McMurdo Station
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McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research station on the southern tip of Ross Island. It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program (USAP), a branch of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The station is the largest community in Antarctica, capable of supporting up to 1,200 residents,<ref name="comnap-catalogue"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> though the population fluctuates seasonally; during the antarctic night, there are fewer than two hundred people. It serves as one of three year-round United States Antarctic science facilities. Personnel and cargo going to or coming from Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station usually first pass through McMurdo, either by flight or by the McMurdo to South Pole Traverse; it is a hub for activities and science projects in Antarctica. McMurdo, Amundsen-Scott, and Palmer are the three non-seasonal United States stations on the continent, though by the Antarctic Treaty System the bases are not a legal claim (though the right is not forfeited); they are dedicated to scientific research. New Zealand's Scott Base is nearby on Hut Point Peninsula, as is Arrival Heights Laboratory. On the base is a heliport, and across the channel is a helicopter refueling station at Marble Point, but the main airfields in the 2020s are Phoenix Airfield and Williams Field which are to the south and built on ice. Winter Quarters Bay is the base seaport, though access can be limited by weather conditions when the sea ice forms. Weather can make it too hard to land aircraft, and an icebreaker may be needed to reach the port facility. However, the sea ice also makes it possible to make ice traverses and travel directly across the bay, and historically an Ice Runway was crafted. The base is powered by a mixture of generators and wind power, though it had a nuclear reactor in the 1960s.
The base was first established in the mid-1950s as part of an international program to study and explore Antarctica for peaceful purposes. Daylight is seasonal at McMurdo, corresponding to the south polar daytime, and the polar night, which is also winter, lasts from about April to September. As it warms, the sea ice melts, and the port is opened, but by about February, much of the activity drops with plunging temperatures and increasing darkness, and there are usually no flights in or out until July or August.
The base has many buildings and staff which support the local population and its many field stations and research projects. The base is the starting point for the South Pole Traverse snow and ice road, which must be cleared each year, as do the snow and ice runways. The base is distant from New Zealand, about the same distance as between New York and Los Angeles, or as between Los Angeles and Hawaii. Some of the projects and/or field stations McMurdo Station has supported include the Lower Erebus Hut, for the study of Mount Erebus (an active volcano to the north of the base), WAIS Divide Camp (an ice coring project), ANDRILL (ANtarctic DRILLing Project), ANSMET (meteorite collection), and the Long Duration Balloon site. Telecommunication sites include Ross Island Earth Station, Black Island Earth Station, and the NASA Ground Station. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is supported primarily through the McMurdo Station, and resources to many international camps also come through McMurdo and its facilities.
History
McMurdo started in December 1955, and was established in 1956 as a Naval Air Station in support of the International Geophysical Year, then as a science and logistics base in line with the international Antarctic treaty. Each year there are changes at the base, but the overall rhythm of the base has remained. Supplies and people flow in by ship and air for the austral summer, and for a few months there is a frenzy of activities, research, and resources flow out to many field stations and bases in Antarctica. In a few months people depart as the temperature plunges and worsening weather conditions, and much smaller staff over-winter at the base. Originally a Naval base, the role of the NSF and contractors increased and by 1993 the USN had departed. The NSF collaborates with other agencies including the U.S. Coast Guard, US Air Force, New Zealand Air Force, and NASA, as well as many academic institutions.
Name
The station takes its name from its geographic location on McMurdo Sound, named after Lieutenant Archibald McMurdo of British ship Template:HMS. The Terror, commanded by Irish explorer Francis Crozier, along with expedition flagship Erebus under command of English Explorer James Clark Ross, first charted the area in 1841. The British explorer Robert Falcon Scott established a base camp close to this spot in 1902 and built a cabin there that was named Discovery Hut. It still stands as a historic monument near the water's edge on Hut Point at McMurdo Station. The volcanic rock of the site is the southernmost bare ground accessible by ship in the world. The United States officially opened its first station at McMurdo on February 16, 1956, as part of Operation Deep Freeze. The base, built by the U.S. Navy Seabees, was initially designated Naval Air Facility McMurdo. On November 28, 1957, Admiral George J. Dufek visited McMurdo with a U.S. congressional delegation for a change-of-command ceremony.<ref name=heraldjournal112957>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1961, it was renamed from Naval Air Facility McMurdo, to just McMurdo.<ref name=":21">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Navy would be involved until 1993, when it left McMurdo in the hands of the NSF. The NSF had been involved over the decades and took on greater responsibilities over the years.
International Geophysical Year
McMurdo Station was the center of United States logistical operations during the International Geophysical Year,<ref name=heraldjournal112957/> an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. After the IGY, it became the center for US scientific as well as logistical activities in Antarctica. The IGY was international project in the late 1950s by 67 countries and involved over 4,000 research stations Globally.<ref name="nzaht.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
McMurdo was one of seven bases that the United States built for the IGY, which also included Hallett, Wilkes, Admundsen-Scott, Ellsworth, Byrd, and Little America.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Of these only McMurdo and Admundsen-Scott are still operated in the early 21st century.<ref name=":0" />
As part of this endeavour, New Zealand also built a base on Ross Island, Scott Base, which has gone on to conduct many scientific projects.<ref name="nzaht.org" /> Scott Base is still in operation, but a second year-round New Zealand base, Vanda Station, built later on the Antarctic mainland, has since closed; it still has a weather station and is visited seasonally. Also, Hallet Station was a joint base of New Zealand and the US, which was operated until 1973.<ref name=":18">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Antarctica Treaty
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Antarctic Treaty, subsequently signed by dozens of governments, regulates intergovernmental relations with respect to Antarctica and governs the conduct of daily life at McMurdo for United States Antarctic Program (USAP) participants. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961.
