayoom and Nasheed would face each other in a run-off.<ref>Rodrigo, p.27</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The election was the first time Gayoom was facing opposition candidates, and the first multi-party elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom won the first round of the 2008 Maldivian presidential election with 40.63% of the vote.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, in the second round, he lost to his opponent, Mohamed Nasheed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom conceded the election the following day in a speech, expressing acceptance of the results and pledging a peaceful transfer of power.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Presidency (1978–2008)

Portrait, Template:Circa 1980s

Gayoom was inaugurated as the 3rd president of the Republic of Maldives on 11 November 1978 at 12:00 AM.<ref name="Fairooz">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His oath was administered by judge Moosa Fathhy.<ref name="Fairooz" /> One of the first things Gayoom did at the beginning of his administration was upgrading the education and healthcare system in the Maldives.

First and second terms (1978–1988)

1980 assassination attempt

In February 1980, Former president Ibrahim Nasir, along with his brother-in-law Ahmed Naseem, Health Minister Mohamed Musthafa Hussain, and businessman Mohamed Yusuf, hired nine former members of the British Special Air Service (SAS) to carry out an assassination and coup attempt against Gayoom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The mercenaries reportedly operated from a base in Sri Lanka, conducting several reconnaissance trips in preparation for the mission.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They were provided with arms and promised a payment of US$60,000 each for their services. However, the assassination attempt was ultimately called off by the SAS operatives due to emerging doubts about the operation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

1987 Great wave

On 11 April 1987, a devastating tidal wave, often referred to as the "Great Wave", struck Malé, leaving 16 islands across 13 atolls severely affected and causing damages estimated at MVR 90 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The disaster is considered one of the most catastrophic natural disasters in Maldivian history.

In an interview during the early 2000s, Gayoom said: Template:Blockquote

The wave caused remarkable damage to both the outer and inner seawalls of Malé. In response, the Maldivian government sought assistance from Japan, which sent a team of scientists to assess the situation.<ref name="Adhadhu">Template:Cite news</ref> The Japanese government later supported the reconstruction of the damaged seawalls, helping the country recover from the disaster.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The event drew international attention to the vulnerabilities of small island nations. Gayoom addressed this issue at the 1987 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, proposing the formation of a group of experts to study the impacts of climate change on small island states and low-lying nations.<ref name="Adhadhu" /> His proposal was adopted at the meeting. He also brought the issue to the United Nations General Assembly, becoming the first world leader to speak about climate change on a global stage.<ref name="Adhadhu" />

1988 coup attempt

On 3 November 1988, an attempted coup d'état was launched against Gayoom by a group of Maldivians, along with armed mercenaries from the Sri Lankan Tamil militant organisation, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The coup was arranged by Abdullah Luthufi, a Maldivian businessman, who sought to overthrow Gayoom's government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Gayoom's presidency faced weighty opposition, with key figures like Luthufi determined to remove him from power due to dissatisfaction with the political landscape and the perceived lack of opportunities for dissent.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" /> Luthufi believed that an outside force was necessary to facilitate this change, as local electoral processes were deemed ineffective.<ref name="Robinson, 2011">Template:Cite news</ref> His close association with the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) allowed him to negotiate for military support in the form of an 80-member raiding party.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" /> Strategic discussions regarding a sea-borne raid began in 1987, influenced by the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, Luthufi secured support from sympathetic members of the Maldivian military, highlighting the complexities of the political situation during Gayoom's rule.<ref name="Robinson, 2011" />

Gayoom reached out to neighbouring and other countries for assistance, contacting India, United Kingdom, United States and Singapore for military aid.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi responded promptly, and within hours, India launched Operation Cactus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Indian paratroopers were airlifted to the Maldives and landed in Malé on the same day, securing key locations and restoring order.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Indian intervention was decisive, with the coup leaders unable to mount resistance once foreign troops arrived.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many of the PLOTE mercenaries were captured, while others fled the country, but were later caught.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The coup attempt was effectively quashed within hours of the Indian military's arrival.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The quick resolution of the coup attempt strengthened Gayoom's position, and he publicly expressed gratitude towards the Indian government for its timely intervention.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Following the coup attempt, planner Abdulla Lutfi and his assistant Sagar Nasir were sentenced to death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, according to Gayoom, the sentences were reduced to a life sentence of 25 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the coup attempt, a small number of Indian soldiers remained in Malé for a year to protect Gayoom from further threats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other terms (1988–2008)

