Maurizio Cattelan

Maurizio Cattelan ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born 21 September 1960) is an Italian visual artist. Known primarily for his hyperrealistic sculptures and installations, Cattelan's practice also includes curating and publishing. His satirical<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> approach to art has resulted in him being frequently labelled as a joker or prankster of the art world. Self-taught as an artist, Cattelan has exhibited internationally in museums and Biennials. Maurizio Cattelan created his most important works of art at Viale Bligny 42 in Milan, where he lived for many years.

In 2011, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City presented a retrospective of his work. Some of Cattelan's better-known works include America, consisting of a solid gold toilet; La Nona Ora, a sculpture depicting a fallen Pope John Paul II who has been hit by a meteorite; and Comedian, a fresh banana duct-taped to a wall as a 2019 limited edition of three, one of which sold for $6.2 million in 2024.

Early life and education

Cattelan was born on 21 September 1960 in Padua, Italy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was raised there by his mother, a cleaning lady, and his father, a truck driver.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="NYTToiletGuggenheim">Template:Cite news</ref> From 1982 to 1985 he was part of Magnetica Attrattive, a Padua-based group with which he experimented with image processing using video. Later, he started his career by designing and producing wooden furniture in Forlì (Italy).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Cattelan has no formal training in art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He has said that in addition to reading art catalogues, "making shows has been my school".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Art practice

File:Guggenheim NOV2011 Cattelan 5.jpg

La Nona Ora (1999)

Humour and satire are at the core of Cattelan's work.<ref name="Worth">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This approach has often seen him labelled variously as an art scene joker, jester or prankster.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He has been described by Jonathan P. Binstock, curator of contemporary art at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, "as one of the great post-Duchampian artists and a smartass, too".<ref>A Head of His Time: Exploring the commodious nature of art Template:Webarchive, Gene Weingarten, reprint at Jewish World Review, January 21, 2005</ref> Discussing the topic of originality with ethnographer, Sarah Thornton, Cattelan explained, "Originality doesn't exist by itself. It is an evolution of what is produced. ... Originality is about your capacity to add."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His work was often based on simple puns or subverts clichéd situations by, for example, substituting animals for people in sculptural tableaux. "Frequently morbidly fascinating, Cattelan's humour sets his work above the visual pleasure one-liners," wrote Carol Vogel of The New York Times.<ref>CAROL, VOGEL. "Don't Get Angry. He's Kidding. Seriously." The New York Times 13 May 2002: 1. Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 16 November 2011.</ref>

Cattelan's first artwork has been noted as a photo art piece in 1989 entitled Lessico Familiare (Family Syntax), a framed self-portrait in which he is depicted forming a Hand Heart over his naked chest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1992, Cattelan started the Oblomov Foundation (named after Ivan Goncharov's 1859 novel Oblomov and its idle main character) which raised ten thousand dollars to offer as a grant to an artist who would undertake not to make or show any work for one year. Since there were no successful applicants, Cattelan used the money for a long holiday in New York.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Cattelan is commonly noted for his use of taxidermy during the mid-1990s. Novecento (1997) consists of the taxidermied body of a former racehorse named Tiramisu, which hangs by a harness in an elongated, drooping posture.<ref name="NovecentoSaltzReview">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another work utilizing taxidermy is Bidibidobidiboo (1996), a miniature depiction of a squirrel slumped over its kitchen table, a handgun at its feet.<ref name="Bidibidobidiboo">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1999, he started making life-size wax effigies of various subjects, including himself.<ref>Roberta Smith (November 3, 2011), A Suspension of Willful Disbelief Template:Webarchive The New York Times.Template:Subscription required</ref> One of his best known sculptures, La Nona Ora (1999), consists of an effigy of Pope John Paul II in full ceremonial costume being crushed by a meteor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Curating

In 1999, he co-curated with Jens Hoffmann the 6th Caribbean Biennial.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2002, he co-founded with Ali Subotnick and Massimiliano Gioni "The Wrong Gallery", a glass door leading to a 2.5 square foot exhibition space at 516A½ West 20th street in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYEdge">Template:Cite book</ref> After the building housing the gallery was sold, the door and gallery was put on display within the collection of the Tate Modern until 2009.<ref name="NYEdge"/>

With long-term collaborators Subotnick and Gioni, Cattelan also curated the 2006 Berlin Biennale.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Articles by Cattelan frequently appear in international publications such as Flash Art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Publishing

From 1996 to 2007, Cattelan collaborated with Dominique Gonzalez-Foster and Paola Manfrin on the publication Permanent Food, an occasional journal consisting of a pastiche of pages torn from other magazines and submissions by artists of similar material.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From 2002 he collaborated on the satirical arts journal Charley, a series on contemporary artists.<ref name="calvinTomkins">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 2009, Cattelan teamed up with Italian photographer Pierpaolo Ferrari to create an editorial for WTemplate:'s Art Issue.