On the heels of the success of the IGY, the treaty was developed with three major points, to continue Antarctica's legal status, to use it for scientific purposes, and for peaceful purposes.<ref name=":22">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1960s and 70s
In 1960, one of the longest-running science experiments at McMurdo was established, the CosRay detector. This detected energetic particles from the Sun, and would operate until 2016 when it was moved to the nearby Jang Bogo station.<ref name="antarcticsun.usap.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1961 the Antarctic Treaty System entered into force and the base was renamed McMurdo Station.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" />
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The first scientific diving protocols were established before 1960 and the first diving operations were documented in November 1961.<ref name=Pollock2007>Template:Cite journal</ref>
From 1961 to 1972, McMurdo Station relied on a small PM-3A nuclear reactor for power, which also provided heat for a desalination plant that produced fresh water from seawater. The reactor-powered plant could generate approximately 14,000 gallons of water per day.<ref name="Anderton">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The reactor could produce 1.8 megawatts of power and would enable a reduction in fuel oil shipments.<ref name=":30">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 1950s, fuel oil was about half the weight of all cargo going to Antarctica, and there was other expected benefits. The oil heaters being used to heat buildings were a fire safety hazard, and there was a demand for reliable power over the dark winter months when the station could not be resupplied.<ref name="large.stanford.edu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The nuclear plant was brought to the base in December 1961, and produced electricity on July 10, 1962.<ref name=":30" /> The reactor was modular, and could be broken into sections small enough for C-130 even though it was brought to McMurdo by ship.<ref name="Anderton"/> The reactor proved expensive to operate, and was turned off over concerns of stress corrosion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1973 the Thiel Earth Science Laboratory (TESL) was dedicated, named after the geologist Edward Thiel.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He died in 1961 in a plane that crashed trying to take off from Wilkes Station.<ref name="gnisGray">Template:Cite gnis</ref> The Thiel Laboratory later became office for Field Training Safety in the 1990s, after its work moved to the Crary lab.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Between 1962 and 1963, 28 Arcas sounding rockets were launched from McMurdo Station, collecting the first measurements above radiosonde levels of altitude in Antarctica<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1967, the first Winter fly-in (WinFly) took place in June and August, providing a supply and personnel relief for those overwintering at McMurdo, reducing the duration of their isolation to about 4–5 months. This marked the first phase of Operation Deep Freeze, aimed at resupplying McMurdo and supporting the busy austral summer season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1974, Mary Alice McWhinnie and Mary Odile Cahoon became the first women to winter over at McMurdo Station,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> staying from April through October of that year. In 1962 McWhinnie became the first female in the Antarctic Research Program.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1980s
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In 1982 new generators were installed; this included six diesel generators that could produce 900 kilowatts each though the number used depends on base population. It also powers the desalination plant and waste heat, heats the buildings at McMurdo.<ref name="McMurdo Power Station">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the late 1980s, construction started on what would be the new Crary science laboratory, a larger and connected facility would replace some of the older labs.<ref name=":33">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1989, a Greenhouse for McMurdo was built, which could supply a limited supply of fresh greens year round.<ref name=":26"/> A new chapel was dedicated in 1989 after the previous had burned down in 1978. A temporary chapel in quonset was used in the interim, though that burned also in 1991. During this period, a number of social establishments were open, many of which were organized according to military rank. While civilians were permitted to enter any of these venues, access for military personnel was typically segregated by rank.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":35">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 1988-89 season a hovercraft was tested, these hovercraft could traverse over land, ice, and water, but also melting sea ice mixture. The design was relatively easy to use, and the McMurdo kitchen staff were test drivers after some training.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1990s
The 1990s marked a period of transition for McMurdo Station, highlighted by the withdrawal of the United States Navy, which had played a central role in the station's governance and operations since its founding. Over the preceding decades, the National Science Foundation (NSF) had gradually assumed greater responsibility and was ultimately designated as the lead agency. The NSF continued to coordinate with other entities, including the United States Coast Guard, the Air Force, NASA, and various civilian contractors.
In 1990, one area of study was the ozone layer, in particular there was concern over ozone depletion and measurements of this layer were taken in 1990 from McMurdo.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In December 1991, the new Crary lab, named for Albert P. Crary, was dedicated, replacing the older Thiel Earth Science Laboratory and the Eklund Biological Center.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The McMurdo greenhouse was expanded with a glasshouse expansion in 1994.<ref>Bamsey, Matthew & Zabel, Paul & Zeidler, Conrad & Gyimesi, David & Schubert, Daniel & Kohlberg, Eberhard & Mengedoht, Dirk & Rae, Joanna & Graham, Thomas. (2015). Review of Antarctic Greenhouses and Plant Production Facilities: A Historical Account of Food Plants on the Ice.</ref> A Foremost Terra bus was delivered the same year, and served until 2025; the bus could haul 56 passengers and was dubbed Ivan the Terra.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1995, the McMurdo Ground Station came online, which was collaboration between NASA and the NSF; it is a communication facility with a 10-meter S and X Band antenna in polygonal dome overlooking the base. It has supported communication with satellites such as for radar mapping Antarctica and TDRSS.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1996, the NASA Long Duration Balloon facility, a McMurdo Field Station was established.<ref name=":37">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1999 the Navy conducted its final flight out from McMurdo to New Zealand, marking the end of a 44-year chapter of Naval aviation from McMurdo Station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1998 Protocol on Environmental Protection
McMurdo Station has attempted to improve environmental management and waste removal in order to adhere to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, signed on October 4, 1991, which entered into force on January 14, 1998. This agreement prevents development and provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas. It prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific ones. A new waste-treatment facility was built at McMurdo in 2003.
McMurdo Station stands about two miles (3 km) from Scott Base, the New Zealand science station, and all of Ross Island lies within a sector claimed by New Zealand. Criticism has been leveled at the base regarding its construction projects, particularly the McMurdo-(Amundsen-Scott) South Pole highway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Scientific diving operations
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Scientific diving operations continue with 10,859 dives having been conducted under the ice from 1989 to 2006. A hyperbaric chamber is available for support of polar diving operations.<ref name=Pollock2007/>
21st century
On 24 November 2003, McMurdo Station had a total solar eclipse, which the inhabitants were able to observe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:As of, McMurdo Station was Antarctica's largest community and a functional, modern-day science station, including a harbor, three airfields<ref name="llanos">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (two seasonal), a heliport and more than 100 buildings.