2004 tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was a major turning point in Gayoom's presidential administration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, President Gayoom addressed the nation on the evening of the disaster, stating that citizens should work together with the government to recover from the losses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The tsunami caused extensive devastation, resulting in the loss of more than three decades of development and an estimated 62% of the country's GDP and a damage cost of approximately US$460 million.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> According to World Bank estimates, the Maldives experienced a GDP growth rate of 13.75% in 2003; however, this plummeted to -11.223% in 2004 as a direct consequence of the tsunami.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Regardless of various recovery efforts, many damages remained unresolved by the end of Gayoom's presidency.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gayoom declared a state of emergency following the national disaster on the same day, and a special task force was established to deliver aid and supplies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Rescue efforts were hindered by the loss of communication with the nation's over 1,000 islands, as well as the lack of sufficient disaster planning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Malé bombing

Following the first bomb explosion in Malé on 29 September 2007, which targeted foreign tourists, the government, under the presidency of Gayoom, expressed serious concern over the rising threat of Islamic extremism.<ref name="BRT" >Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In response, the government initiated measures to address religious fundamentalism and militancy;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="BRT" /> the authorities declared that clerics or mullahs with beards would be prohibited from entering the country unless specifically invited by the government.<ref name="BRT" />

2008 assassination attempt

On 8 January 2008, Gayoom was visiting Hoarafushi in Haa Alif Atoll.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Mohamed Murshid attempted to stab Gayoom in the stomach with a kitchen knife;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> however, the attack was thwarted by Mohamed Jaisham Ibrahim, a 16-year-old boy scout from Kudahuvadhoo, who intervened and blocked the attack with his own hands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jaisham sustained injuries during this act and required medical treatment, later being treated at Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the incident, Gayoom stated, "By the grace of Almighty Allah, I am well and safe, but severe injuries have been inflicted on this brave young man from this island, Mohamed Jaisham. He is a true hero. I sincerely thank him and his family, and I pray to Almighty Allah for his speedy recovery."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Foreign policy

Palestine and Israel

During his presidency, Gayoom took a firm stance on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which was a defining feature of his foreign policy.<ref name="plstine">Template:Cite news</ref> Within a week of taking office in 1978, Gayoom severed the diplomatic relations with Israel that had been established under the previous administration of Ibrahim Nasir.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom supported for an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital. He argued that this move was necessary to align with the Maldives' broader support for Palestinian self-determination.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="UNGA31">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1984, Gayoom invited Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat to the Maldives, and he undertook a state visit in July the same year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Gayoom also attempted economic partnerships to strengthen ties with Palestine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His administration launched "Maldives Airways" in collaboration with the Palestinian government, with a fleet of four airplanes.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> However, the airline faced financial challenges, attributed to international sanctions and economic pressure, which led to its bankruptcy by 1984.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the airline's failure, Gayoom's administration continued efforts to support Palestine through other means, such as organising nationwide fundraising campaigns, with donation boxes set up throughout the Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

South and East Asia

During Gayoom's presidency, his foreign policy towards South and East Asia was centered on strengthening ties with key regional players, particularly India, China, and Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gayoom maintained a close relationship with India, which was pivotal during the 1988 coup attempt when India responded with "Operation Cactus" to retain his government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gayoom sought to balance the Maldives' foreign policy by establishing ties with China, especially as China's influence in the Indian Ocean grew through infrastructure investments and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).<ref name="cold war">Template:Cite news</ref> Relationships demonstrated Gayoom's pragmatic approach to foreign policy, ensuring the Maldives benefitted from both regional powers without becoming overly dependent on one.<ref name="cold war" /> China's growing presence was evident in infrastructure projects such as airports and bridges, but the administration was careful to avoid granting military footholds to Beijing, which would have alarmed India.<ref name="cold war" />

In October 1984, Gayoom made the first visit to China by a Maldivian head of state since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1972. The visit was made at the invitation of Chinese president. Upon touching down, Gayoom was greeted by Chinese president Li Xiannian. During the trip, an agreement on economic and technical cooperation was signed between the governments of China and the Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Africa and the Middle East

Gayoom's tenure as president saw the Maldives strengthening ties with African nations, particularly through multilateral organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations, where he sought cooperation on shared challenges, such as climate change and development initiatives.Template:Sfn He established relations with more than 25 countries in the African continent, during his presidential administration.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He strongly advocated for the complete and rapid eradication of apartheid and supported the South African people's right to self-determination.<ref name="UNGA31" /> His vocal opposition to apartheid strengthened the Maldives' standing in international forums, where he consistently called for the end of racial oppression and supported liberation movements in Africa.<ref name="UNGA31" />