In 2010, they founded the magazine Toiletpaper, a bi-annual, picture-based publication.<ref>Maria Lokke (November 18, 2011), Maurizio Cattelan's Toilet Paper Template:Webarchive The New Yorker.</ref> As part of a public art series at the High Line in 2012, Toiletpaper was commissioned with a billboard at the corner of 10th Avenue and West 18th Street in New York, showing an image of a woman's manicured and jeweled fingers, detached from their hands, emerging from a vibrant blue velvet background.<ref>Carol Vogel (May 31, 2012), A Cattelan Billboard for the High Line Template:Webarchive The New York Times.Template:Subscription required</ref> In 2014, Cattelan and Ferrari produced a fashion spread for the Spring Fashion issue of New York.<ref>Portfolio: Maurizio Cattelan and Pierpaolo Ferrari's Surreal Take on the New Season Template:Webarchive New York, February 7, 2014.</ref>

In the project entitled 1968, A Toiletpaper collaboration between Maurizio Cattelan, Pierpaolo Ferrari and the Deste Foundation in Athens, Cattelan celebrates the works and time of Dakis Joannou and his collection of radical design.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Toilet Paper differs from the two previously magazine projects, as its photographs were planned and designated solely for the magazine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The level of originality for this magazine surpassed the others, providing the audience vague, oddly familiar photographs to peruse through. Toilet Paper is a surrealist pantomime of images that the viewer cannot easily trace back to a starting point, while they've most likely been conjured by popular culture. It is a whirlwind of loud colors mixed in with the occasional black-and-white photo: "the pictures probe the unconscious, tapping into sublimated perversions and spasms of violence."<ref name="Spector" />

Selected works

File:HIM byMaurizio Cattelan in Warsaw Ghetto 2013.JPG

Him by Maurizio Cattelan, depicting Adolf Hitler kneeling in prayer, exhibited in a courtyard in the former Warsaw Ghetto

• Working Is a Bad Job (1993): At the 1993 Venice Biennale he leased his allotted space to an advertising agency, which installed a billboard promoting a new perfume.<ref name="guggenheim.org">Maurizio Cattelan: All, November 4, 2011 – January 22, 2012 Template:Webarchive Guggenheim Museum, New York.</ref>
• Errotin, le vrai Lapin (1995), in which he persuaded his gallerist Emmanuel Perrotin to wear a giant pink rabbit costume shaped like a phallus to Cattelan's gallery opening<ref>Maurizio Cattelan Template:Webarchive Guggenheim Collection.</ref>
• Another Fucking Readymade (1996): As a profound example of found art, for an exhibition at the de Appel Arts Center in Amsterdam, he stole the entire contents of another artist's show from a nearby gallery with the satirical idea of passing it off as his own readymade work, until the police insisted he return the loot on threat of arrest.<ref name="guggenheim.org"/>
• Turisti (1997), taxidermied pigeons and fake pigeon feces exhibited in the Italian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale of 1997<ref>Maurizio Cattelan, turisti, 1997 Christie's, 9 February 2005, London.</ref>
• In 1997, at the Consortium in Dijon, Cattelan dug a coffin-shaped hole in the floor of the museum's main gallery.<ref>Maurizio Cattelan, Una Domenica a Rivara (A Sunday in Rivara), 1992 Template:Webarchive Phillips de Pury & Company, London.</ref>
• Mother (1999); at the 1999 Venice Biennale, Cattelan executed this piece, a project that involved an Indian fakir, who practiced a daily ritual of being buried beneath sand in a small room, with only his clasped hands visible.<ref>Maurizio Cattelan, February 22 - March 25, 2000 Template:Webarchive Marian Goodman Gallery, New York.</ref>
• Untitled (2001), installation created for the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam that depicts the artist peering mischievously from a hole in the floor at a gallery of 17th-century Dutch masters.<ref name="guggenheim.org"/>
• Him (2001): a sculpture resembling a schoolboy kneeling in prayer, except that the head has been replaced with the realistic likeness of Adolf Hitler.
• As part of the 2001 Venice Biennale, he erected a full sized HOLLYWOOD sign over the largest rubbish tip on Palermo, Sicily.