McMurdo Station briefly gained global notice when an anti-war protest took place on February 15, 2003. During the rally, about 50 scientists and station personnel gathered to protest against the coming invasion of Iraq by the United States. McMurdo Station was the only Antarctic location to hold such a rally.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A snow and road traverse from McMurdo to the South Pole was constructed between 2002 and end of 2005, when it opened for the first time; it has gained several names and has been called the southernmost road in the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although the South Pole base is about a three-hour flight by LC-130 from McMurdo, the overland traverse allows massive amounts of cargo including Template:Convert of fuel and Template:Convert of cargo each year to be transported out of McMurdo.<ref name=":0b">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2008, NASA tested an inflatable lunar habitat at McMurdo station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Scientists and other personnel at McMurdo are participants in the USAP, which coordinates research and operational support in the region. Werner Herzog's 2007 documentary Encounters at the End of the World reports on the life and culture of McMurdo Station from the point-of-view of residents. Anthony Powell's 2013 documentary Antarctica: A Year on Ice provides time-lapse photography of Antarctica intertwined with personal accounts from residents of McMurdo Station and of the adjacent Scott Base over the course of a year.
An annual sealift by cargo ships as part of Operation Deep Freeze delivers 8 million U.S. gallons (42 million liters) of fuel and 11 million pounds (5 million kg) of supplies and equipment for McMurdo residents.<ref>Modern Marvels: Sub-Zero. The History Channel.</ref> The ships, operated by the U.S. Military Sealift Command, are crewed by civilian mariners. Cargo may range from mail, construction materials, trucks, tractors, dry and frozen food, to scientific instruments.
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2010s
In 2011 the McMurdo Station greenhouse was demolished, which was the largest in Antarctica up to that time.<ref name=":26" />
In the late 2010s, there was a transition from Pegasus Airfield to Phoenix Airfield. Phoenix Airfield underwent operational testing and received its first wheeled landings during the 2016-17 austral summer season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Then, Pegasus Airfield closed after the last flight on 8 December 2016.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> Phoenix Airfield was opened in early 2017.<ref name="USAP16">Template:Citation</ref> Also a new compressed snow "Alpha" runway was built at Williams field.
In 2017, the McMurdo Oceanographic Observatory (MOO) was installed underwater and removed in 2019; it provided underwater data and video from under the ice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
2020s
In 2020, one dormitory was demolished as part of a plan to rebuild several parts of station. A new dorm is under construction and is expected to be finished by March 2026. In the 2023–4 season, 67 of 137 projects were cut or scaled back due to housing issues.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2023, the NIH sent investigators to McMurdo in response to reports of sexual harassment and/or assault by men and women at the station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One result of this was to ban the selling of alcohol at bars, though it's not a blanket ban on alcohol at the station.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first confirmed case of Covid at McMurdo was detected in August 2022. By November, 10% of the population of the station was confirmed to be infected. As of February 2023, a total of 175 positive cases have been detected.<ref name=":9b">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Covid also reached Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and WAIS Divide field camp.<ref name=":7x">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":8x">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (see also COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica )
In 2022 the Ross Island Earth Station (RIES) satellite telecommunications center was completed near McMurdo Station, which supports satellite communications for the base.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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For Operation Deep Freeze 2025, the ship Ocean Giant brought supplies to McMurdo Station for the 24'-25' season, arriving in late January 2025. For this year the Marine Causeway System, rather than an ice pier was used. The Marine Causeway consists of floating modular sections that when assembled allow the cargo to be offloaded.<ref name=":13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ocean Giant was then loaded with trash and material for recycling, and departed, then the cargo ship Ocean Gladiator came with more supplies for the base.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Day and night cycles
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McMurdo Station has four light periods: two of polar night and two of polar day. The polar night lasts from April to August, with continuous daylight from late October to February. The Sun rises in August, sets in October, and remains above the horizon until February. After the first sunset in February, the cycle repeats. Stars of the southern celestial hemisphere are visible during the polar night.
Unlike the South Pole, where the Sun stays visible for six months and then remains dark for the next six, McMurdo Station experiences sunsets and sunrises throughout the year. Located at 77.85° South, it lies south of the Antarctic Circle but farther north than the pole itself. As a result, McMurdo has periods of continuous daylight and darkness. The Sun gradually rises during the September equinox, reaches its highest point at the December solstice, and sets at the March equinox. From late August to October, there is a normal day-night cycle. After October’s final sunset, McMurdo experiences 24-hour daylight until February, when the first sunset of the year occurs. The cycle repeats with sunrise and sunset until the final sunrise in April, followed by twilight and 24-hour darkness until the next August.<ref name=":14">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The station uses New Zealand time (UTC+12 during standard time and UTC+13 during daylight saving time) since all flights to McMurdo station depart from Christchurch and, therefore, all official travel from the pole goes through New Zealand.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Climate
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With all months having an average temperature below freezing, McMurdo features a polar ice cap climate (Köppen EF). However, in the warmest months (December and January) the monthly average high temperature may occasionally rise above freezing. The place is protected from cold waves from the interior of Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, so temperatures below −40° are rare, compared to more exposed places like Neumayer Station, which usually gets those temperatures a few times every year, often as early as May, and sometimes even as early as April, and very rarely above 0 °C. The highest temperature ever recorded at McMurdo was 10.8 °C on December 21, 1987. There is enough snowmelt in summer that a few species of moss and lichen can grow.