In the Middle East, Gayoom prioritised relations with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Saudi Arabia was a crucial ally, providing financial aid, religious scholarships, and investments that supported the Maldives's development.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Diplomatic exchanges between the two nations were frequent, and the relationship was anchored in Islamic solidarity. Gayoom's government also sought to deepen ties with other Gulf countries like Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. These partnerships focused on economic cooperation, with the Gulf states contributing to various infrastructure projects in the Maldives. In 1981, Gayoom established diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and the Maldives in history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

United States and Europe

In the realm of security, the Maldives sought to strengthen ties with the United States to enhance its own national security and regional stability.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Given its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, the Maldives was seen as an important partner in U.S. efforts to combat piracy and terrorism in the region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Gayoom's government actively cooperated with the U.S. on maritime security initiatives and participated in international discussions concerning security challenges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This cooperation was mutually beneficial, as it provided the Maldives with increased visibility on the global stage while aligning with U.S. interests in ensuring a secure maritime environment. During the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, as part of their tour to affected countries due to the tsunami in 2005, former U.S. presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush travelled to the Maldives and met Gayoom.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Gayoom receives Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at Velana International Airport in 2005

During the presidency of Gayoom, relations between the Maldives and the United States were marked by cooperation and economic support. The U.S. contributed to the Maldives's economic development mainly through international organisation programmes. Following the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the two countries signed a bilateral assistance agreement, providing $8.6 million for reconstruction efforts.<ref name="DOS">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This aid was directed towards rebuilding harbours, sewage systems, and electrical generation facilities, while also helping the Ministry of Finance improve its capacity to manage and absorb international assistance.<ref name="DOS" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During his presidency, the Maldives established and nurtured strong relations with various European countries, particularly in the areas of trade, tourism, and development cooperation. The Maldives became an attractive destination for European tourists, which boosted its economy and helped the nation diversify its income sources.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> European nations, particularly the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, played a crucial role in promoting Maldivian tourism,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> contributing to the growth of the hospitality industry and infrastructure development.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

International trips

Countries visited by Gayoom during his presidency in dark blue; Maldives in Red

Gayoom made a number of visits to more than 35 countries during his 30 years of presidency.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His first visit following first inauguration, was to Libya to attend 1 September revolution celebrations in the country. He became the first Maldivian president to visit Libya, Senegal and South Africa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the end of his presidency, Gayoom had visited India over sixteen times in various capacities, making him the Maldivian president with the most visits to India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Domestic policy

Health and education policy

Education and healthcare policies were one of the most important–focused subjects during the presidential administration of Gayoom.

When Gayoom became president in 1978, the Maldives lacked a formal education system beyond the capital Malé, although two secondary schools and basic educational infrastructure existed there.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In early 1979, his government conducted a study that revealed 24.77% of the population was illiterate. In response, the government launched the "Basic Education Project" in January 1980, aimed at eradicating illiteracy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The project began the following month, with the start of teaching basic education classes.<ref name="MNL" /> Over time, the initiative reduced the illiteracy rate, bringing it down to 1.06% by 1999.<ref name="MNL" >Template:Cite book</ref> Gayoom made education a key priority, aiming to expand access across the country. His government began by establishing primary schools in the atolls, with Gayoom personally inaugurating the first in South Miladhunmadulu Atoll in March 1979, months after assuming office.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Edpo" >Template:Cite web</ref>

Gayoom awarding the future president Mohamed Waheed Hassan in 1989

A national curriculum was introduced, and efforts were made to provide seven years of primary education to Maldivian children.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, two secondary schools were established in the atolls, reducing the need for students to move to Malé for higher education.<ref name="Edpo" /> The number of students sitting for the GCE ordinary Level examinations grew from 102 in 1978 to 6,495 in 2002.<ref name="Edpo" /> Total student enrolment increased from around 15,000 in 1978 to 97,323 in 1998, and the literacy rate improved from 70% to 98.82% by the same year.<ref name="Edpo" /> By 1999, 254 schools with 2,646 teachers were providing education up to Grade 10.<ref name="Edpo" />