File:WLANL - Pachango - Boijmans van Beuningen - Zonder titel (Maurizio Cattelan).jpg

Untitled (2001) at Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam, Netherlands

• La rivoluzione siamo noi (We Are The Revolution) (2000), features a miniature Maurizio Cattelan, dangling from a Marcel Breuer–designed clothing rack. In this depiction, Cattelan contrasts the German artist Joseph Beuys statement, "every man is an artist", with his own, "I am not an artist".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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• Don't Forget to Call Your Mother (2000), is a photograph by Cattelan that was utilized as a show invitation card, upon its introduction, by the Marian Goodman Gallery in New York City. "The sign ironically reminds customers of their mothers' worries each time they approach the bar to drink...in mimicking this stern parental directive, the sign draws on attitudes regarding authority, independence, and disobedience" (Susan Thompson).<ref name="Spector">Spector, Nancy, and Maurizio Cattelan. "Catalogue [1989-2011]." Maurizio Cattelan: All. New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum Publications :, 2011. Print.</ref>
• Daddy, Daddy (2008) was initially premiered in the group exhibition theanyspacewhatever (2008–09) at the Guggenheim Museum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The piece was a site-specific installation in a small pool at the bottom of the Frank Lloyd Wright atrium rotunda, where a life-size Pinocchio doll lay face-down, giving the impression that he had jumped or fallen from above. "Cattelan's life-size effigy of a beloved fairytale character lying face down in the museum's fountain reads as a crime scene replete with questions of intent: suicide, homicide, or ill-planned escape?"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• L.O.V.E. (2011), a Template:Convert white marble sculpture middle finger sticking straight up from an otherwise fingerless hand, pointing away from Borsa Italiana in Milan.<ref>Christina Passariello (May 13, 2011), At Milan's Bourse, Finger Pointing Has Business Leaders Up in Arms Template:Webarchive Wall Street Journal.Template:Subscription required</ref>

File:La Rivoluzione Siamo Noi 2000.jpg

La Rivoluzione Siamo Noi (2000) at Rubell Museum in Miami

• Turisti (2011), for the 2011 Venice Biennale, was made of 2,000 embalmed pigeons, not to be confused with the similarly-named Turisti (1997).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• America (2016), an 18-karat solid gold toilet, stolen from an exhibition in England in 2019.
• Comedian (2019), a banana duct taped to a wall, shown at Art Basel Miami. The edible part was eaten by the Georgian artist David Datuna (1974-2022) in a performance art piece called Hungry Artist.
• Blind (2021), a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks, featuring black resin monolith representing one of the World Trade Center towers intersected by the silhouette of a jetliner.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Exhibitions

Retrospectives

A major retrospective titled All, assembling 130 objects of Cattelan's career since 1989, opened in 2011 at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. On the occasion of the exhibition, Cattelan announced his early retirement.<ref name="America">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2016 the Monnaie de Paris his retrospective of his work titled Not Afraid of Love.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Biennials

Cattelan has participated in the Venice Biennale (1993, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2011), Manifesta 2 (1998), Luxembourg, Melbourne International Biennial 1999, and the 2004 Whitney Biennial in New York.<ref name="Maurizio Cattelan">Maurizio Cattelan Template:Webarchive Marian Goodman Gallery, New York.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Art market

At a Sotheby's auction in 2004, Cattelan's Ballad of Trotsky (1996), a taxidermic horse suspended by ropes from a ceiling, was sold for $2 million, a record for the artist.<ref>Carol Vogel (May 14, 2004). "Contemporary-Art Prices Keep Rising at Auction". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2021.Template:Subscription required</ref>

Recognition

Cattelan was a finalist for the Guggenheim's Hugo Boss Prize in 2000, received an honorary degree in Sociology from the University of Trento, Italy.<ref name="calvinTomkins"/> In 2004, he was awarded the Arnold Bode prize from the Kunstverein Kassel, Germany.<ref name="Maurizio Cattelan"/> A career prize (a gold medal) was awarded to Maurizio Cattelan by the 15th Rome Quadriennale.<ref>Cattelan Wins Career Award from Quadriennale di Roma Template:Webarchive «Artinfo» 27 March 2009. URL referred on 31 May 2009.</ref> On 24 March 2009, at the MAXXI Museum of Rome, singer and musician Elio came to receive the prize, claiming to be the real Cattelan.<ref>Template:In lang Maurizio Cattelan conquista la XV Quadriennale d'arte di Roma. Template:Webarchive. «Libero»/«adnkronos». 24 March 2009. URL referred at «liberonews.it» on May 31, 2009.</ref><ref>Template:In lang Premio a Cattelan, ma si presenta Elio Template:Webarchive «Il Tempo», 25 March 2009. URL referred on 31 May 2009.</ref><ref>Template:In lang Cattelan receive the prize at MAXXI, Rome. (swf) Template:Webarchive. 24 March 2009. Video at Rome Quadriennale website. URL referred on 31 May 2009.</ref>