The average yearly temperature is freezing, but it can get as high as 8 °C (46 °F) in the austral summer and as low as -50 °C (-58 °F) in the austral winter. McMurdo Station is a windy place with an average wind speed of about 10 knots (11 mph, 19 kph), but with gusts ten times that possible.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2017, a winter storm lasting for hours had sustained winds of 72 mph (116 kph, 63 knots).<ref name=":31" />
The station gets about one and half yards/meters of snow each year, but will be snow-free late in summer.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Antarctica in general is actually quite dry, and would be considered a desert, but the coastal areas get more precipitation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Communications
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Starting in 1963, McMurdo played host to one of the only two shortwave broadcast stations in Antarctica. From sign-on to 1971, the callsign was KMSA, from then on it was changed to WASA (W Antarctic Support Activities), later changing to AFAN in 1975. As KMSA, the station broadcast in the same building as the bowling alley, the barber shop and the retail store. A part of the vinyl collection reportedly came from Vietnam, believing to have been played by Adrian Cronauer's show in Saigon. In a 1997 interview to The Antarctic Sun, Cronauer denied these claims and the vinyl collection was apparently destroyed.<ref>"McMurdo radio station goes high-tech but retains retro vinyl collection" (February 24, 2012). Retrieved 2023-06-29</ref> The station—AFAN McMurdo—initially operated on AM 600 and had a power of 50 W,<ref>"Antarctic Radio Melts" (2012). Retrieved 2023-06-29</ref> but by 1974, it transmitted with a power of 1 kilowatt on the shortwave frequency of 6,012 kHz and became a target for shortwave radio listening to hobbyists around the world because of its rarity. The station was picked up by DX for the first time in New Zealand in July 1974, and within a few months had its signal received as far as the US east coast. AFAN had changed frequencies several times in subsequent years.<ref>"American Forces Antarctic Network". Retrieved 2023-06-29</ref> The station continued broadcasting on shortwave into the 1980s when it dropped shortwave while continuing FM transmission.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
For a time, McMurdo had Antarctica's only television station, AFAN-TV, running vintage programs provided by the military. Broadcasts started on November 9, 1973, with a mix of US programs and interviews with visitors and scientists, as well as a daily news and weather service.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The station's equipment was susceptible to "electronic burping" from the diesel generators in the outpost. In the mid-90s, a cable network was installed. By 1998, shortly after the launch of new AFN television services the year before, the traditional AFN network was broadcast over cable channel 2, while NewSports ran on channel 11 and Spectrum on channel 13.<ref name=McMurdo1998>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
McMurdo Station receives both Internet and voice communications by satellite communications via the Optus D1 satellite and relayed to Sydney, Australia.<ref>"Optus D1 satellite to provide critical link to Antarctica and to help monitor our changing Earth" (September 20, 2007). Retrieved 2013-08-06</ref><ref>Wolejsza, C.; Whiteley, D.; Paciaroni, J. (2010)</ref> A satellite dish at Black Island provides 20 Mbit/s Internet connectivity and voice communications. Voice communications are tied into the United States Antarctic Program headquarters in Centennial, Colorado, providing inbound and outbound calls to McMurdo from the US. Voice communications within the station are conducted via VHF radio.
Testing of the Starlink service began in September 2022,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with a second terminal providing connectivity for the Allan Hills field camp brought in November 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Starlink allowed a large increase in bandwidth for residents of McMurdo, include 24×7 availability during the winter season, and for the 2023–2024 season also for morale use. The AIR project also planned to expand Starlink coverage to dorms and other spaces.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The greatly expanded internet access has allowed those stationed at McMurdo to stay in touch with the rest of the world more easily and indulge in high-bandwidth leisure activities like watching sporting events.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Power and water systems
The base ran off generators and supplies at the start, and a nuclear power plant operated from 1962 to 1973, which was also used to make water. After that a generator plant produced power, heat, and water. A water treatment plant was added in 2002, and in the 2010s wind power, shared with Scott Base, supplemented the diesel generators.
Almost all water and sewer lines are above ground, and are insulated and heated. Excavating frozen ground for repairs is difficult, so having them above ground makes maintenance easier.<ref name=":19" />
As of 2024, all power at U.S. Antarctic stations is delivered at 120 volts, 60 hertz AC. Water at McMurdo and Palmer stations is produced via reverse osmosis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Nuclear power (1962–1972)
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On March 3, 1962, the U.S. Navy activated the PM-3A nuclear power plant at the station. The unit was prefabricated in modules to facilitate transport and assembly. Engineers designed the components to weigh no more than Template:Convert each and to measure no more than Template:Convert by Template:Convert by Template:Convert. A single core no larger than an oil drum served as the heart of the nuclear reactor. These size and weight restrictions aimed to allow delivery of the reactor in an LC-130 Hercules aircraft, but the components were delivered by ship.<ref name="antsun">Template:Cite news</ref>
The reactor generated 1.8 MW of electrical power<ref name="nzlistener">Template:Cite news</ref> and reportedly replaced the need for Template:Convert of oil daily.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Engineers applied the reactor's power, for instance, in producing steam for the salt-water distillation plant. As a result of continuing safety issues (hairline cracks in the reactor and water leaks),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bulletinAtom">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the U.S. Army Nuclear Power Program decommissioned the plant in 1972.<ref name="bulletinAtom"/>
Diesel generators
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Conventional diesel generators replaced the nuclear power station, with several Template:Convert diesel generators in a central powerhouse providing electric power. A conventionally fueled water-desalination plant provided fresh water.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The generators provide not only electricity, but also heat and water to the station. Power from the new wind farm is also integrated when possible, though it shares that power with nearby Scott Base. The power demands vary greatly due to the changes in the base population.