Gayoom's administration introduced many healthcare reforms in the late 1970s, when the Maldives had limited medical facilities, including just one small hospital and basic health services. His government prioritised improving maternal and child health, contributing to an increase in life expectancy from 48 years in 1978 to 71 years by 1998.<ref name="HETH" >Template:Cite web</ref> Universal immunisation was achieved by 1990, and the government implemented measures to combat communicable diseases.<ref name="HETH" /> Gayoom's administration also launched public health campaigns promoting healthy living, balanced diets, and the risks of tobacco consumption.<ref name="HETH" />

By 1998, the physician to population ratio had improved from one per 20,700 people in 1978 to one per 1,300, and hospital bed capacity increased nearly tenfold.<ref name="HETH" />

Human rights policy

Gayoom's presidency was marked by controversy, particularly regarding human rights issues.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> International human rights organisations and foreign governments have accused his administration of employing tactics against dissidents, including arbitrary arrest and detention, torture, forced confessions, and politically motivated killings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Reports indicated that security forces were sometimes used to intimidate opposition figures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Criticism of Gayoom's governance came from various quarters, including foreign nations such as those within the European Union and the Commonwealth of Nations, which expressed concerns over his long-term rule and described it as autocratic.<ref name="hmr">Template:Cite web</ref> Critics highlighted issues related to the abuse of power, and some characterised his leadership style as dictatorial, pointing to limitations on political freedoms.<ref name="hmr" /> The complex nature of his legacy continues to be a topic of discussion, with supporters citing developmental achievements while critics emphasise human rights violations.<ref name="hmr" />

Towards the end of his presidency, Gayoom apologised for his actions, saying: Template:Blockquote

Economic policy

File:Maldives GDP percentage from tourism and fisheries (1980–2002).jpg

The contribution of the tourism and fisheries industries to the GDP of the Maldives between 1980 and 2002

During the Gayoom's administration, tourism became the largest industry in the Maldives, a status it continues to hold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the 1980s, tourism accounted for 28% of the nation's GDP and more than 60% of its foreign exchange receipts.<ref name="IMF" /> This sector played a critical role in driving economic growth, with GDP per capita expanding by 265% during the 1980s and a further 115% in the 1990s.<ref name="IMF" /> The tourism industry's rapid development underpinned the Maldives' economic success, and this expansion provided a steady source of income and foreign currency, which helped to stabilise the economy during Gayoom's rule.Template:Sfn

Under Gayoom's leadership, the tourism industry was restructured in 1979 with the introduction of the Tourism Act, which established regulations to manage entry into the sector through capacity control.Template:Sfn These measures improved standards in existing resorts and increased profitability.Template:Sfn By the end of the 20th century, tourism became a vital part of the Maldivian economy, contributing to GDP and providing a crucial source of foreign currency.Template:Sfn

Gayoom's government initiated economic reforms in 1989, aimed at liberalising the economy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="wdb">Template:Cite web</ref> These reforms included lifting import quotas and opening certain sectors for export to private enterprises.<ref name="wdb" /> The liberalisation also extended to foreign investment regulations, encouraging more international involvement in the Maldivian economy. The nation's GDP grew rapidly, with the gross domestic product rising from MVR 440 million in 1980 to MVR 10,458 million by 2005, according to International Monetary Fund estimates.<ref name="IMF">Template:Cite web</ref>

Throughout the 1980s, the Maldivian economy experienced relatively low inflation, with real GDP growth averaging around 10%.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The year 1990 saw an exceptional GDP growth rate of 16.2%, although this figure declined to 4% by 1993.<ref name="DOS" /> Due to slowdown, the economy continued to perform strongly, with an average real GDP growth of over 7.5% per year from 1995 to 2004.<ref name="DOS" /> The sustained growth during this period was largely driven by a combination of tourism, fishing, and increased foreign investment, which helped the country weather regional economic challenges.<ref name="DOS" />

The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, however, caused a sharp contraction in the economy, with the GDP loss of approximately 62%;Template:Sfn the Maldivian economy demonstrated resilience, rebounding strongly with a 13% growth rate in 2006. The recovery was driven by a revival in tourism and infrastructure development efforts, supported by international aid and investments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Under Gayoom's administration, the Maldives managed to maintain steady economic growth, regardless of external shocks, while fostering a more open and diversified economy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Environmental policies