Film

A documentary film titled Maurizio Cattelan: Be Right Back<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was released in 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival, and played in theaters in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The film, directed by Maura Axelrod,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> featured curator Massimiliano Gioni standing in for Cattelan. It followed Cattelan's career retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Television

On the occasion of his 2011 retrospective at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, Cattelan was profiled on the American television program 60 Minutes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016 a documentary about his life and work, The Art World's Prankster: Maurizio Cattelan, aired on BBC.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Controversies

In 2010, Sicilian artist Giuseppe Veneziano created a representation of Cattelan hanged with a noose around his neck and displayed it in the Vatican.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2017, when the Trump administration White House requested the loan of a Vincent van Gogh painting from the Guggenheim collection, Landscape with Snow, the museum's chief curator Nancy Spector suggested instead Cattelan's work America, a sculpture of a gold toilet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On December 7, 2019, Comedian, an artwork created by Cattelan in an edition of three for the 2019 installment of Art Basel Miami Beach consisting of a banana held to a wall by duct tape, sold to an unnamed French art collector for $120,000. The fruit in the work was later summarily eaten by Georgian performance artist David Datuna, who called his piece Hungry Artist. Meanwhile Galerie Perrotin, which was exhibiting another edition of the piece, replaced the fruit and stated that it is an "idea", while Datuna said "it was very delicious".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 27 April 2023 a similar intervention occurred when Noh Hyun-soo, a student from Seoul National University, ate the banana at the Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Using the original tape, he then re-affixed the peel back onto the wall. The peel was later replaced by the museum with a fresh banana.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Artist Joe Morford filed a suit against Cattelan for copyright infringement of his 2000 work titled Banana & Orange.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Banana & Orange features plastic replicas of the titular fruits duct taped to two green panels.<ref name="theartnewspaper.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Given Morford's claimed similarities between Comedian and Banana & Orange, Morford pursued a claim of copyright infringement, alleging that Comedian unfairly copied Banana & Orange.<ref>Morford v. Cattelan, Civil Action 21-20039-Civ-Scola (S.D. Fla. Jun. 9, 2023).</ref> Morford further claimed that Cattelan might have seen his work and been influenced by it. On June 9, 2023, judge Robert N. Scolar, Jr., a US district judge for the southern district of Florida, granted Cattelan's motion for summary judgment, closing the case prior to trial.<ref name="theartnewspaper.com"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Further reading

• Maurizio Cattelan, Maurizio Cattelan Biologia delle passioni, Ravenna, Ed. Essegi, 1989, Template:ISBN
• Giorgio Verzotti, Maurizio Cattelan, Milan, Charta Art Books, 1997, Template:ISBN
• Laura Hoptman and Madeleine Schuppli, Maurizio Cattelan, Basel, Kunsthalle, 1999. Template:ISBN
• Maurizio Cattelan and Jens Hoffmann, 6th Caribbean Biennal, Dijon, Les presses du réel, 2001, Template:ISBN
• Francesco Bonami, Nancy Spector, Barbara Vanderlinden and Massimiliano Gioni, Maurizio Cattelan, London, Phaidon Press, 2003, Template:ISBN
• Template:Cite book
• Maurizio Cattelan, Massimiliano Gioni and Ali Subotnick, Of Mice and Men, Berlin, Hatje Cantz, 2006, Template:ISBN
• Franklin Sirmans, Maurizio Cattelan: Is There Life After Death?, Yale University Press, 2011, Template:ISBN
• Nancy Spector, Maurizio Cattelan: All, New York, Guggenheim Museum, 2011, Template:ISBN
• Maurizio Cattelan, Myriam Ben Salah and Marta Papini, Shit and Die, Bologna, Damiani, 2015. Template:ISBN
• Michael Frahm and Paolo Fabbri, Victory is Not an Option: Maurizio Cattelan at Blenheim Palace, Blenheim Art Foundation, 2019 Template:ISBN
• Roberta Tenconi, Vicente Todolí, Francesco Bonami, Nancy Spector, Arnon Grunberg, Andrea Pinotti and Timothy Verdon, Maurizio Cattelan: Breath Ghosts Blind, Venice, Marsilio, 2021. Template:ISBN
• Maurizio Cattelan, Marta Papini, Michele Robecchi, Roberta Tenconi, Vicente Todolí and Fiammetta Griccioli, Maurizio Cattelan: Index, Venice, Marsilio, 2021. Template:ISBN