From 1982 to 2011, the base had six generators that could produce 900 kilowatts each, but it depends on the number of people at the base. With 800 people at the base around 1800 kilowatts are produced; the facility is not run at maximum capacity all the time. Heat from the engines, which have to be cooled regardless, is used to heat buildings at McMurdo by a heat exchanger. This design was completed in 1982.<ref name="McMurdo Power Station"/>
In 2011 a new generator system came online that had three in one building and two in another, the water plant building, to provide increased redundancy. There are four engines rated at 1500 kW and one at 1300 kW<ref name=":11" /> Base power is also supplemented by the wind power station on Hut Point Peninsula shared by McMurdo and Scott bases.<ref name=":11">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The generators power the desalination plant, which makes freshwater for the base by taking sea water and putting it through a reverse osmosis filter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Wind power
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The southernmost wind farm on Earth is located on Ross Island, supplementing power and reducing fuel consumption at McMurdo and Scott.<ref name=":20">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The three-tower facility on Crater Hill has an average wind speed of nearly 30 kph, at 40 m height of the initial turbines.<ref name=":20" />
In January 2010, three new wind turbines had their opening ceremony by McMurdo and Scott officials, bringing significant wind power to Ross island;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> three turbines rated at 330 kW each for a total of nearly 990 kW shared between the two bases, was estimated to save 240 thousand gallons of fuel per year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Three Enercon E-33 (330 kW each) wind turbines were deployed in 2009 to power McMurdo and New Zealand's Scott Base, reducing diesel consumption by 11% or 463,000 liters per year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The subsequent failure of a proprietary, non-replaceable part critical to battery storage reduced the power generation of the turbines by 66% by 2019.<ref name="youtube=iXA3krkNZhY">
- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Three new wind turbines were planned for the 2023–4 season, with great capacity: one new one will be greater than previous three combined. The strong winds make wind power a practical alternative, and the new wind system should supply 90% of the power at Scott Base.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Transport
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McMurdo Station relies on three types of transport: land, sea, and air, each facing challenges posed by extreme cold, snow, and ice. Access by sea often requires an icebreaker, while ground transport utilizes snow tires, tracks, and sleds. Aircraft such as the LC-130, equipped with skis, can land on snow, and more prepared ice or compacted snow runways can accommodate conventional landing gear, though extremely cold temperatures can complicate aircraft operations. Weather conditions also affect the harbor, which freezes over in winter, and McMurdo Sound is covered by sea ice. Various vehicles are used to navigate different snow, ice, and ground conditions. One of the most hazardous areas to traverse is glacial ice, where snow can conceal deep crevasses.
McMurdo Station has a heliport that facilitates access to nearby locations, and a refueling station is located across McMurdo Sound to the west, at Marble Point. Due to the absence of roads and challenging ground conditions, helicopters play a crucial role in accessing and supplying stations and research projects in the surrounding area.
Air
McMurdo station is serviced seasonally from Christchurch Airport about Template:Convert away by air,<ref name="christchurchairport/antarctica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with C-17 Globemaster and Lockheed LC-130, by two airports:
- Phoenix Airfield (ICAO: NZFX), a compacted snow runway which replaced Pegasus Field (ICAO: NZPG) in 2017
- Williams Field (ICAO: NZWD), a permanent snow runway for ski-equipped aircraft.
Historically, a seasonal Ice Runway (NZIR)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was used until December<ref>Blue-ice and snow runways, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs. April 9, 1993.</ref> though this has fallen out favor of the compacted snow runway of Phoenix airfield since 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ice runway was built out over frozen sea ice in the late months of the year, after the polar dawn started but before the sea ice broke up.
Sea
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McMurdo Station is home to the world's southernmost harbor, which plays a crucial role in supplying the station and supporting various Antarctic projects. Due to challenging weather conditions, access to the harbor often requires the use of an icebreaker.
McMurdo harbor has been opened by U.S. CGC Polar Star which comes every year to McMurdo. Access to ships in the harbor can be done via an ice pier, though a modular causeway was in development<ref name="dvidshub.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A modular floating Marine Causeway system was used in January 2025.<ref name=":13" />
Heliport
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McMurdo Station has a helicopter pad, with helicopters supporting various operations in the area, including trips to the McMurdo Dry Valleys.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also, there is a helicopter refueling station across the channel at Marble Point.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The helicopters used at McMurdo Station have varied over time. Initially, Navy helicopters were employed, followed by a period during which Army helicopters were also used. By 1999, after the departure of the U.S. Navy, the National Science Foundation began using primarily civilian helicopters for operations at the base.
Ground
A multitude of on- and off-road vehicles transport people and cargo around the station area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the unique aspects to McMurdo is dealing with different types of terrain, which besides the local gravel roads also includes dealing with off-road, snow, sea ice, and glacial traverses. Different types of vehicles are often used in different situations, with everything from trucks, snow-mobiles, and unique tracked vehicles. McMurdo Station is the northern end of the seasonal road to the South Pole, which each year takes critical supplies to the south pole.
McMurdo currently operates about 60 super duty trucks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There are hundreds of vehicles at McMurdo, encompassing many different types. Sleds of various types and sizes are commonly used at McMurdo, including those pulled by ski-doos (snowmobiles).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":2">Blaisdell, George. (1991). Personnel and Cargo Transport in Antarctica: Analysis of Current U.S. Transport System. 70.</ref>
A large red snow bus known as Ivan the Terra was a notable vehicle at McMurdo Station, used for over three decades (1994–2025). It was a customized Foremost Terra bus, a tri-axle people mover equipped with very large tires designed for traversing harsh conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It served as a shuttle from the Station to airfields before its retirement and subsequent transport to New Zealand, where it may be preserved at a museum or sold off.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There is a road from McMurdo to the New Zealand Scott Base, and open since 2005, an ice road and glacial traverse to the South Pole called the South Pole Traverse or McMurdo-South Pole highway.
The McMurdo-South Pole traverse is a seasonal, over 1,000-mile snow and ice route that crosses the frozen Ross Sea, glaciers, and the Antarctic ice cap to reach the South Pole. It was first established at the end of 2005 and requires annual maintenance to check for new crevasses and clear snow. The traverse has reduced the number of flights to the South Pole by enabling bulk transport of fuel and cargo over the surface. It has also been used for setting adventuring records.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Cape Armitage Loop Trail is a seasonal route that connects McMurdo Station to Scott Base, traversing over the sea ice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Science research
McMurdo Station serves as a key gateway and logistics hub for projects across Antarctica, as well as a site for scientific research.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Fields of particular interest include glacial science (including the antarctic ice sheet and its nature), antarctic wildlife, and local volcanic activity. The station functions as a site for studying Mount Erebus, an active volcano with an exposed lava lake, the formation of Erebus crystals, and geological formations such as ice caves formed by volcanic gases.<ref name=":02">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A few colonies of Emperor penguins can be found near the base, and high resolution photos from helicopters and space have been used to track the local penguin population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Examples of marine life in McMurdo Sound include soft corals, finger sponges, sea anemones, Antarctic scallops, Notothenioidei fishes, and other life able to survive the cold.<ref name=":12" /> In the late 2010s the MOO project placed an undersea webcam in McMurdo sound to observe these and other marine life such as Weddel seals.<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One result was to record the vocalizations of the seals.<ref name=":12" />
One particular area of interest are notothenioid fishes, which have anti-freezing proteins in their bodies which prevents them from freezing.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=":34">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, an ANDRILL team discovered a new species of sea anemone that lives on the underside of the Ross Ice Shelf.<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A sample was taken back to McMurdo station for further study, and the species was a bit mysterious as it was understood how it attaches itself to the ice.<ref name=":10" /> The ANDRILL team discovered it by accident, they normally work on drilling ice cores.<ref name=":10" />
McMurdo Dry Valleys, a unique, nearly snowless area of Antarctica that lies to the west of the station, has also been studied. Meteorological data and other aspects of the dry valleys have been studied,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ancient glacial deposits in the valleys are of particular interest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The NASA balloon launch facility has supported atmospheric and astronomy projects since 1996,<ref name=":37" /> with projects like MAXIS, launched in 2000.<ref name=":36">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> MAXIS spent about three weeks aloft circling Antarctica, and its purpose was to "study electron precipitation from the magnetosphere into the ionosphere".