File:Ibrahim Shihab award 1979.jpg

Gayoom awards Ibrahim Shihab in 1979

During his presidency, Gayoom was a strong advocate for environmental protection and climate diplomacy, both nationally and internationally. His administration became one of the first to bring international attention to the potential consequences of climate change for low-lying nations.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1987, following severe flooding that inundated much of the capital, Malé, Gayoom recognised the looming threat posed by rising sea levels and environmental degradation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He became the first–ever world leader to address the United Nations General Assembly on the dangers of climate change, urging urgent global action on what was, at the time, still a relatively unknown issue.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gayoom's landmark "Death of a Nation" speech at the UNGA is often credited as one of the earliest and most influential calls for global cooperation in combating climate change.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His warnings about the vulnerability of small island nations like the Maldives highlighted the risks posed by global warming and sea level rise, issues that were not widely recognised at the time. This intervention marked the beginning of the Maldives' active participation in global climate diplomacy, reinforcing the nation's commitment to advocating for the protection of environmentally fragile states on the international stage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In addition to his efforts within the Maldives, Gayoom also spearheaded regional environmental cooperation.<ref name="env" >Template:Cite web</ref> Under his leadership, the Maldives played an important role in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Study on causes and consequences of natural disasters and the Protection and Preservation of the Environment.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="env" /> It helped build regional awareness of environmental risks, particularly in relation to natural disasters and the long-term impacts of environmental degradation.<ref name="env" /> Gayoom's focus on regional cooperation helped to enhance the Maldives' preparedness for climate-related challenges.<ref name="env" /> In 1989, the Maldives hosted the first Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> signing the "Malé Declaration on Global Warming and Sea Level Rise",<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a treaty urging nations to recognise sea level rise as a global security threat and take urgent action to mitigate its impacts. In 2007, representatives of Small Island Developing States signed the "Malé Declaration on the Human Dimension of Global Climate Change", a treaty signed by representatives of Small Island Developing States to highlight the critical links between climate change and human rights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Furthermore, Gayoom's government initiated the SAARC Study on the Greenhouse effect and its impact on the region.<ref name="env" /> In 1989, Gayoom initiated the Commonwealth Study on Climate Change, which focused on the effects of global warming on Commonwealth nations, particularly small island states.<ref name="env" /> The study, reviewed in 1991, highlighted the pressing need for international cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by rising sea levels and other environmental threats.<ref name="env" /> Gayoom's proactive approach in commissioning and participating of climate-change and environmental topics helped establish the Maldives as a global leader in climate diplomacy and advocacy for small island states.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political reforms

State visit to India, 2008

A month after Gayoom assumed presidency, the Citizen's Majlis passed the bill to amend the constitution. By 1980, Gayoom declared to form a special constitutional assembly, consisting of cabinet members and parliamentarians, to amend the constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After an 18-year process, the amended constitution was finalised, and by November 1997, Gayoom ratified the constitution. In 1998, the new constitution came info effect—declaring the Maldives a democratic republic (though it did not fully follow democratic principles).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 2004, Gayoom launched the "democratic reform agenda" in response to growing calls for political liberalisation and greater civil liberties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Over the following years, notable progress was made — a National Human Rights Commission adhering to international standards was established, political parties were introduced for the first time in 2005, media freedom was granted, and the criminal justice system was modernised.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2007, after several rounds of negotiations with opposition parties, particularly the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), an agreement was reached. The MDP pledged not to engage in violence, while the government committed to releasing political detainees and accelerating the reform process. Concerns over the pace of reforms remained, with some doubting the government's full commitment to change.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

By 2008, Gayoom emphasised the progress achieved through his reform agenda.<ref name="speech">Template:Cite web</ref> The drafting of a new constitution was nearing completion, aimed at facilitating the transition to a fully liberal democracy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The new constitution introduced a clearer separation of powers, stronger human rights protections, and established independent institutions, including an autonomous Elections Commission and a Supreme Court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

This constitution, finalised later 2008, marked a turning point in Maldivian political history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It introduced a multi-party system, limited the presidency to two five-year terms, and created the framework for greater transparency and accountability.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gayoom's administration also prepared for the country's first multi-party presidential election, proposing legislative reforms to guarantee the elections met international standards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Post-presidency (2008–present)