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) conducted a radiation shielding experiment on the same flight.<ref name=":36" /> An example of a newer project is the Salter Test Flight Universal, which was launched in December 2024 and landed in January 2025; it carried five investigations and was a part of the annual Antarctic Long-Duration Balloon Campaign, which is part of NASA's Scientific Balloon Program.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
An astronomical project at McMurdo is the McMurdo CosRay laboratory, which studied cosmic rays and came online in 1960.<ref name=":29">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was the longest running experiment at McMurdo Station, operating for several decades.<ref name=":29" /> The experiment was moved to Jang Bobo in 2016.<ref name="antarcticsun.usap.gov"/>
Areas of scientific research at McMurdo Station include:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Astronomy
- Atmospheric sciences
- Biology
- Climatology
- Earth science
- Environmental science
- Geology
- Geophysics
- Glaciology
- Marine biology
- Oceanography
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Large icebergs blocked the entrance to McMurdo sound in 2003–2004, keeping it frozen longer that year
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Radome silhouetted by sunlit nacreous clouds, August 2009
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NASA Airborne Laboratory takes off from McMurdo in 2013 for a research campaign
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Gersemia antarctica (a soft coral) growing in the water near McMurdo
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A basalt ventifact from the McMurdo Dry Valleys to the west
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MAXIS (MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy) balloon track. A high altitude balloon launched from McMurdo's William Field in 2000 was an X-ray observatory
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Chalet and governance
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The Chalet at McMurdo Station houses the National Science Foundation offices and serves as the administrative center for the U.S. Antarctic Program.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The current building was built in the 1969–70 season, replacing a smaller, older building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="SPSContracting">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Chalet was built by Holmes & Narver, Inc.; it was the first civilian building constructed at McMurdo.<ref name="SPSContracting"/> In the 2010s, it was considered for the existing Chalet to be made into the McMurdo coffee house and the offices moved to a new building.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the early 2020s, it was again planned to transition the Chalet to an additional moral boosting space, possibly with a snack and drink area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the 21st century the Chalet is also a place where visitors get an orientation speech when arriving at McMurdo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Next to the Chalet is the Richard E. Byrd memorial, which was established in 1965. The memorial is listed as Antarctic Historic site HSM-54, and is surrounded by flagpoles with the 12 founding signers of the Antarctic Treaty.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Antarctica Treaty leaves law and governance to each Nation; at McMurdo Station law enforcement is carried out by the U.S. Marshal Service, through an agreement between the NSF and the District of Hawaii since 1989.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, ratified by 53 nations, persons accused of a crime in Antarctica are subject to punishment by their own country.<ref name="punishment">Template:Cite news</ref>
Historic sites and memorials
The Richard E. Byrd Historic Monument was erected at McMurdo in 1965. It includes a bronze bust on black marble, Template:Convert square, on a wooden platform, bearing inscriptions describing the polar exploration achievements of Richard E. Byrd. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 54), following a proposal by the United States to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<ref name=atcm>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There is a memorial to Capt. Robert Falcon Scott and four others that died on their way back from the South Pole in 1912, that was erected in 1913 after they were found.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Antarctic biologist and explorer Edward Wilson also died on that expedition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
There is also a memorial to a construction worker, the U.S. Navy SeaBee Richard T. William, who died in 1956, when his bulldozer went through the ice: the memorial, a statue of The Virgin Mary, is called Our Lady of the Snows.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A bronze Nuclear reactor commemorative plaque is secured to a large vertical rock halfway up the west side of Observation Hill, at the former site of the PM-3A nuclear power reactor at McMurdo Station. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 85), following a proposal by the United States to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.<ref name="atcm" />
North of the Station can be found Scott's Hut on Cape Evans (Ross Island),<ref name="admin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> as well as Shackleton's Hut on Cape Royds.
One of the oldest buildings at McMurdo Station that is still standing is Hut 10, which was the residence of the Base Commander in the station's Navy period. It was built in 1957 and remodeled in 1988.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Post office
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McMurdo has a post office in building 140, formally called Movement Control Center (MCC), it has the post office, mail room, and office supplies.<ref name=":27">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mail going to the south pole station also passes through it, and there are certain restrictions on mail in terms of content and timing (such as the period where the base is not visited during winter).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It does have philatelic mail program for those seeking to acquire an Antarctic postage stamp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Postal address of the station is APO AP 96599-9998.<ref>[1]</ref>
Medical facility
Building 142, located next to the central hub (Building 155), houses McMurdo General Hospital. The facility, staffed by a small team, primarily handles minor health issues or stabilizes patients for evacuation. It also prepares for mass casualty events, such as plane crashes, by training volunteers and employing techniques like a "walking blood bank" to manage large numbers of patients.<ref name=":16">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cold related dangers at the Station include hypothermia, frostbite, snow blindness, sunburn, windburn, tent eye, carbon monoxide poisoning, and trench foot.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The facility has four beds that can sustain critical care for several days, but advanced surgery is not available, though the exact mix of beds and level of care has varied over time and also seasonally. At one point it had three emergency beds and three in-patient beds.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Usually a doctor is on staff supported by a few residents and/or nurses during the time when the base population can grow to over one thousand people.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The facility can take X-rays, do EKG monitoring, basic lab work, basic dental work, but has no blood bank; for serious conditions the focus is on doing a medical evacuation.<ref name=":17" /> The facility also has a decompression chamber, supporting medical care for scuba divers if they get decompression sickness (aka "the bends").<ref name=":17" />
An example of a medical evacuation occurred in 2024, a patient was flown to New Zealand where they recovered.<ref name=":15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Medical evacuations in winter are comparatively rare, with other notable exceptions occurring in 2001, 2003, and 2025.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":23">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The winter time evacuations are difficult for a number of reasons such as the 24 hour darkness, weather, and extreme cold,<ref name=":23" /> which can be cold enough to freeze jet fuel.