Gayoom's Award winner portrait, 2013

Following the inauguration of Mohamed Nasheed on 11 November 2008, Gayoom moved to his private residence in Malé.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom made regular appearances at various events throughout the Malé city, until his imprisonment in 2018, and remained low public profile ever since.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2010, Gayoom established his non-profit organisation, "the Maumoon Foundation", to support initiatives aimed at improving the livelihoods of the Maldivian people, utilising his resources, contacts, and experience.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In January 2010, Gayoom announced he would be retiring from Maldivian politics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom returned to politics in 2011 after resigning from the Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party, which he had established.<ref name="drp">Template:Cite news</ref> He cited corruption within the party's leadership as his primary reason for leaving, following disputes with the then party leader, Ahmed Thasmeen Ali.<ref name="drp" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="PPM" /> In early 2011, Gayoom formed a political faction within the DRP known as the Z-DRP, reflecting growing dissent over the party's direction. On 4 September 2011, Gayoom officially announced his resignation from the DRP,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> declaring that the Z-DRP would evolve into a new party that prioritised integrity and was independent of the DRP's influences.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2011, plans were revealed by Gayoom, for the Progressive Party of Maldives (PPM).<ref name="PPM">Template:Cite news</ref> The PPM received formal approval from the Elections Commission in October 2011.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2016, a leadership dispute emerged between Abdulla Yameen and Gayoom, leading to rapid changes within the Progressive Party of Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tensions escalated when Gayoom faced challenges to his authority within the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, PPM members voted to remove Gayoom as the party leader.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Legal actions were initiated by two Members of Parliament, Ahmed Shiyam and Mohamed Shahid, who filed a case in the Civil Court to formally oust Gayoom from his leadership position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2019, Gayoom announced his intention to establish a new political party, the Maldives Reform Movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following its establishment, he was appointed the interim president.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom's son, Ahmed Faris Maumoon was later elected as the president and leader of the Maldives Reform Movement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During the 2021 MRM primaries, Gayoom ran for the party's leader position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was elected by acclamation as the leader of the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Views on later presidents and diplomacy

Gayoom made a number of visits to countries as a special envoy of the president of the Maldives. After his half-brother Abdulla Yameen won the 2013 election, they had a good relationship at the time, where Yameen sent Gayoom to represent him in different meetings and conferences. One month after Yameen assumed presidency, Gayoom presented a letter from Yameen to the then-former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014, Gayoom undertook an official visit to Samoa as a special envoy of the president at the Third International Conference on Small Island Developing States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Chinese Communist Party leader and Chinese president Xi Jinping's state visit to the Maldives in 2014, Gayoom held a meeting with him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gayoom also sent condolences to former Singaporean prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, representing Yameen in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July that year, he undertook an official visit to Oman as special envoy of the president and met with officials to discuss on improving bilateral relations between Oman and the Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Views on presidents

Gayoom meets president Mohamed Muizzu in December 2023

Gayoom was a vocal critic of the Mohamed Nasheed administration, often opposing its policies and governance style. He and his supporters accused Nasheed's government of economic mismanagement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom also raised concerns about Nasheed's approach to religion and democracy, arguing that it risked undermining traditional values. During 2011–12, Gayoom and supporters protested,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which president Nasheed and the government described as "violent" and a "coup".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later the protests became an unrest, leading to the resignation of president Mohamed Nasheed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Though he praised President Yameen in the early part of his tenure, after 2015, relations between Gayoom and his half-brother Abdulla Yameen began to deteriorate, with the two ceasing communication following political disagreements and a leadership dispute within Gayoom's Progressive Party of Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, Gayoom apologised for supporting Abdulla Yameen in the 2013 presidential election, expressing regret for his role in Yameen's rise to power.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the Ibrahim Mohamed Solih administration, Gayoom did not majorly critique the administration but commented on specific issues, expressing dissatisfaction with certain aspects.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Presidential politics

After Gayoom lost the 2008 presidential election and the inauguration of Mohamed Nasheed, Gayoom did not majorly react to Nasheed administration in the first years. In the 2013 presidential election, many Maldivian citizens gave the opinion for Gayoom to run in the elections,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> however he declared in February 2013 that he would not run any further presidential elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later then Progressive Party of Maldives held its primary elections and was won by Gayoom's half-brother Abdulla Yameen, in which he endorsed Yameen.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the 2018 presidential elections, Gayoom endorsed Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, while Yameen was running; the decision was made following the imprisonment of Gayoom by Yameen in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the 2023 presidential election, Gayoom's elder son Ahmed Faris Maumoon was running as an independent candidate after Elections Commission rejected his candidacy as a Maldives Reform Movement candidate due to lack of members in the party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom endorsed Faris and his running mate Abdul Sattar Yoosuf in the elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Arrest and imprisonment

Gayoom with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in November 2018

On 5 February 2018, Gayoom was arrested for planning to overthrow his half-brother Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom's government, along with his son-in-law, Mohamed Nadheem.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His arrest occurred amid an emergency martial law declared by then-President Abdulla Yameen, who justified the actions by alleging a conspiracy and coup attempt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> International and nationwide reactions came quickly; Maldivians started protesting the following day as the government declared state emergency.<ref name="tg2">Template:Cite news</ref>

Shortly before his arrest, Gayoom posted a video message on Twitter, stating, "I have not done anything to be arrested. I urge you to remain steadfast in your resolve too. We will not give up on the reform work we are doing".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="tg2" /> Media reported that Gayoom and his son Faris were being tortured by not being allowed medical treatment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 13 June 2018, Gayoom was sentenced to 19 months in prison for "obstructing justice" after refusing to cooperate with the Maldives police and the judiciary following his arrest.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2018, he was placed under house arrest due to health concerns.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom was released on bail on 30 September 2018 and was acquitted on 18 October 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Reactions

International organisations, including the United Nations, expressed concern over the political situation, condemning the arrest as part of a broader "attack on democracy" in the Maldives.<ref name="ohchr">Template:Cite web</ref> The UN urged the Maldivian government to respect judicial independence and fundamental freedoms, criticising the suppression of dissent and the crackdown on political opponents.<ref name= "ohchr" /> Human rights groups also voiced their opposition to Gayoom's detention, calling for his immediate release and for the government to uphold democratic norms.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Domestically, Gayoom's arrest deepened the political divide in the country.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Opposition leaders, including former President Mohamed Nasheed, condemned the arrest and called for international intervention.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Nasheed appealed to India and the United States to step in, asserting that Yameen's actions threatened the rule of law and democratic governance in the Maldives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is widely believed that the crisis resulted to Yameen's defeat in the 2018 presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Public image

Gayoom speaking in a podium in 2015

Gayoom is regarded as one of the most influential figures in Maldivian history.Template:Sfn At Template:Age years old, he is the oldest living former president and is the earliest-serving living former president since the death of Ibrahim Nasir in 2008. Gayoom's leadership has left an important mark on the country's political landscape.<ref name="Srimal">Template:Cite news</ref>

Gayoom was seen as a moderniser and a stabilising force in the Maldives.<ref name="Srimal" /> His leadership brought remarkable advancements in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, earning him substantial support among Maldivians.<ref name="Srimal" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many viewed him as a visionary leader who played a crucial role in bringing the Maldives into the modern era and fostering economic growth.<ref name="Seena" /> His tenure is often credited with elevating the country's global standing and improving the quality of life for its citizens.<ref name="Seena">Template:Cite news</ref> His presidency is also often referred to as "Golden 30 years".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

However, Gayoom's long rule also attracted considerable criticism, particularly regarding his administration's handling of political dissent and human rights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Critics accused his government of authoritarian practices, including suppressing opposition voices and restricting freedoms of expression.Template:Sfn Allegations contributed to a divided view of his leadership, with some seeing him as a benevolent ruler who maintained stability, while others viewed him as an autocratic leader resistant to democratic reforms.Template:Sfn

Although facing accusations of authoritarianism, Gayoom hinted that he was not an authoritarian, stating: Template:Blockquote

A 2024 poll by the organisation Maahdhaa4 ranks him as a top-performing president.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the years following his presidency, Gayoom's role in politics has continued to shape his public perception. He is often regarded as a senior statesman, maintaining remarkable influence in the political sphere.Template:Sfn While his supporters continue to view him as the "father of the modern Maldives",Template:Sfn Gayoom has been described by journalists, politicians, and organisations as a dictator,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> autocrat,<ref name="crisis">Template:Cite news</ref> an authoritarian,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a strongman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During his presidency, the opposition referred to him as "Golhaaboa"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn to criticise his leadership, while his supporters called him "Zaeem", meaning "leader".Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Health

Gayoom in 2019

Gayoom's health has been a concern in recent years, particularly during his time in jail.<ref name="ENT">Template:Cite news</ref> He had been diagnosed with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 13 September 2018, his health deteriorated while he was incarcerated, leading to a visit to the doctor at Maafushi Jail for treatment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The attending physician recommended that Gayoom be placed under house arrest due to difficulties in performing essential activities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An ENT doctor advised him to avoid moving his head to prevent further complications due to BPPV.<ref name="ENT" /> Medical professionals indicated that his health could worsen at any moment, underscoring the seriousness of his condition during his imprisonment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2020, Gayoom tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He has remained in good health thereafter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Other activities