Life
Life in McMurdo Station is influenced by seasonal daylight. The "season" begins with the first sunrise in August, marking the start of polar dawn, and the arrival of the first flights. As daylight increases, station activity intensifies. By October, the last sunset occurs, and 24-hour daylight begins. More staff and researchers arrive, raising the station's population. As the sea ice melts later in the season, icebreakers clear a path to McMurdo harbor, typically by December or January.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Staff and resources flow through McMurdo to research projects in Antarctica, including the opening of the ice road to the South Pole and ski cargo planes bringing supplies to that base. Around February, the last flights fly out as the season draws to a close, and there are lowering temperatures in the polar twilight and finally the last sunset; McMurdo Sound ices over.<ref name=":7" /> In the polar night, historically, no one has gone in or out, and there is much less staff at McMurdo. In the 2010s there was some success increasing focus on doing staff changes and resupply in June and July, though this means landing in darkness in very cold temperatures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Once a year, around New Year's Day, the most southern music festival, Icestock, is organized, with performers being from the station and Scott Base.
There is an interfaith church called the Chapel of the Snows that hosts Protestant and Catholic services, as well as secular community organizations such as sobriety groups.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One of the main buildings for life in McMurdo is number 155: this has a long indoor corridor called the "highway", with offices, dorms, barbershop, computer lab, station store, and the main cafeteria ("the galley") – the hub of life at the research station.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> McMurdo's cafeteria is nicknamed the "galley", like on a ship, due to the influence of Navy in McMurdo's history.<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
From 1961 to 2009, there was a bowling alley with a manual pin-setting machine; the building was demolished due to a structural failure and has not been replaced.<ref name=":24">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 2-lane alley was housed in a hut, and originally used penguin pins.<ref name=":24" />
The historic pin-setting machine was brought out for the "McMurdo Museum" in 2022, a historical event remembering the history of the station. The event also displayed 1960s wetsuits (replaced in the 1970s with drysuits), and the old Caterpillar D4 tractor called Marcia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
McMurdo had the largest greenhouse in Antarctica from 1989 to 2011. It started out as 50 m2 and expanded to 66 m2 in 1994. The plants were grown indoors hydroponically (that is to say, using water rather than soil).<ref name=":26">Template:Cite journal</ref> The greenhouse could produce about 100 kg (220 lb) a month at peak production, including lettuce greens, spinach, arugula, chard, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and herbs. It was enough to give the over-winter staff a salad once a week but was more limited for the summer population at McMurdo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The greenhouse originally had glass panes, but switched to being indoors because it was more energy efficient in winter. Although it offered a limited supply, people liked to be around the plants and would sometimes come with a bottle of wine and their dinner to hang out there.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2016, it was discovered that McMurdo had a 20 thousand vinyl record collection, dating back to the 1960s when it had its own radio station.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Traditionally, there were several bars at McMurdo, which were noted social centers of the station.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, alcoholic drinks are no longer sold at the bar in the 2020s, even though a ration of alcohol is available to buy at the stationary store; the bar locations are now BYOB.<ref name=":4" /> For the 2023–4 season, an alcohol-free recreation zone was to be created, and several other recreation and morale spaces are planned.<ref name=":5" />
McMurdo Station boasts a gym for indoor physical activity, which used to be a club-style Bar called the Acey-Duecy club during the Navy period.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[2]</ref> Bars were notably divided by rank, with separate clubs for enlisted, officers, and chiefs, with civilians welcome in any of the places.<ref name=":35" />
It is advised to avoid having food outside at McMurdo Station during certain times of the year, as skua birds, which are opportunistic hunters and scavengers, are known to snatch food from people's hands; they are often compared to large grey seagulls.<ref name=":25">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Hiking outside the base is possible, but has serious dangers, for example in 1986 two base staff died coming back from a hike to Castle Rock, when they fell into a crevasse after going off the marked trail.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The weather is both fickle and harsh: when a storm comes visibility can drop to zero with near hurricane-force winds, driving snow in subzero temperatures for hours.<ref name=":31">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A five-hour storm in 2017, had sustained winds of 72 mph (116 kph, 63 knots) at base, but out on the ice winds were nearly 100 mph (160 kph, 86 knots) with gusts up to 172 mph (277 kph, 150 knot) .<ref name=":31" /> This kind of weather poses serious hazards and paying attention to weather forecasts is important for safety; in difficult conditions movement is limited to escorted travel with trained search and rescue personnel and short trips between buildings with ropes.<ref name=":31" /> Residents take survival training courses, with techniques such as building an igloo for an emergency shelter.<ref name=":32" /> (see Antarctica Weather Danger Classification)
Points of interest
McMurdo station is on the southern end of Hut Point Peninsula on Ross Island; the base itself has many buildings for different functions. Nearby are many historical or important locations.
There are some historical cabins dating to the early 1900s, geological features on Ross Island, as well as an assortment of memorials, plaques, and novelties on hut point. In the wider region are many imposing natural features including the Ross Ice Shelf, Mount Discovery, Mount Erebus, and phenomenon such as the southern lights aurora can be seen. Wildlife is very limited, some types that may be seen include penguins, seals, whales, and seabirds, depending on the time of year. Underwater near the base there is variety of sealife. One of the unique devices at McMurdo Station, is the Observation tube, which is tube that extends beneath the ice with windows allowing the subsurface to be observed without scuba diving.