An avid reader, Gayoom is known for his deep engagement with literature, particularly in the areas of religion, science, and history during his post-presidency.<ref name="ast">Template:Cite news</ref> His fascination with astronomy has been a notable aspect of his personal interests, and he has spent remarkable time studying the moon and celestial bodies.<ref name="ast" /> His passion for photography and calligraphy also stands out, with Gayoom being a skilled calligrapher known for his work in Arabic script.<ref name="Int">Template:Cite web</ref> His calligraphic works has been displayed at the Islamic Centre since 1984.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gayoom is also a poet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and writer.<ref name="hoba" />

Gayoom is an enthusiastic sportsman, with a particular interest in badminton and cricket.<ref name="ast" /><ref name="Int" /> He actively played both sports during his presidency and beyond, maintaining a strong connection to physical activity. His role as an Islamic scholar further complements his diverse range of interests, as he often engages in discussions and lectures on religious matters during his free time.<ref name="Int" />

Gayoom's interest in astronomy began during his time teaching in Nigeria in 1969.Template:Sfn The clear night skies allowed him to notice that the moon's setting direction shifted over the course of the month, contrary to his assumption that it followed a constant path.Template:Sfn This observation led him to consult small astronomy books, which provided a basic understanding but left him aware of the limitations of the information available.Template:Sfn

Religion

Gayoom is a Sunni Muslim. The constitution of the Maldives states all Maldivian citizens shall be Sunni Muslim. Many people accuse Gayoom of not being a Sunni Muslim, but rather a Shia Muslim, or of not being a Muslim by faith.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

During the 2008 Maldivian presidential election, the Adhaalath Party challenged Gayoom in the Supreme Court as a constitutional matter,<ref name="infidel">Template:Cite news</ref> citing his past statements that could suggest he was not a Sunni Muslim,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which would disqualify him from running for president under the constitutional requirement that the president must be a Sunni Muslim.<ref name="infidel" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Supreme Court, upon dismissing the case, stated that the Adhaalath Party had failed to provide sufficient evidence to determine that Gayoom was not a Sunni Muslim.<ref name="infidel" />

Awards and honours

Gayoom receiving the Order of the Rule of Ghazi from Mohamed Waheed Hassan, 2013

Gayoom received several notable awards and honours throughout his career. In 1988, he was included in the Global 500 Roll of Honour by the United Nations Environment Programme.<ref name="wsds">Template:Cite web</ref> He was presented with the Man of the Sea Award for 1990 by the Lega Navale Italiana in 1991 and the International Environment Award by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit in 1998.<ref name="wsds" /> Gayoom also received The Energy and Resources Institute's Sustainable Development Leadership Award in 2008.<ref name="wsds" />

In recognition of his contributions to international relations, Gayoom was awarded the Grand Order of Mugunghwa by South Korean president Chun Doo-hwan in 1984,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and in 1997, Queen Elizabeth II conferred upon him the title of Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His efforts in public health were acknowledged with the WHO Health-for-All Gold Medal in 1998.

Other notable accolades include the Shield of Al-Azhar University in 2002, the Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana in 2008,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Order of the Distinguished Rule of Ghazi, the highest state honour awarded by the Maldives, awarded to him in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2015, Gayoom was awarded the Golden Jubilee Shield of Honour by the State for his exceptional national service in safeguarding, defending, and strengthening the full independence of the Maldives over the preceding 50 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2022, Gayoom was awarded the President's Tourism Gold Award.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He received lifetime achievement the same year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, Gayoom received a special commemorative shield in recognition of his "commendable work" to prevent the 1988 attack to overthrow his government, which was acknowledged at the national level.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Mohamed Amin Didi
• Fathulla Jameel
• List of presidents of the Maldives
• Vice President of the Maldives
• Cabinet of the Maldives

Works cited

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• Template:Cite news
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External links

• Former President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom at the president's office website
• Speeches by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom at the president's office website
• Maumoon Abdul Gayoom in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Maumoon Abdul Gayoom at BBC News website
• Template:Twitter
• Maumoon Abdul Gayoom on the Independent

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