Igloos are sometimes built near the base, usually for survival training courses.<ref name=":32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Facilities at or near the station include:
- Building 155 (hub of activity with the "Galley" (cafeteria), offices, dorm, etc.)<ref name=":9"/>
- Albert P. Crary Science and Engineering Center (CSEC)
- Salt Water Aquarium<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Chapel of the Snows Interdenominational Chapel
- Discovery Hut, built during Scott's 1901–1903 expedition (historic site)
- Memorial plaque to three airmen killed in 1946 while surveying the territory
- Ross Island Disc Golf Course<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Gallagher's<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (formerly Erebus Club)
- Southern Exposure Bar<ref name="Slaton">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (formerly Chief's Club)
- Coffee House<ref name=":8" /> (ex-Officer's Club)
- "Hotel California" dorm<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Waste Water Treatment Plant<ref name=":19">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Chalet (NSF offices)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Winter Quarters Bay (harbor)
- Observation tube (seasonal)
- Observation Hill (overlooks station)
- Ross Island Earth Station<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Post Office<ref name=":27" />
- General Hospital<ref name=":16" />
Nearby to varying degrees:
- Scott Base (about 3 km away by road through "the gap")
- McMurdo Ground Station (MGS)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (NASA-NSF)
- Arrival Heights Laboratory (ASPA)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Hut Point Peninsula (various areas such as Arrival Bay, Crater Hill, Pram Point)
- Scott's Hut (Cape Evans)<ref name="admin"/> (historic site)
- Shackleton's Hut (Cape Royds) (historic site)
- Lower Erebus Hut (near Mount Erebus)
- Infrasonic Array at Windless Bight
- Long Duration Balloon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (about 8 miles southeast from McMurdo)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Williams Field airport (ice runway)
- Phoenix Airfield (compacted snow runway)
- Castle Rock (north of the base by trail)
- Erebus Glacier Tongue and its ice caves.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>(Glacier to the north extending west into McMurdo Sound)
- Cape Crozier Hut<ref name=":38" />
- Mount Erebus (to the north on Ross Island)
- Mount Terror (to the northeast on Ross Island)
- McMurdo Dry Valleys (Across sound to the west)
- Ross Ice Shelf
- White Island (to the south)
- Black Island (Island to the south, accessible by sea ice road in winter)
- Brown Peninsula
- Discovery Mountain (Southward)
- Byrd Glacier<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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Observation hill overlooks McMurdo Station, 2006.
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Albert P. Crary Science and Engineering Center
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Discovery Hut, erected in 1901 by Robert Falcon Scott's 1901-1904 Discovery expedition.
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Building 76 is the Coffee House, formerly an officer's club (in the Navy period)
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Hotel California
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Royal Society Range in the distance
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Castle Rock, north of McMurdo
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Ross Island's Mount Erebus looms over McMurdo and Scott in the polar twilight
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McMurdo Station firetruck
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Nearby bases
By road, McMurdo is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from New Zealand's smaller Scott Base, which was built around the same time in the mid-1950s and the development of this area involved a collaboration between the United States and New Zealand; both were projects for the International Geophysical Year (IGY).<ref name="nzaht.org"/><ref name=":0"/> McMurdo and Scott base are technically in the New Zealand–claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound Antarctica, though by article IV of the 1961 Antarctic Treaty System the claim is in abeyance. The two bases were established to be close on purpose during Operation Deep Freeze in 1955+, which because of the IGY was part of a multinational project to establish bases in the antarctic, for which the sites were chosen. Christchurch International Airport in New Zealand, Template:Convert to the north helps provide logistical support for flying in supplies for the bases. McMurdo has the southernmost harbor in the world, but for access by ships icebreakers can be needed to establish passage.
In addition to McMurdo and Scott, New Zealand and the USA also established Hallet Station, a joint base operated until 1973.<ref name=":18" />
Normally separated by a great distance, McMurdo is placed where the US and New Zealand are neighbors. Scott base has "American Night" where residents can get 50 cent beers and is known for being crowded.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Other stations near McMurdo, besides Scott Base, include the Italian seasonal base Zucchelli Station which is on the coast of the Ross Sea (Terra Nova Bay),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the German seasonal base Gondwana Station at Gerlache Inlet also in Terra Nova Bay,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the South Korean Jang Bogo Station of South Korea also in Terra Nova Bay.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2024, the PRC opened a new station, Qinling Station, northwest of McMurdo on Terra Nova Bay.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
There are many other field stations and huts in the area, including historic or seasonal ones. An example of this is the historic hut at Cape Crozier (the eastern cape of Ross island), which is a stone hut built in 1911 by the British Antarctic Expedition (1910–13) near a penguin rookery.<ref name=":38">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See also
- Air New Zealand Flight 901
- ANDRILL
- ANSMET
- List of Antarctic field camps
- Byrd Station
- Castle Rock
- Crime in Antarctica
- Ellsworth Station
- First women to fly to Antarctica
- Hallett Station
- List of Antarctic expeditions
- Little America (exploration base)
- Marble Point
- Palmer Station
- Plateau Station
- List of active permanent Antarctic research stations
- Ross Ice Shelf
- Siple Station
- WAIS Divide
References
Sources
- Clarke, Peter: On the Ice. Rand McNally & Company, 1966.
- "Facts About the United States Antarctic Research Program". Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation; July 1982.
- Template:Cite journal
- United States Antarctic Research Program Calendar 1983
Further reading
External links
- United States Antarctic Program page with McMurdo Station webcam
- High resolution GigaPan picture of McMurdo station
- PM-3a Nuclear Reactor at McMurdo station
- NASA Scientific Visualization Studio - Video flyovers of Ross Island/McMurdo
- Video of trip to the McMurdo Ob Tube (Tube thru ice with underwater views)
Template:Antarctica topics Template:Antarctic research stations Template:Polar exploration Template:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica Template:Ross Island Template:Authority control
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- McMurdo Station
- 1956 establishments in Antarctica
- Buildings and structures in Antarctica
- Defunct nuclear reactors
- Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica
- Outposts of the Ross Dependency
- Ports and harbours of the Ross Dependency